Balinese Language Research Articles

Balinese Language and Local Identity in a Multicultural Context; Issues, Challenges, and Preservation Efforts

This research aims to present the issues, challenges and opportunities of Balinese regional languages ​​in the context of multicultural society and culture. In the current context, the Balinese language is experiencing a decline in interest and use in daily life which is being eroded by the use of Indonesian and English by the people. The great influence of multiculturalism is detected in this context. This is proven by the proliferation of international standard Kindergarten, Elementary, Middle and High Schools, where these schools present and promise English as the language of instruction. The narrative literature review method is used as empirical data to support arguments. Some of the issues facing the Balinese language currently and in the future include the code mixing habits of parents in Bali, the proliferation of international schools, and the position of the Balinese language in the Indonesian curriculum. These issues refer to several challenges faced by the existence of the Balinese language, namely the shift in the identity of the younger generation, changes in the educational curriculum, and the shift in the function of regional languages. Several efforts have been made by various parties in order to preserve the Balinese language in the context of a multicultural society. Steps that should be taken as preservation tips in the future are packaging the language with local culture, stabilizing diglossia, using Balinese as an introductory subject, training and community development, as well as linguistic research for documentation. With this research, it is hoped that the Balinese people will pay more attention to and preserve the Balinese language. Research related to Balinese is still limited. It is hoped that this paper will be able to contribute to literature studies for parties interested in researching the Balinese language further.

Technology and Language Revitalization in Indonesia: A Literature Review of Digital Tools for Preserving Endangered Languages

This systematic literature review examines specific digital tools such as mobile apps, online dictionaries, and social media platforms, evaluating their implementation and effectiveness in preserving endangered languages in Indonesia. Drawing from an analysis of ten scholarly publications spanning 2019 to 2023, key tools identified include the Android-based Lampung dictionary, "Nusantara in Your Hand" for Javanese and Madurese, and the Muyu-Indonesian-English Dictionary App. These tools engage communities through initiatives like the Balinese Language Digital Dictionary and BASAbali Wiki, utilizing platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and YouTube for cultural preservation. Implementation strategies encompass a variety of mediums: mobile apps tailored for Lampung, Javanese, and Madurese speakers; comprehensive online platforms like the Balinese Language Digital Dictionary and BASAbali Wiki; interactive resources such as LearnJavaneseOnline.com; and dynamic social media engagement on WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Utilizing modern technology, these tools document, teach, and sustain regional languages, enhancing accessibility and fostering community engagement. Their effectiveness lies in promoting community involvement, integrating into educational frameworks, and gaining support from governments and local communities, thus playing a crucial role in safeguarding Indonesia's linguistic heritage and cultural identity. In conclusion, digital tools present significant progress in preserving Indonesia's linguistic diversity, requiring strategies that address socio-cultural and technical challenges, prioritize community involvement, foster collaboration across sectors, improve digital infrastructure, and promote sustainable practices to ensure long-term success in language revitalization efforts.

Transliteration of Latin Letters to Bali Characters Based on Unicode for Mobile Devices using Finite State Automata and Levenshtein Distance

The preservation of Balinese script writing has been pursued by the local government with the issuance of the Bali Province Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning Balinese Language, Script, and Literature. However, the use of Balinese script in daily life is declining, especially among generation Z, most of whom find Balinese language difficult to use and have never been taught it. Technological advances, particularly smartphone technology, can play an important role in shaping generation Z's habits, values, and social interaction patterns. This research uses the Finite State Automata (FSA) method to convert Latin letters to the Balinese script Unicode standard, following the Balinese script writing rules. FSA governs transliteration behavior by using the working principles of State, Event, and Action. Besides transliterating sentences typed by users, the application produced by this research also displays Balinese script words related to the words typed by users using the Levenshtein Distance method. The ‘related words’ feature allows users to know more about Balinese script than just the typed word. From the test results conducted through two different test cases, the first test case tested the application's ability to transliterate words/sentences typed by users without selecting words from the application's suggestions. The results showed that of the 50 words tested, 39 were correctly transliterated. The second test case tested the app's ability when the user selects a word from the suggestions given by the app. The result shows that out of 50 words tested, 43 transliteration data are correct, with the total accuracy of both test cases being 82%.

The Alignment of Verb Ada and Its Existence to Understand the Existential Clause Structure of Balinese

An existential clause is a clause that shows a proposition about the existence or an event. This paper aims to describe the structure of existential clauses, the types of existential clauses, and the constraints of noun phrases that fill the existence elements in Balinese. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The data used are primary data taken from five Balinese language teachers. The Balinese language teachers elicited the data made by the first teacher. Written data from Balinese stories are also used to assist the oral data. The data analysis technique chosen is comparison, omission, and replacement. Some research results are found in this paper. The core structure of Balinese existential clauses is verb ada + existence, and the extended structure of Balinese existential clauses is verb ada + existence + extension. There are two types of existential clauses in Balinese: bare and extended existential clauses. The definiteness of a noun phrase filling the existence element determines the choice of existential or non-existential clauses. This paper is helpful as a reference for Balinese grammar, which concerns the existential clauses of Balinese.

ANALYSIS OF CODE-SWITCHING (ENGLISH-BALINESE) UTTERANCES IN THE TICKET TO PARADISE MOVIE

An American romantic comedy, Ticket to Paradise Movie, provides a unique context for investigating code-switching. It portrays a divorced couple collaborating to disrupt their daughter’s wedding in Bali. Beyond its entertaining storyline, the movie features a multilingual phenomenon, with characters utilizing the Balinese language for authenticity. This study aims to analyse the types and Reasons for Code-Switching. This study uses a qualitative approach. The primary data was collected from film transcripts and secondary data from literature reviews. The result of this study reveals the types and reasons for code-switching utterances in the Ticket to Paradise Movie. This study can contribute to broader language use comprehension in multilingual settings by exploring code-switching in this cinematic context.

Code Mixing in Legislative Candidate Campaigns in Denpasar City: A Case Study of Balinese Language Use in the Political Realm

Code Mixing in Legislative Candidate Campaigns in Denpasar City: A Case Study of Balinese Language Use in the Political Realm

Implementation of Merdeka Curriculum for Sundanese and Balinese Language Subject

Implementation of Merdeka Curriculum for Sundanese and Balinese Language Subject

Internalization of Character Education Values in The Creative Process of Lontar Transcripts of Stkip Agama Hindu Amlapura Students

<span lang="EN-US">The creative process of lontar transcripts as one of the demands of theL ontar Transcript course at the Balinese Language Education Study Program, STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura is very important given to students as provision to become a teacher of Hindu Religious Education. Through this learning it turns out to be able to strengthen the value of character education among students. This study aims to identify internalized character education values and describe the process of internalizing character education values in the transcription of lontar students of STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura. This research is classified as qualitative research, the locus of research is at STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura. The subjects of this study were 105 students of the Hindu Religious Education Study Program, STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura semester 5, room 01-03 in the odd semester of the 2022/2023 academic year. Data types use qualitative and quantitative data, while data sources use primary and secondary data sources. Methods of data collection using participatory observation methods and questionnaires. Data analysis using descriptive statistics. The results showed that: (1) There were 17 types of character education values internalized in the creative process of lontar transcripts for STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura students, namely: hard work, independent, religious, curiosity, responsibility, discipline, creative, love of the land water, honest, fond of reading, appreciating achievement, tolerance, democratic, peace-loving, communicative, environmental care, and social care. (2) The process of internalizing the values of character education in the creative process of the lontar transcripts of STKIP Agama Hindu Amlapura students, namely: (1) the process of receiving values, (2) the process of responding to values, (3) the process of selecting values, (4) the process of internalizing or appreciation of values (personalizing values), and (5) the process of actualizing or applying values. Strengthening the values of character education can be done through the creative process of lontar transcripts. With the internalization of these character education values, students are able to actualize them into their daily behavior in the life of society, nation and state.</span>

Strategi Pemulihan dan Penguatan Bahasa Ibu: Studi Kasus pada Perubahan Penggunaan Bahasa Bali di Masyarakat Bali

Balinese, as the mother tongue of the Balinese people, faces challenges in its survival. Although the number of Balinese speakers is still relatively large, there is an alarming shift among the younger generation in the use of this language. This phenomenon creates the need for more serious efforts to strengthen the position of the Balinese language, especially in the family environment and early education. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection carried out through a literature review. Analysis shows that Balinese is included in the category of endangered languages according to language typology by Michel Krauss. The use of Balinese as the language of instruction in initial education at school level is also an important focus. However, national policies and globalization pressures often lead to a decline in the use of regional languages in schools. The importance of using the mother tongue in education, especially at the initial level, has been supported by international organizations such as UNESCO. Efforts to strengthen the Balinese language can be carried out through several strategies, including strengthening the use of the Balinese language in the family environment, using Balinese as the language of instruction in schools at the educational level beginning, holding family-level Balinese language competitions, and reviving the "Dina Mabasa Bali" program as part of a policy that strengthens the habit of using the Balinese language. Through these steps, it is hoped that the existence of the Balinese language as the mother tongue of the Balinese people can be maintained and strengthened.

Balinese Parents’ Involvement on Promoting Digital Citizenship Values: From Ethnopedagogy Perspective

The rapid changes of digital technology should be followed by assistance from the adult to the young users. Parents should take a chance to involve in their children digital life and promoting the values of digital citizenships, so that the children can be a good digital citizen who responsible and use digital technology in appropriate way. This study is conducted by on descriptive qualitative design to identify and describe parents’ involvement on promoting digital citizenship values seen from ethnopedagogy perspectives, specifically on Balinese setting. The participants of this study were 40 students who learned about digital citizenship values and children from Balinese parents. The information gathered by using close questionnaire, open questionnaire, and interview to the participants. The instruments used were list of close questionnaire questions, list of open questionnaire questions, and list of interview questions. After the data were gathered, the data analysed using Interactive Model. The results indicated that parental involvement was needed by the children and parents had already done that. The unique thing was that the parents did not have clear concept of digital citizenship but able to promote the values of digital citizenship to their children. They used their local language as the mother tongue, Balinese language in delivering their messages and advices about the values. The parents also strengthen the families and local culture and norms related to digital citizenship, such aa politeness in communication (anggah ungguhing Basa Bali), respect, keeping social relationship (menyama braya), and balancing right and responsibility.

Kemampuan Membaca dalam Hati Wacana Berbahasa Bali Siswa Kelas VIII.1 SMP Ngurah Rai Kerobokan, Kabupaten Badung

The research is conducted to achieve the following objectives: (1) to describe the silent reading ability of Balinese language texts by eighth-grade students (class VIII.1) at Ngurah Rai Kerobokan Junior High School, and (2) to describe the challenges faced by students when engaging in silent reading to comprehend the content of the text. This study aims to evaluate the reading comprehension ability of Balinese discourse among eighth-grade students (class VIII.1) at Ngurah Rai Kerobokan-Badung Junior High School. Data were collected and analyzed to determine the students' reading comprehension proficiency based on the assessment standards for Balinese language in eighth grade under the School-Based Curriculum (KTSP). The analysis revealed that the students' reading comprehension ability falls under the category of "less proficient," with an average score of 65. Despite the minimum passing grade (KKM) being set at 72, only 9 students (22.5%) were able to achieve it, while the remaining 31 students (77.5%) scored below the KKM. The main difficulties encountered by students in reading Balinese discourse include understanding vocabulary, language structure, and lack of interest in reading. Therefore, the majority of students are considered not proficient in reading Balinese discourse.

Bahasa Bali Dalam Tradisi Tamblang Waluh Desa Adat Bungaya, Kecamatan Bebandem, Kabupaten Karangasem: Kajian Fungsi dan Nilai

The Tamblang Waluh tradition is a rare form of culture and is rarely found in other areas. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an in-depth study so that the sustainability of the traditions, functions, and values ​​contained therein are known. The research method used is qualitative research method so the type of research used in this research is a type of qualitative research using a naturalistic inquiry approach, field study or phenomenology. researchers used observation, interviews, documents, and literature to collect data, analyzed with triangulation techniques and presented with qualitative descriptive. Based on the research that has been done by researchers, it is concluded that the aspects contained in the Tamblang Waluh tradition, including settings, participants, end, act of sequence, keys, instrumentalities, norms, and genres are still maintained today. The sustainability of these aspects directly affects the sustainability of the function of the Balinese language within it, which functions as a sign, as a form of communication of intimacy and as a cultural identity. The Tamblang Waluh tradition is a cultural asset for the people of the Bungaya Traditional Village, as well as a medium for inheriting life values, including religious values, logical values, ethical values, and aesthetic values.

Campur Kode dalam Lirik Lagu-Lagu Bagus Wirata: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

In recent years, the practice of code mixing in public communication in Bali has increased. Code mixing events can occur anytime and anywhere. One form of code mixing that has attracted attention is code mixing in pop song lyrics, especially Balinese pop songs. This is a concern in itself regarding the character of Balinese Pop songs, which were initially aimed at preserving Balinese art and culture, especially in terms of language, but have become something that seems to be forced solely for the sake of market demands. The formulation of the problem in this research is: 1) What is the form of code mixing in the lyrics of songs sung by Bagus Wirata 2) What factors encourage code mixing in the lyrics of songs sung by Bagus Wirata. The research approach used is an empirical method because the use of Balinese in the lyrics of Bagus Wirata's songs already exists naturally. The object of research in this research is the songs sung by singer Bagus Wirata. The data collection methods used were document study, observation and interviews.The research results are; 1. The form of code mixing in the lyrics of songs sung by Bagus Wirata is: The use of code mixing in the form of words is most often used in the lyrics of songs sung by Bagus Wirata with a total usage percentage of 63%. Code mixing in the form of clauses ranks second with a usage percentage of 19%. The remainder is code mixing in the form of phrases amounting to 13%, code mixing in the form of basters 3% and code mixing in the form of repeated words 2%. 2. Factors that encourage code mixing in the lyrics of songs sung by Bagus Wirata are; 1) language dominance, 2) language attitudes, 3) psycholinguistic motivation, 4) lack of equivalent words in Balinese, 5) commercial target market. 3. The impact of using code mixing on the Balinese language, namely; 1) destruction of the Balinese language system, 2) extinction of the Balinese language.

Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study

Taboo in Balinese Language Spoken in Sesetan Village: A Descriptive Qualitative Study

Taboo in the Frame of Tri Hita Karana: Balinese Language Spoken in Menyali Village

Taboo in the Frame of Tri Hita Karana: Balinese Language Spoken in Menyali Village

Perilaku Sintaksis Kata Sifat dalam Bahasa Bali

This article is intended to analyze the syntactical behavior of adjectives in Balinese language at phrases and clauses level. The data were collected using the observation method and note-taking and recording techniques. The data were analyzed using the connecting and comparing techniques, and distributional method with deletion, transformational, and insertion techniques. The results of data analysis were formally and informally presented using both inductive and deductive techniques. The results of the study show that in the endocentric and attributive phrases, the adjectives in Balinese language function as the central and attributive elements, that in the endocentric and coordinative phrases, they function as the central element only, and that in the exocentric phrase, they function as the axis. The meaning of the phrase with an adjective + adjective construction refers to equivalence and opposition. In the clausal level, adjectives in Balinese language function as predicate, complement, and adverb.

Grammaticalization of Nazal Affixes in the Archaic Lexicon of Balinese Language: A Diachronic Study

Balinese has a communication system called Anggah-Ungguhing Basa (language levels). This language level coexists with the social stratification of society. Thus, the language activities of Balinese speakers are influenced by the social stratification of Balinese society. Social stratification and the Anggah-Ungguhing Basa system cause Balinese speakers to have various levels of language taste and variations in its use. In general, Anggah-Ungguhing Basa shows politeness in language. From linguistic studies, of course, such language signs need to be studied, especially regarding the grammatical processes of inherited elements in Balinese. The grammatical process that is the focus is the form and function of nasal affixes in the Balinese language. In this regard, it is very important to study the various grammaticalizations of the Balinese language further, so that these lexicons are appropriate to the language level in Bali. This research aims to thoroughly describe the inherited grammatical units in Modern Balinese. Normatively, these operational concepts are contained in the theory of comparative historical linguistics. Diachronically, the form of nasal affixes in Balinese can be traced. The affixes an-, am-, ang-, any- in Old Javanese are partly reflected in Old Balinese. The changes in each form are the basic morpheme to which it is attached. The basic morpheme begins with the phoneme bilabial, so the appropriate nasal affix is nasal bilabial. This process is called homorganization. In formal texts and traditional Balinese literary works, the affixes an-, am-, ang-, any- are still used. However, in Balinese Lumrah it changes to n-, m-, ny-, ng-.

Balinese diglossia shown by public signs as language vitality symbol from linguistic landscape perspective

This study is aimed to identify and analyze Balinese diglossia from the perspective of linguistic landscape. Balinese language used in public signs consists of two variations, namely alus and andap. The use of the two variations resembles the culture of Balinese people. Therefore, this study is also intended to provide a new way to view Balinese culture from seeing the Balinese language through non-interactive public signs because there are patterns on each variation used. Furthermore, the use of Balinese variations on signs can be a measurement to acknowledge its vitality; thus, this study is also aimed to measure Balinese language vitality in general and the vitality of its variations. The data of this study were 12 signs collected from banners, billboards, and information signs found in Bali through observation and documentation method. The data were analyzed by using referential identity method with a descriptive-qualitative approach. This study combined the theories of diglossia, context of situation, function of linguistic landscape, Balinese speech levels, and UNESCO vitality level. The result shows that Balinese language signs in public space are able to characterize the diglossia situation of the Balinese people by indicating four features, namely sign makers, participants receiving messages, caste and social status, and domains. The diglossic situation of the Balinese language is indicated by the variation of the Balinese alus, which is the high variety, and the Balinese andap, which is the low variety. The level of language vitality of Balinese high and low is 4, whereas in general is 5.

Diphthongal phones found in the Balinese language in Tabanan Regency

The study aimed to investigate the diphthongal phones in the Balinese Language, particularly in Tabanan Regency. Phonological rules related to changes of vowel phones into diphthongal phones were uncovered and have explained factors that induce the changes. Data of this research were in the form of utterances produced by female informants in 10 sub-districts in Tabanan Regency. The data were collected through two kinds of methods, which were the interview method and the observation method. In analyzing the data, the researcher used an extra lingual matching method to analyze factors that induce the changes from vowel phones into diphthongal phones. Based on the result, these changes were induced by both linguistic and nonlinguistic factors. The linguistic factors were acoustic factors, namely frequency and duration, and phonological factors, namely diphthongization and vowel shift. Meanwhile, the nonlinguistic factor was the geographical elevation in which the participants lived.

IMPROVING BALINESE LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRAGMATIC APPROACHES

This research is a classroom action research consisting of 2 cycles. The research subjects were all 34 students of Class X IPS 3 at SMA Negeri 1 Kuta. The objectives of this study included: 1) to know student learning outcomes in learning Balinese with the application of pragmatic learning approaches, 2) to know students' responses to learning Balinese with the application of pragmatic learning approaches. The results showed: 1) student learning outcomes increased and 2) students gave positive responses to Balinese language subject. In cycle I, student learning outcomes obtained an average class of 74.71 with classical completeness of 82.35% in the incomplete category. In cycle II, student learning outcomes obtained a class average of 80.74 with classical completeness of 94.12% in the complete category. Based on the results of this study, the application of a pragmatic approach can be used as an alternative in an effort to improve the quality of student learning processes and outcomes.