Cultivars Of Bambara Groundnut Research Articles

Impact of seedbed types and scarification methods on germination percentage and growth performance of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) in the Sudan Savanna zone of Nigeria

The field experiments were conducted during the 2021 and 2022 wet seasons at The National Institute for Horticultural Research, Bagauda, and Hadejia-Jama’are River Basin Development Authority, Wudil, both in Kano State within the Sudan Savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria. The study aimed to find a better seedbed arrangement and the best scarification methods for good germination and growth of Bambara groundnut cultivars. The treatments consisted of four seedbed types (ridge, ridge+earthing, flat, and flat+earthing), four scarification methods (zero, mechanical, acid, and hot water treatments), and three cultivars (cream, black, and speckled). The treatments were factorially combined and laid out in a split-split plot design with three replications. Seedbed was assigned to the main plot, scarification methods were assigned to the subplot, and cultivars were assigned to the sub-subplot. Data collected were days to first emergence, establishment count (%), canopy height (cm), and kernel yield (kg ha-1). The result indicated that mechanically scarified Bambara groundnut seeds resulted in a higher establishment count and uniform canopy height (cm), which led to more dry matter accumulation and a higher kernel yield (kg ha-1).

Effect of planting method and spacing on the growth parameters of three Bambara groundnut cultivars in two Agro-climatic zones of Sierra Leone

Field trials were conducted in two agro-climatic zones of the country (Lungi and Kabala) to evaluate the effect of planting methods and inter-row spacing on the growth parameters of three Bambara groundnut cultivars. The experiment consisted of a factorial 18 treatment combinations of two planting methods (mound and flat), three inter-row spacing (50 cm x 10 cm, 50 cm x 15 cm, and 50 cm x 20 cm), and three Bambara groundnut cultivars (Lubam1, Lubam 2, and Kabam 1). The study shows that planting Bambara groundnut using mounds produced higher values of the assessed growth parameters compared to planting Bambara groundnut on flat land. The result further shows that the wider inter-row spacing (50 cm x 20 cm) on average recorded the highest value for all the assessed growth parameters. Furthermore, Kabam1 was observed to have recorded the highest value for all the growth parameters in both locations. Thus, for optimum growth parameters to be achieved, it is recommended that Kabam1 should be planted on mound using the inter-row spacing of 50 cm x 20cm.

Effect of planting method and spacing on the growth parameters of three Bambara groundnut cultivars in two Agro-climatic zones of Sierra Leone

Effect of planting method and spacing on the growth parameters of three Bambara groundnut cultivars in two Agro-climatic zones of Sierra Leone

Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of sheep fed bambara groundnut haulm as supplement to a maize stover basal diet

In order to maximise the use of underutilised feed resources as ruminant feed supplement in the Sub-Saharan African region, the haulm of bambara groundnut was evaluated for its chemical nutrients, intake potential, digestion and nitrogen balance of sheep fed maize stover as a basal diet.Four cultivars of Bambara groundnut were selected based on their agronomic and nutritional characteristics for metabolism studies using four Djanllonke rams with an average weight of 15.0 ± 0.5 kg. The animals were adjusted to the diets for 14 days after which they were weighed and assigned randomly to one of the four test diets: T1 (Maize stover [MS] only, the basal diet); T2 (MS+ 150 g Bambara groundnut haulm [BSG]); T3 (MS+ 300 g [BHG]) and T4 (MS + 450 g BGH) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The animals had an ad libitum access to water. Dry matter intake of the basal diets increased as the supplement level increased (p < 0.05). The total feed intake did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. Digestibility co-efficient was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for T1 which had no BGH supplementation compared to the other treatment groups supplemented with BGH which were also statistically (p > 0.05) similar. Generally, faecal, urine and nitrogen balance values did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatment groups. Bambara groundnut haulm could therefore be used as a supplement to poor quality roughages to increase the productivity of ruminant livestock in tropical regions.

Nutritional, physicochemical, and functional properties of protein concentrate and isolate of newly-developed Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterrenea L.) cultivars.

Bambara groundnut is an indigenous African vegetable grown mainly for human food and animal feed due to its high protein content. Different factors like varieties and origin can influence the chemical composition of Bambara groundnut cultivars. Therefore, the aims of this study are to produce defatted flour and protein concentrate from newly developed Bambara groundnut cultivars [Accessions No: TVSU 5 – Bambara Groundnut White (BGW) and TVSU 146 – Bambara Groundnut Brown (BGB)] and compare their nutritional, physicochemical, and functional properties with market sample [Bambara groundnut commercial (BGC)]. Higher protein content was observed in BGW (20.73%) and BGB (20.14%) as compared to BGC (18.50%). Also, the fat and ash contents of BGB and BGW were higher than that of BGC. Also, the new varieties were found to contain higher levels of some essential fatty acids such as linoleic and linolenic acids. The concentration of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic, ascorbic acids, pyrodoxine, alpha tocopherol, and vitamin K were also significantly higher in the two new varieties. The new varieties were good sources of magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese, sodium, and potassium. The oil and water absorption and swelling capacities of whole, defatted, and protein concentrate flour of the new varieties increase with increase in temperature. The defatted flour and protein concentrate of brown Bambara groundnut was found to exhibit high emulsifying activity and stability at different pH's and salt concentrations. The new varieties possess significantly higher foaming capacity and stability than the commercial variety. The results obtained from this study have shown the potential for the industrial and household use of the new Bambara groundnut cultivars into shelf stable protein products and could be a useful ingredient in food formulations.

Effect of Soaking and Boiling on Anti-nutritional Factors, Oligosaccharide Contents and Protein Digestibility of Newly Developed Bambara Groundnut Cultivars

Newly developed Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L.) seeds (Accessions No: TVSU 5 – Bambara Groundnut White (BGW) and TVSU 146 – Bambara Groundnut Brown (BGB)) were collected from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, planted and harvested. The effects of processing methods (soaking and boiling) on anti-nutritional factors and oligosaccharides content and protein digestibility of BGW and BGB compared with Bambara groundnut commercial (BGC) seeds were investigated. Soaking and boiling significantly reduced the anti-nutritional factors of the samples and the effect increased as processing time was elongated. Sample BGC had lower anti-nutritional factors than BGW and BGB after soaking for 48 h. Tannin contents of the samples were reduced drastically by 99 % throughout the soaking periods. Greatest loss in raffinose level was observed in BGB (59%) and BGW (50%) after boiling for 60 min compared with BGC (43%). The loss in stachyose content of the samples varies with processing and BGC (59%) had greatest loss after boiling for 60 min while soaking for 48 h reduced that of BGB and BGW by 57 and 35%, respectively. Boiling for 60 min increased the in vitro protein digestibility of BGB (89.34 %) compared with BGW (87.48%) and BGC (82.89%). Overall, the results demonstrated that soaking and boiling of newly developed Bambara groundnut seeds could improve the nutritive quality of the seeds.

Genotypic variation and correlations between yield system traits and yield components in African landraces of bambara groundnut

Genetic information on a variety of traits contributing to grain yield is required to improve many crops. However, this information is lacking in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.). To this end, 24 African bambara groundnut landraces were investigated for 11 quantitative traits in three contrasting planting seasons. Analysis of variance showed significant variation for almost all of the traits. High broad-sense heritability together with relatively high genetic advance obtained for number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and seed growth rate revealed the role played by additive genetic components in the expression of these traits. Principal component analysis demonstrated the roles of grain yield, number of pods per plant, biomass, harvest index and yield system traits as strong determining traits controlling the overall variation. Correlation analysis showed that biomass production and harvest index had positive and highly significant correlation with grain yield and most of the traits, indicating that they may be of use as additional indices to improve yield. Cluster analysis, which revealed a partial relationship between diversity pattern and ecogeographical origin, proved to be an efficient tool for separating the landraces and therefore provides a foundation for emergence of improved bambara groundnut cultivars.

Effect of γ‐Irradiation on Cooking, Functional and Pasting Properties of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.) Cultivars

AbstractThe effect of γ‐irradiation dose (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy) on cooking, functional and pasting properties of four bambara groundnut cultivars (TvSu 315, TvSu 571, TvSu 760 and white) was investigated. Generally, sphericity, volume, surface area and aspect ratio of bambara groundnut seed increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with increased γ‐irradiation dose and cooking time. Also, volume and surface area of seeds of TvSu 315 and white cultivars increased with increasing cooking time, while sphericity and aspect ratio showed mixed effect. At lower doses, increased γ‐irradiation resulted in decreased cooking time, elongation ratio and water uptake ratio of the seeds in all cultivars. However at higher doses, cooking time increased, while increase in γ‐irradiation showed little effect on seed elongation and water uptake ratio in all cultivars. Generally, water absorption capacity of flours increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with increased γ‐irradiation dose in all cultivars, while oil absorption capacity increased until the 4 kGy and then declined. Foaming capacity, foam stability and swelling capacity of flours did not show dose‐dependent increase in all cultivars. Peak, trough, final and setback viscosities of flours decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with increased γ‐irradiation dose, while breakdown viscosity and pasting temperature did not show dose‐dependent increase.Practical ApplicationBambara groundnut is underutilized because of constraints like hard‐to‐cook phenomenon, strong beany flavor, presence of antinutrient and poor dehulling and milling characteristics. In many developing countries, the grain legume is stored as dry seeds. However, the seeds are very susceptible to insect infestation, which may start from the field, and vast qualities of seeds are lost annually as a result of insect attacks. Infestation of bambara groundnut seeds by Callosobruchus maculatus causes qualitative and quantitative losses and wastage. Also, the seeds are unsafe for immediate consumption due to the fact that fumigation chemicals are perceived to be carcinogenic. Therefore, γ‐irradiation was proposed as a viable alternative to the use of chemicals for pest control. Consequently, it is important to determine the effect of γ‐irradiation on cooking, functional, pasting and cooking properties of bambara groundnut seeds.

Physical, proximate, functional and pasting properties of four non‐ and γ‐irradiated bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) cultivars

SummaryEffect of γ‐irradiation (2–30 kGy) on physical, proximate, functional and pasting properties of four bambara groundnut cultivars was investigated. Packed (0.74–0.75 g mL−1) and loose (0.71–0.76 g mL−1) density varied significantly among cultivars. Generally, CIE L and hue angle decreased, while CIE a, b, deltachroma and colour intensity increased with increased dose. Protein (21.23–23.77 g/100 g), fat (6.38–7.69 g/100 g), crude fibre (1.28–3.54 g/100 g), ash (1.50–4.50 g/100 g) and moisture (10.67–12.92 g/100 g) of non‐ and γ‐irradiated bambara varied with cultivars and dose. Loose (0.41–0.49 g mL−1) and packed (0.54–0.74 g mL−1) densities, water absorption (1.62–2.38 g/g) and swelling (10.50–18.00 g/g) increased marginally, while oil absorption (1.93–2.82 g/g), alkaline water retention (0.66–1.23 g/g), emulsion capacity (40.31–58.23%) and stability (31.67–46.49%) decreased with increased dose. Foam capacity (6.85–22.37%) and stability (1.80–22.37%) of γ‐irradiated flours were higher than their nonirradiated (2.03–18.26%) counterparts. Nonirradiated flours showed significantly higher viscosities than their γ‐irradiated counterparts. Flours showed slightly shear‐thinning behaviours.

Efficacy of Carbofuran in Controlling Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne javanicaWhitehead, 1949) on Cultivars of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea(L.) Verdc.) in Yola, Nigeria

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterreneaL. Verdc.) is an important crop produced in Adamawa State of Nigeria. However, the production of the crop is seriously threatened by root-knot nematodes (RKNs;Meloidogyne spp.). Since cultural methods have not been very effective in controlling RKN, carbofuran was evaluated to determine its efficacy in controllingM. javanicain Yola during 2002 and 2003. Three bambara groundnut cultivars (Kwachanjiwa, Kwaheuma, and Kwatolotolo) were evaluated using three application timings (at planting, 3 and 6 weeks after planting, and none). Results indicated that applying carbofuran at planting provided the greatest reduction inM. javanicapopulation levels, which lead to increased yields in bambara groundnuts compared to the other two application timings. Furthermore, both Kwachanjiwa and Kwatolotolo provided similar high yields compared to Kwaheuma, which was most likely related to theM. javanicatolerance in these cultivars.

Comparative study on growth and development of some accessions of local Germplasm of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterrenea L. Verdc.) of Nigeria in two cropping seasons

Two field experiments were conducted in April (early cropping) and August, (late cropping) 2007 at the Department of Crop Science Research Farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to evaluate the agronomic and yield attributes of 13 cultivars of bambara groundnut. The results obtained showed that planting dates had significant effects (P < 0.05) on all traits measured. Significant cultivar and cultivar x planting date interaction effects were observed for days to 50% flowering. The principal component analysis showed that the first three components accounted for 85.18 and 86.81% of the total variation in the early and late planting, respectively. The traits representing the cultivars along the first principal axis were number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant for the early planting and number of leaves per plant and seed weight per plant in the late planting. Cultivars were differentiated on the basis of number of flowers per plant and plant height for the early planting and days to emergence for the late planting along the second principal axis. The cluster plot revealed that the 13 bambara groundnut cultivars were grouped into three clusters at both the early and late planting dates. In the early planting, the cultivars in cluster I are associated with high number of flowers, number of pods, and plant height, while cluster II cultivars flowered earlier and had good pod and seed yield. However, cluster III cultivars performed poorly in all the traits evaluated. During the late planting, the cluster I comprised early flowering cultivars while cluster II comprised cultivars with good vegetative growth, high number of pods per plant and seed weight per plant. Cluster III cultivars are early emerging and early flowering but have poor seed yield. The correlation coefficient for seed weight per plant was highly significant and positive with number of leaves per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant and number of pods per plant indicating that increase in these traits will ultimately increase seed weight per plant. Thus, these traits could be considered as major seed yield contributing traits that could be given significant recognition during selection.

Pollen behaviour and fertililization impairment in Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterrenea [L.] Verdc.)

Two field experiments were conducted in April and August, 2007 cropping season at the Department of Crop Science research farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to evaluate the pollen germination potentials and the pollen tube growth of thirteen bambara groundnut cultivars. The harvested pollen grains were exposed for 0, 5, 10 and 15 min durations to ambient conditions before in vitro germination. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth were tested using a medium containing 10 g sucrose, 100 mg/l boric acid and 300 mg/l calcium nitrate made up to 100 ml with deionized water. The results showed that cultivars, had significant effect on the pollen germination only at the late planting. The early and late planting results showed that pollens incubated immediately after harvest had the highest germination percentage,while pollen exposed for five minutes prior to germination showed very poorgermination. Pollens exposed beyond five minutes after harvest did not germinate. The cultivars significantly (P < 0.05) affected the pollen tube growth at both early and late planting dates. The pollen tube growth decreased drastically with increase in duration of pollen exposure. The pollen tube had an exponential growth rate at the on set of the pollen tube growth, followed by lag and stationary growth phases in the pollen tube growth curves. The exponential, logistic and Gomperzt growth models were used to estimate the best fit model for the pollen tube growth in bambara groundnut cultivars. In the early planting, the average straightness (R2) value of these models for growth estimate were 98.4, 98.6 and 98.5%, respectively. During the late planting, the average R2 values were 91.5, 96.6 and 96.6%, respectively. The three models are therefore considered suitable for the computation of the pollen tube growth rates. The principal component and cluster analyses were used to groupthe cultivars in relation to the levels of pollen survival under ambient conditions. At early planting, cultivar Bg-01 had moderate surviving pollen grains while Bg-08, Bg-09, Bg-10 and Bg-11 were found to have poor surviving pollens. At late planting, cultivar Bg-04 and Bg-07 had high survival pollens while Bg-01 had poor pollen survival. Key words: Pollen behaviour, pollination, fertilization, Bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.

Evaluation of thirteen cultivars of Bambara groundnut (&lt;i&gt;Vigna subterranea&lt;/i&gt; L. Verdc.) in Umudike, rainforest agroecological area of Nigeria.

A field experiment was conducted in the 1999 and repeated in 2000 cropping season at the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike to evaluate the agronomic and yield attributes of thirteen cultivars of bambara groundnut for use in crop improvement programme. The accessions collected from Enugu state were studied in randomized complete block experiment with three replications. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, leaf area index (LAI), days to 50% flowering, number of flowers per plant, grain filling period, crop duration, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight and grain yield per hectare. The results obtained in 1999 did not differ significantly from that in 2000. The significant differences (P Keywords : Maize cultivars, yield stability, Rank Summation Index (RSI) International Journal of Agriculture and Development Vol. 9 2007: pp. 120-122

Efficacy of Integrating Varietal Resistance and Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Seed Oil for t,e Management of Callosobruchus maculatus Infesting Bambara Groundnuts in Storage

The efficacies of three rates (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/20 g seed) of application of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed oil (NSO) in controlling Callosobruchus maculatus infesting stored bambara groundnut were assessed on four local cultivars (Ole, Bakingangala, Bulmono and Jor) with different susceptibilities to bruchid attack. Untreated batches of the cultivars were included to serve as control. Treated and untreated batches were infested with adults of C. maculatus under prevailing storage conditions. Combining application of NSO especially at the rate of 1.5 mg/20 g seed with varietal resistance significantly reduced oviposition and progeny development in C. maculatus. No adult progeny developed in seeds of Bakingangala that were protected with 1.5 mg of oil. Treatment of seeds with NSO at this rate reduced seed damage from 97, 72.3, 58.1 and 87.90.4in unprotected Ole, Bakingangala, Bulmono and Jor to 3.0, 3.4, 0.0 and 18.3%, respectively. The interaction of the strategies also significantly reduced the severity of damage (number of adult emergence holes per seed) and overall susceptibility of the bambara groundnut cultivars. Susceptibility indices (SI) values for unprotected bambara groundnuts were 11.92, 10.52, 9.09 and 11.43 for Ole, Bakingangala, Bulmono and Jor, respectively. Comparable SI values for bambara groundnuts that were treated with NSO at the rate of 1.5 mg/20 g seed were 0.0, 1.12, 0.0 and 2.82 for-Ole, Bakinganpla, Bulmono and Jor respectively.

Chemical composition and functional properties of flours of four cultivars of bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranean L. Verdc)

Chemical composition and functional properties of flours of four cultivars of bambara groundnut ( Vigna subterranean L. Verdc)

Susceptibility of unprotected seeds and seeds of local bambara groundnut cultivars protected with insecticidal essential oils to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Ten local cultivars of bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdcourt obtained directly from farmers in Potiskum, Nigeria and from the Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, Nigeria were compared with three improved varieties developed at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria for their susceptibility to infestation by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). Three cultivars (Maifarinhaneh, Angale and Bunmonu) with a susceptibility index (SI) of 3.06–3.71 were identified as slightly susceptible to C. maculatus; four cultivars (Bagantere, Bakingangala, Ole and Bakiyawa 1) and one improved variety (TVSU 1061) with an SI of 4.39–4.93 as moderately susceptible; and three cultivars (Bidi, Uzu and Dadinkowa 1) and two improved varieties (TVSU 702 and TVSU 751) with an SI of 5.00–5.34 as susceptible. Five of the cultivars were used to examine the ability of beetle populations to overcome varietal resistance over six successive generations. Development time was significantly longer but percentage of adults that emerged and susceptibility of bambara groundnuts were significantly lower in F 4, F 5 or F 6 generations than in the F 1 or F 2 generation. The efficacy of combining insecticidal essential oils obtained from clove, Syzgium aromaticum, West African black pepper (WABP), Piper guineense, and ginger, Zingiber officinale applied at the rate of 2 mg/20 g seed and six of the local bambara groundnut cultivars (Angale, Maifarinhaneh, Bakingangala, Bagantere, Bunmonu and Bidi) with differing susceptibilities to C. maculatus (F.) was also assessed during a 3-month storage period. The three essential oils significantly reduced the percentage of C. maculatus adults that emerged from the bambara groundnut cultivars in the F 1 generation and the number of adult offspring that developed in the cultivars during the 3-month storage period. The mean number of progeny that developed in untreated seeds and seeds treated with clove, WABP and ginger oils during the study period were 73.0, 0.0, 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. No adult C. maculatus, however, developed in slightly and moderately susceptible cultivars treated with essential oils. Treatment of seeds of Bidi (a susceptible cultivar) with the essential oils reduced the percentage of adults that emerged in the F 1 generation from 26.8% in untreated seeds to 0.0, 0.1 and 0.4% in seeds treated with clove, WABP and ginger oils, respectively; and reduced loss in seed weight after three months’ storage from 34% to 0.0, 0.01 and 0.1%, respectively.

Proximate composition and functional properties of four cultivars of bambara groundnut (Voandezeia subterranea).

Proximate composition and selected functional properties of four cultivars of bambara groundnut (Voandezeia subterranea Thoura) were ascertained. Crude protein ranged from 17.5 to 21.1 percent; crude fat 7.3-8.5 percent; total ash 4-5 percent; crude fiber 1.8-2.0 percent; carbohydrate and moisture content for the different cultivars were 53.0-60.8 percent and 7.5-12.3 percent, respectively. The results of functional property determinations indicated that the bulk density ranged from 0.65 to 0.75 g/ml; water binding capacity 2.1-2.9 g/2g sample; oil binding capacity 0.9-1.6 g/2g sample; emulsifying activity 55.1-60.0 percent and emulsifying stability 10-12 percent. The results show that bambara groundnut has great potential for incorporation into various human foods where it could provide useful plant proteins.

Time-course of nitrogen fixation in two bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) cultivars

TheA-value method, involving the application of a higher15N rate to a reference non-N2-fixing plant, was used to assess the magnitude of N2 fixation in two bambara groundnut cultivars at four growth stages [vegetative, 0–47 days after planting (DAP); early pod-filling, 47–99 DAP; mid-pod-filling, 99–120 DAP; physiological maturity, 120–148 DAP). The cultivars were Ex-Ada, a bunchy type, and CS-88-11, a slightly spreading type. They were grown on a loamy sand. Uninoculated Ex-Ada and CS-88-11 were used as reference plants to measure the N2 fixed in the inoculated bambara groundnuts. In this greenhouse study, soil was the major source of N in bambara groundnuts during vegetative growth, and during this period it accounted for over 80% of the N accumulaed in the plants. However, N2 fixation became the major source of plant N during reproductive growth. There were significant differences between the two cultivars in the ability to fix N2, and at physiological maturity, almost 75% of the N in CS-88-11 was derived from the atmosphere compared to 55% in Ex-Ada. Also, the total N fixed in CS-88-11 at physiological maturity was almost double that in Ex-Ada. Our data indicate that the higher N2 fixation in CS-88-11 was due to two factors, a higher intensity of N2 fixation and a longer active period of N2 fixation. The results also suggest that bambara groundnut genotypes could be selected for higher N2 fixation in farining systems.

Effect of germination and fermentation on the nutritional quality of bambara nut (Voandzeia subterranea L. Thouars) and its product (milk).

Five cultivars of bambara groundnut were selected on which to study the effects of germination and fermentation on their proximate composition. The cultivar that had the highest protein content was chosen to prepare unfermented and fermented milk. Standard assay techniques were adopted to determine the parameters selected for use. Germination caused a decrease in the protein, carbohydrate and starch; it increased sugar content, and had varied effects on the lipids contents of the dry samples. The anti-nutritional factor-tannin concentration was decreased. Germination and fermentation had varied effects on the nutrient compositions of the milk. Compared to the control, germination had the same effect as in the seeds. Fermentation further decreased some of the nitrogenous constituents, sugar and starch content of the milk and much more drastically the tannin content. Hydrolysis and other metabolic changes freed the nutrients from their bound forms while decreasing the quantity, but increasing the quality and availability of the nutrients.

Properties of some protein fractions from bambara groundnut [Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thouars

AbstractEight cultivars of bambara groundnut [Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thouars] were examined for their protein, non‐protein nitrogen, starch, reducing sugar, tannin and trypsin inhibitor contents. Protein (N × 5.71), starch and reducing sugar contents showed little inter‐cultivar variation giving mean values of 18.7, 42.1 and 1.26 g 100 g−1 whole seed, respectively. Tannin contents ranged from 0.36 to 0.94 g 100 g−1 whole seed and trypsin inhibitory activity from 6.75 to 15.44 units mg−1. The majority of the protein nitrogen present was extractable in water or dilute salt solution. Trypsin inhibitory activity was directly correlated with the quantity of protein nitrogen extracted from each of the cultivars, which in turn, was found to be inversely related to their tannin contents. This latter effect was modified by both the pH and the molarity of the extractant used.