Balance Exercises Research Articles

Role Of EMG Biofeedback On Ankle To Improve Balance In Young Old Geriatric Population - A Randomised Control Trial

BACKGROUND - Falls in the elderly have become an significant public health issue. Approximately 30% of the older population falls once a year, with greater risk for older women. WHO addresses the situation as a public health issue because falls lead to injuries and fractures.4 It is known that during quiet standing, sway of entire body is correlated highly with the ankle joint rotation and this explains why muscles crossing the ankle joint are able to provide sensory information necessary to maintain upright standing. The ankle strategy is particularly effective in responding to the small and slow perturbations, and these muscles play a crucial role in the fine-tuned adjustments needed for postural control during activities such as standing, walking, or other weight-bearing tasks. Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback serves as precious physiotherapy tool in enhancing and optimizing the ankle strategy, particularly in the environment of balance and postural control. With the use of EMG-biofeedback, elderly individuals can be taught to manipulate previously uncontrollable or unfelt events by modifying the signals that are shown. METHOD – Total 84 subjects participated in the study. Subjects were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Baseline outcome measures which included the MiniBEST test and functional reach test were assessed. MiniBEST test is used for dynamic balance and functional mobility, it contains 14 items whereas functional reach test was used to assess static balance with outstretched hand. Subjects were randomly allotted into three groups. Group 1 was given balance protocol. Group 2 was given EMG Biofeedback with balance exercises. The group 3 was given only EMG Biofeedback, outcome measures were reassessed post intervention. This study showed that statistical and clinical significance was observed in all the intra-groups(p<0.05). Within the group the study showed greater improvement clinically and statistically in Group 2. ANNOVA test showed Group 3 being more affective compared to other 2 groups. CONCLUSION - The study concluded that EMG Biofeeback training should be included in along with exercise protocol to improve balance.

Exploring the integration and patient engagement of balance home exercises in the daily management of multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive qualitative analysis

Purpose This study investigated the perceptions and experiences of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) regarding a home-based balance exercises program, focusing on its practicality and perceived effects for daily management and the factors influencing its implementation. Materials and Methods Employing a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 patients with MS in Switzerland (13 women, 5 men; mean age 53 ± 11 years). The study used purposive sampling to ensure diverse representations. The exercise program included 19 tailored exercises, adapted by physiotherapists for each participant. Data analysis involved inductive thematic analysis to understand the practical implementation, challenges, and perceived benefits. Results Key themes emerged, such as adaptability of exercises, implementation variability, approaches to integration, facilitators, obstacles, and perceived effects. Adaptability to fluctuating symptoms, individual lifestyle impacts, and variability in exercise practices were notable. Facilitators included personalized support from physiotherapists, while obstacles ranged from fatigue to complex exercise variants. Perceived effects varied, with some patients reporting physical and psychological benefits. Conclusions The study highlights diverse patient experiences with the balance exercises program. Key challenges included physical exertion and adapting to MS symptoms. Physiotherapists played a pivotal role in personalization and guidance. Despite challenges, patients demonstrated adaptability and proactive integration of exercises into their MS management.

Effects of whole body vibration versus wobble board balance exercises on muscle activity, dynamic balance, pain, function, and quality of life in individuals with knee osteoarthritis

Effects of whole body vibration versus wobble board balance exercises on muscle activity, dynamic balance, pain, function, and quality of life in individuals with knee osteoarthritis

A Practice Guide for Physical Therapists Prescribing Physical Exercise for Older Adults.

Physical activity and exercise are protective factors for physical and cognitive decline in older adults, but recent studies reveal that a large percentage of this population do not practice exercise at the levels recommended by international guidelines. The frequency, intensity, type, time, volume, and progression (FITT-VP) principles are a widely used method for prescribing physical exercise, allowing the development of a personalized exercise program that meets the needs of each individual. This masterclass is intended to serve as a professional application tool for physical therapists who prescribe physical exercise for older adults. We present a section for each FITT-VP principle to facilitate handling these principles individually when prescribing exercise for this population. Review of the scientific literature and international guidelines on the prescription of physical exercises for older adults. Aerobic, mobility, resistance, balance, and flexibility exercises, as well as functional training, should be included in an exercise program for older adults, which should be progressed using different methods for each of the exercise modalities. An exercise program for older adults should integrate different exercise modalities. Exercise progression should be performed following the FITT-VP principles and some specific progression factors recommended for each exercise modality. Considering the challenge faced by clinicians in designing a viable exercise program for older adults that responds to international recommendations, with this masterclass we hope to help physical therapists to plan an exercise program that is feasible and at the same time, responds to the expected needs of this population.

Swiss Ball Exercise In Active Phase Of Labor: A Review Of Clinical Outcomes

Background: Childbirth is a transformative yet painful experience which impacts the mother physically and psychologically. Managing labor and pain is the crucial for the well-being of the mother and the neonates. There are two ways in which labor pain can be reduced namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological method such as birth ball which has been widely used for the better birthing experience. To evaluate the evidence-based insights of using Swiss ball exercises during the active phase of labor and to reviews its impact on pain intensity, duration of labor, maternal and neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This review encompasses 12 studies conducted between 2011 and 2024, utilizing database like PubMed and Scopus to investigate the effectiveness of Swiss ball exercise during labor. Results: The findings indicated that Swiss ball exercises during labor offers significant benefits for mothers. It helped in alleviating the pain and shortening the first and second stage of labor making the labor less physically and emotionally tiring. It enhanced maternal satisfaction, and it helped in reduction in caesarean section risks and vulvar swelling and reduced the overall complications associated with childbirth. However, the uncertain neonatal outcome highlights a gap in knowledge and the need for further studies. Conclusion: Implementing a standardized Swiss ball exercise during labor has the potential to decrease pain, duration of labor and improved maternal satisfaction but there was no change in neonatal outcomes.

In Search of the Golden Ratio: The Conundrum of Balancing Environmental Protection and Energy Security

The European Union (EU) is facing the dual challenge of ensuring energy security and compliance with environmental commitments in the wake of geopolitical upheaval. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine prompted a reassessment of the EU’s energy situation and revealed the intricate web of connections between energy and environmental policies. To address this unprecedented crisis, the EU launched the REPowerEU plan, representing a big step towards energy transition and reducing dependency on Russian fossil fuels.Amidst the urgency of addressing energy security, the challenge of avoiding environmental deregulation comes to the forefront and there is an imperative need to find the right legal tools to conduct a delicate balancing exercise ensuring that energy security measures align with the commitment to environmental sustainability.In this direction, this paper examines the impact of the REPowerEU plan and its accompanying legislative instruments on EU Environmental Law, focusing on Regulation (EU) 2023/435, Directive 2018/2001, and Council Regulation 2022/2577. It explores whether these legislative amendments present an impermissible retreat from environmental standards and considers ways to manage the challenges of balancing environmental protection with energy security, with the application of the emerging principle of nonregression.

Investigating the Effectiveness of Balance Exercises Based on Virtual Reality on the Cognitive Performance of Older Adults with Parkinson and Mild cognitive impairment

Investigating the Effectiveness of Balance Exercises Based on Virtual Reality on the Cognitive Performance of Older Adults with Parkinson and Mild cognitive impairment

Various Forms of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Their Effect on Frailty Syndrome in Cardiac Patients-A Systematic Review.

Background: The growing population of the elderly is accompanied by an increase in the number of people with frailty syndrome. Apart from advanced age, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases is also one of the agents favorable to frailty that is a factor aggravating the disease prognosis. However, it is worth noting that this is an agent changeable by, i.a., movement rehabilitation. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) based on comprehensiveness, early implementation, and multiplicity is standard intervention in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In cardiac patients with accompanying frailty or pre-frailty syndrome, it is worth making efforts to upgrade the CR program. Methods: Studies on the effect of cardiac rehabilitation or its modifications on the level of frailty of patients with cardiovascular disease were analyzed. Results: Training programs based on endurance training should be supplemented by resistance, balance, mobility, and respiratory exercises. Furthermore, it is important to educate patients about the need to increase daily physical activity. This review presents different approaches to CR (traditional CR, multicomponent training, training with a HAL (Hybrid Assistive Limb), and prehabilitation) and their impact on frailty score. Summary: Early implemented and comprehensive rehabilitation allows for the improvement of the clinical state and for a decrease in overall frailty. It also guarantees safety during everyday activities. It is crucial for the fitness of the elderly to encourage them to increase daily physical activity and to exercises at home.

First report of a new exoskeleton in incomplete spinal cord injury: FreeGait®

Context Intensive walking practice often demands capabilities that go beyond the limits for both patients and therapists. As a solution, robot-assisted exoskeletons have been developed to deliver efficient rehabilitation sessions. Objective The primary aim was to evaluate the effect of adding exoskeleton training, the FreeGait®, to conventional treatment on walking status in patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury. The secondary aim was to assess its impact on mobility, functional independence, and health-related quality of life. Methods This study compared exoskeleton gait training with conventional therapy (RBCT) versus conventional therapy alone (CT). Fourteen participants with motor incomplete spinal cord injury were included, with seven in each group. Both groups had 40-minute conventional therapy sessions 5 days a week. Additionally, the RBCT performed exoskeleton walking and balance exercises 3 days a week. The WISCI II (primary outcome), 10MWT, gait speed, TUG, BBS, SCIM III, and WHOQOL-BREF were used for evaluation (see text for acronyms). Results Walking status and mobility-related measures showed significant improvements in the RBCT (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the CT (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in the physical health domain of the WHOQOL-BREF only in the RBCT. However, no significant differences were found in the WHOQOL-BREF total score in both groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of change (p > 0.05). Conclusions Gait training with the new exoskeleton combined with conventional therapy, positively contributes to walking status, mobility, and functional independence. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06137456.

The Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of a Structured Individual Exercise Program for Community-Dwelling Stroke Patients.

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, often resulting in low levels of physical activity post-discharge. A comprehensive exercise program could be a safe method to increase stroke patients' physical activity and exercise volume. This pilot study examines the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of a comprehensive exercise regimen for stroke patients residing in the community after discharge. This single-group pilot study included patients who received inpatient rehabilitation for motor impairment following a stroke. Community-dwelling participants engaged in a comprehensive exercise program, which was structured and individualized, consisting of stretching, aerobic exercise, strength training, and balance exercises, conducted under the supervision of a health exercise specialist in a dedicated living lab within the hospital. The program involved 20 sessions, each lasting 50 min, conducted three to five times weekly. The pre- and post-intervention evaluations were comprehensive, including safety and validity assessments, along with physical function tests such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing and various fitness tests (6 min walk test, timed up and go test, chair stand test, figure-of-8 walk test, grip strength test, and sit-and-reach test). Depression levels were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). A total of 22 subjects were recruited, with 21 completing the study after one dropout due to fatigue and visiting distance. Among the 21 completers, one subject experienced a mild adverse event (hypoglycemia), which was not serious, confirming the program's safety. The exercise participation rate was 95.5%, and the adherence rate averaged 95.2%, with all completers achieving over 80% adherence. Significant improvements were observed in VO2 peak (p = 0.000), 6 min walk test (p = 0.000), timed up and go test (p = 0.000), chair stand test (p = 0.000), figure-of-8 walk test (p = 0.000), and grip strength (p = 0.001). However, changes in the peak respiratory exchange ratio (p = 0.078), sit-and-reach test (p = 0.228) and GDS scores (p = 0.275) were not significant. This study demonstrates that the comprehensive exercise program is sufficiently safe and valid for stroke rehabilitation patients. The program significantly enhances cardiopulmonary endurance, walking ability, balance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, and coordination. Further research with larger sample sizes and control groups is needed to confirm these findings and explore additional benefits.

Physical Activity Component of the Greek Interventional Geriatric Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (GINGER): Protocol Development and Feasibility Study.

Individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) have an increased risk of developing dementia, while non-pharmacological multicomponent lifestyle interventions are recommended for prevention/management. The Greek Interventional Geriatric Initiative to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (GINGER) is such a multicomponent approach, encompassing simultaneous interventions (cognitive training, depression and sleep management, etc.). Exercise/Physical activity (PA) is suggested as one such intervention. This study (i) presents the exercise protocol developed for GINGER and (ii) explores its feasibility (acceptability, applicability, adherence, users' satisfaction and reliability). Exercise/PA protocol development, targeting SCD individuals aged > 55 years, utilized relevant guidelines/literature followed by focus group involving exercise specialists. Data were synthesized through consensus to design optimal exercise interventions prescribed on participant's physical capacity (heart rate, exertion, etc.), comprising 6-month combined aerobic, strengthening, balance and dual-task exercises, delivered 3 times/weekly in two group-based supervised sessions (in-person and online) and one home-based session. Physical outcomes include balance, aerobic capacity [2-Minute Walk Test (2 MWT), IPAQ-7], strength [Hand Grip Strength (HGS), Sit-to-Stand], fear of falling. Eligibility for entering intervention is low IPAQ-7, 2 MWT or HGS scoring. Feasibility was explored with adherence (exercise diaries and Exercise Adherence Rating Scale) and satisfaction (Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire) Results: Intervention was easily delivered with good reliability across testers' assessments on 13 SCD participants (ICCs = 0.62-0.99), and improved physical outcomes, whereas users' adherence and satisfaction scored highly. The exercise protocol for SCD was feasible, acceptable, applicable, reliable, demonstrating adherence and satisfaction, while improving physical parameters. It is thus integrated in the GINGER study, where multiple simultaneous interventions will take place to prevent/enhance cognitive function.

"Non-Pharmacological Pain Relief in Labor: The Effectiveness of Birthing Ball Exercises"

"Non-Pharmacological Pain Relief in Labor: The Effectiveness of Birthing Ball Exercises"

Effects of traditional Chinese exercises or their integration with medical treatments on cognitive impairment: a network meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.

This study aims to summarize and critically evaluate the effects of traditional Chinese exercises, both in isolation and in combination with medical treatments, on cognitive impairment. A systematic search of academic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, was conducted to identify the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated traditional Chinese exercises and their integration with medical treatments for addressing cognitive impairment. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook's Risk of Bias tool. A total of 24 RCTs involving 1,808 participants were included. The primary outcome measures were the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Subgroup analyses were performed to compare the intervention effects. The network meta-analysis revealed that acupuncture combined with Tai Chi (Aandtaiji) showed the most significant improvement in MOCA scores, followed by Qigong. Tai Chi soft ball exercise (Taijiball) demonstrated the greatest improvement in MMSE scores. The combination of traditional Chinese exercises with medical treatment is more effective in improving MOCA scores, while traditional exercises alone yield better results to enhance MMSE scores. The extended practice of Tai Chi and Qigong enhances cognitive function in patients with cognitive impairment.

Using Balancing Equipment in Archer Training

Background and purpose The implementation of balance equipment plays an essential role in archery training. It helps develop stability, accuracy, coordination, and muscular endurance, all critical for successful. Balance platforms, exercise balls, and specialized devices add extra load on stabilizer muscles, leading to a more efficient use of the body and assisting athletes in maintaining balance during string tension and targeting. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of balance exercises in archers' training. Material and methods Participants: 23 archers (aged 13-14) from the "KOMUNAR" Kharkiv City Specialized Youth Sports School of Olympic Archery Reserve. The experiment was conducted for 2 months from August to October 2024. At the beginning and end of the experiment, an interactive survey was conducted using a Google form. Theoretical analysis, data generalization, questionnaire method, and mathematical statistics Results Developed and implemented in the training process of exercises with fitness balls, balance pillows, boards, fitness trampolines, balancing platforms. In addition to the usual balance exercises, the archers performed stances with bowstring tension with closed and open eyes and archery on balancing devices. The use of an extended set of preparatory exercises in the training process of archers made it possible to change the attitude of athletes to physical training, improve technical skills and develop psychological stability. The introduction of new training tools contributed to increasing the motivation of archers, understanding the importance of a versatile approach in the training process to achieve high results in archery. Conclusions It is shown that the use of special exercises has a positive effect on the psychological state of young athletes, emotionality and self-confidence. Keywords Archery, balancing equipment, balance, young athletes.

THE EFFECT OF BALLISTIC EXERCISES USING RUBBER BANDS ON DEVELOPING SPECIAL ENDURANCE AND ACHIEVING 400M PERFORMANCE FOR ATHLETES UNDER 19 YEARS OLD

The speed events are exciting activities that have specific physical requirements to achieve performance and outstanding results and compete internationally. This is particularly important in individual sports, especially for youth categories in athletics. The 400m event is considered one of the most challenging sprint events due to the special physical capabilities required to achieve performance. This race demands a huge amount of speed, endurance, and strength, in addition to the requirements of willpower, determination, and perseverance. Achieving the highest levels in this race necessitates a high level of important fitness components and characteristics. Training for this group of runners focuses on speed endurance and strength endurance through ballistic exercises using rubber bands, which help develop the working muscles of the athletes and enhance their physical capacity, subsequently improving performance. Ballistic exercises with rubber bands are considered modern training methods in athletics, aiming to develop muscular strength through strength training. This type of training forces the athlete's body to recruit and stimulate fast muscle fibers, which is crucial because fast muscle fibers have the potential for growth and development in strength training. The importance of this research lies in using ballistic training with rubber bands to develop special capacities and its impact on performance.

Efficacy of Otago versus Bosu ball exercise protocol on core stabilization, static and dynamic balance in non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized parallel arm clinical trial

Abstract Chronic non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) is a pain and stiffness in the lower back region for which specific cause of the pain is unknown. Otago exercises and Bosu ball exercises aim to improve balance and reduce pain and disability. There is a lack of literature where these approaches are not compared and hence the need arises to evaluate their efficacy in the management of NSLBP. A randomized parallel arm clinical trial was conducted in physiotherapy outpatient department at tertiary care center located in Belagavi city, India. 36 individuals with NSLBP, where 18 individuals were randomly allocated into two groups, i.e. Group A (Otago exercise) and Group B (both sides utilized (Bosu) ball exercise). Both the groups received conventional therapy (hot moist pack and interferential current therapy) 3 times/ week for 4 weeks. Outcome measures like plank holding test, star excursion balance test (SEBT), single-leg stance test (SLST), visual analogue scale (VAS) and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were assessed at baseline and on day 12 post-treatment. A within-group analysis using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test and the dependent t-test showed statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures (). Between group analysis has shown both interventions to be equally effective in ODI () in individuals with NSLBP. In conclusion both Otago and Bosu ball exercises were effective, Bosu ball exercise demonstrated greater efficacy in enhancing core stability, static and dynamic balance, as well as reducing disability and pain in individuals with chronic NSLBP. Clinical trial registry of India: registration number CTRI/2023/11/059489

COMPREHENSIVE INJURY PREVENTION STRATEGIES FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Injury prevention in football is a critical issue for athletes, coaches, and health professionals, given the sport's dynamic movements that elevate the risk of muscle and joint injuries. Effective strategies should incorporate specialized physical training and physiotherapeutic interventions to optimize player protection and performance. Preventive training programs, emphasizing muscle strengthening and proprioception, are essential for reducing injury risks. Specific exercises targeting the hamstrings, quadriceps, calves, and core enhance joint stability and mitigate overload injuries. Neuromuscular training, which includes balance exercises and plyometrics, improves proprioception and helps prevent falls and twists. Flexibility through regular stretching and dynamic warm-ups, such as the FIFA 11+, is crucial for preparing players physically and lowering injury incidence. Additionally, physiotherapists play a vital role in injury prevention through functional assessments to identify muscle imbalances and develop corrective exercise programs. Manual therapy techniques, joint stabilization exercises, and preventive rehabilitation further contribute to maintaining soft tissue quality and preventing muscle strains. Monitoring training load is another fundamental aspect of injury prevention, as abrupt changes in training intensity can lead to injuries. Using tracking technologies allows for better control of players' physical efforts. Studies indicate that implementing structured injury prevention programs significantly reduces injury rates and enhances athletic performance. Research highlights the importance of a multicomponent approach, individualized training, and load management to lower hamstring injuries. Collaboration among athletes, coaches, and health professionals is crucial to create a safe training environment. As football evolves, prioritizing injury prevention is essential for players' health, success, and career longevity.

Role of nonpharmacological concussion management in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Concussion is a global public health problem that affects many children worldwide. Most patients present with postconcussion syndrome and normal brain imaging findings. Despite the high incidence of concussion in children, published research on nonpharmacological management is lacking and much more often concerns pharmacological interventions. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the role of nonpharmacological interventions in managing concussion based on randomized controlled trials. The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were extensively searched for articles published between January 2013 and July 2023. A modified patient intervention, comparison, and outcome framework was used to construct the search strategy and eligibility criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias-2 tool. A total of 16 studies conducted between January 2013 and July 2023 were analyzed. Three studies were conducted in an acute care setting (<24-hour postinjury) involving rest, computer time, and doing nothing, while the other 13 studies were conducted in a chronic care setting (>24-hour postinjury) and included aerobic exercise, collaborative care intervention, cervical spine rehabilitation, education by physiotherapists, a hyperbaric oxygen therapy protocol, family intervention therapy, virtual reality, traditional occupational therapy, virtual rehabilitation, oculomotor control exercises, vestibular rehabilitation, coordination exercises, and balance exercises. This systematic review highlights the importance of nonpharmacological therapy in pediatric concussion cases. Active rehabilitation may yield promising outcomes. Another interesting approach may be useful in pediatric concussion management. However, this systematic review shows a lack of high-quality literature supporting nonpharmacological pediatric concussion treatments.

Effectiveness of Injury Prevention Program Using a Global Systems Approach on High-Risk Movement Mechanics for Noncontact ACL Injury.

Injury prevention training using a global systems approach was designed to develop integrated trunk-lower extremity neuromuscular control using whole-body, rotational forces about the vertical Z-axis during simulated sports movements. Compared with traditional hip-focused exercises, injury prevention training using a global systems approach could improve kinetic and kinematic measures related to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Controlled laboratory study. Level 3. A total of 39 male and female athletes received 6 weeks of either global systems approach (n = 20), or hip-focused strengthening, balance, and plyometrics training (n = 19) exercises. Before and after the training program, participants performed a single-leg vertical drop jump task on their dominant leg. Peak vertical ground-reaction forces (GRFs), peak knee abduction, internal rotation moments, peak hip flexion, hip adduction, knee flexion, knee abduction, contralateral pelvic drop, and lateral trunk flexion angles were assessed. Biomechanical data were compared between the 2 groups using a random-intercept linear mixed-models analysis. A significant group × time interaction effect was found for vertical GRFs (P = 0.01; change difference relative to baseline: 4.5%), knee abduction moment (P = 0.01; 14.8%), hip adduction (P < 0.01; 16.7%), knee abduction (P < 0.01; 13.8%), contralateral pelvic drop (P < 0.01; change difference: 26.6%), and lateral trunk flexion (P = 0.04; 20.37%) angles, favoring the global systems approach group after 6 weeks of training. Participants who trained using the global systems approach had significantly decreased lateral trunk flexion, hip adduction, knee abduction and contralateral pelvic drop angles, peak vertical GRFs, and peak knee abduction moment during a single-leg vertical drop jump compared with participants who trained with hip-focused exercises. Incorporating additional external resistance at the proximal trunk results in improved biomechanics compared with conventional hip-focused exercises.

Characteristic Features of the Constitution of the United States of America

Aim: The aim of this study is to review the specific features of the Constitution of the United States of America, in view of the historical circumstances of its creation, and its topicality. The author stresses that the US Constitution and its interpretation have changed in the light of changing economic, political and social circumstances. Methodology: The author of the study has used the historical and comparative method in writing the paper. It has been considered how and to what extent this constitution has been and is being taken into account today outside the United States, particularly in European countries. Findings: The authors, the ‘Founding Fathers’ of the Constitution of the United States of America agreed that the Constitution should provide the legal basis i.e. the garantee of the separation and balance of powers. The principle of separation of powers implies the creation of three separate institutions of equal importance in the exercise of power. The checks and balances enshrined in the Constitution ensure balanced exercise of power. In addition to widespread presidential power, the preeminent role of the Supreme Court is according to ou view the most distinctive feature of the constitutional system of the United States of America. Value: In Hungary, this study provides a complex introduction to the Constitution of the United States of America. This includes the sources of the Constitution, the original text of the Constitution and its Amendments.