Bali Barat National Park Research Articles

The road to recovery: conservation management for the Critically Endangered Bali myna shows signs of success

AbstractThe Bali myna Leucopsar rothschildi has long suffered heavy trapping, leading to its near extinction in the wild and categorization as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Decades of conservation breeding, release of birds and post-release management at Bali Barat National Park have, until recently, failed to secure a viable wild population. However, over the past decade, population increases, expansion into new areas of the National Park and beyond, and successful breeding in both artificial and natural nest sites have occurred. These recent successes are associated with a change in approach by the National Park authority from concentrating efforts on the last refugium of the species (an area protected from trapping but with potentially suboptimal habitat) and towards the human-dominated landscapes around the main road through the National Park. Bali mynas tended to favour areas with extensive shorter grass cover and open canopies and to shun denser woodland. Anthropogenic landscapes such as farmland and plantations presumably mimic the original savannah habitat of the species, but nestbox provision has probably been crucial in these areas in the absence of natural cavities. A potential further factor in the increases in myna numbers and range has been a scheme involving local people in commercial breeding of the species, thereby reducing its market price, and working with communities to reduce trapping pressure. We encourage continuing operation of this management strategy inside the National Park and its further extension into adjacent tourist areas, which appear to have myna-friendly socio-ecological conditions.

DNA barcoding of the most common marine ornamental fish species spilled over from a small-sized marine protected area, Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Wiadnya DGR, Kurniawan N, Hariati AM, Astuti SS, Paricahya AF, Dailami M, Kusuma WE. 2023. DNA barcoding of the most common marine ornamental fish species spilled over from a small-sized marine protected area, Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 243: 47-54. Healthy coral reefs within a protected area may function as a source of recruitment to the surroundings through spill-over and export larvae. This study aims to generate a list of common species of marine ornamental fishes for the aquarium trade in Indonesia, mainly collected adjacent to Bali Barat National Park (BBNP). Lived-fish samples were collected from six fish collectors in two villages surrounding BBNP, Sumber Kima, Bali, and Bangsring, Banyuwangi. All species were checked by three active fishermen in both villages for confirmation of the most common species and not belonging to the target. A total of 82 separate groups out of 145 specimens were identified based on their morphological characters. All samples were then sequenced based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene amplification. The sequence read lengths for all the specimens were between 655 and 658 bp. All the findings from this DNA barcoding approach were in line with morphological species identification. Wrasses (Family: Labridae) were the most dominant (41 species) representing the group, followed by Pomacentridae (24 species), Acanthuridae (14 species), Pomacanthidae (14 species) and Gobiidae (10 species). Among the species, only green sergeant, Amblyglyphidodon batunaorum, belonged to the Vulnerable (VU) category based on IUCN criteria. The rest were either Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD), or Not Evaluated (NE). It implied that no catch species were under fishing pressure except for the green sergeant. Considering a total of 28 target species by local fishermen (recorded in an earlier article), small-scale fishermen can easily catch more than 100 species in one trip. The results significantly contributed to the need to generate a list of common ornamental fish species specifically exported from Indonesia as an aquarium trade commodity.

Java Sparrow <i>Lonchura oryzivora</i> at Bali Barat National Park: Do They Still Persist?

The main purpose of the establishment Bali Barat National Park was to conserve the endemic endangered Bali Starling. However, based on data on 2004, one endangered species, Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora also resided in there. Current official report of sighting is ultimately required since it acts as reference in the management of a conservation area. We reported four sightings of Java Sparrow flocks occurred in June, 2021 at the Prapat Agung Peninsula, 28 individuals in total consisted of 13 adults and 15 juveniles, in a transition area of monsoon forest and savannah. The biggest flock sighted was eleven individuals. This study therefore confirmed that the Java Sparrow was still persisted at the Bali Barat National Park in 2021, in Prapat Agung Peninsula in particular.

NATURAL HABITAT OF BALI STARLING (Leucopsar rothschildi) IN BALI BARAT NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

Tropical savannas and dry forests in Indonesia are important types of ecosystems which provide habitat to support various endemic wildlife. Several of these endemic species are now seriously threatened and accordingly have high conservation status according to IUCN, including the Bali starling (Leucopsar rotschildi) which is mostly now restricted to the Bali Barat National Park. Given the high extinction risk facing such species, conservation programmes are likely to require multidisciplinary approaches that address both the biological attributes of the species itself, as well as their habitat requirements. Regrettably, for many species, their habitat ecology remains inadequately understood. The objectives of this paper are to: 1) characterise the habitat of the Bali starling in terms of structure and floristic composition; and 2) document evidence of vegetation cover changes in the Bali Barat National Park. Analysis of remote sensing imagery as well as field sampling for vegetation attributes was conducted to address these objectives. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated from Landsat imageries using red and near infrared bands. Tree cover percentage data were downloaded from Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) product from the University of Maryland’s website. Results showed that forest and savanna are the dominant land cover types in the Bali Barat National Park but their distribution is somewhat dynamic with changes in vegetation cover and greenness found across the years in which increasing cover of woody plants is the general trend. In the Bali Barat National Park, the Bali starling is mostly found at or near distinct vegetation boundaries, such as the border between savanna-forest; savanna-cropland; savanna-shrubland; settlement-cropland; and forest-shrubland. Although Cekik area had planted species that has been known to be able to provide shelter and food for Bali Starling (so was Brumbun), the bird has not been observed to be presence in the area since the 1990s. These results further confirm the importance of examining habitat patterns of endemic bird within a landscape that are influenced by multiple factors that interact in space and time. Addressing data shortage in habitat patterns within endemic species distribution is important for conservation managers developing conservation management strategies. Evaluating the remaining habitat of the species is important for conservation of Bali starling and useful for the reintroduction and release program to their natural habitat.

Evaluation on Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) population, result of release process 1998-2015 in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia

Abstract. Hernowo JB, Haquesta S. 2021. Evaluation on Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) population, result of release process 1998-2015 in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2699-2710. The release of Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) is an attempt to return the bird population to its natural habitat to increase the number of Bali Mynah populations in nature. Bali Mynah population release results that can grow, but slow rate, so that indicates to review technical and management evaluation of Bali Mynah release. The study aims to evaluate the development of the population, the factors that affect population numbers and habitat for the results of releasing Bali Mynah, as well as the security factor. The research was conducted and focused on the Breeding Centre of Bali Mynah (BCBM) in Tegal Bunder, Teluk Brumbun, Teluk Kotal, Tanjung Gelap, and Pos Lampu Merah of Bali Barat National Park (BBNP), Indonesia from May to June 2015. The method of data collection is direct observation, measurement (population with concentration method), interview in relation to management of the bird, and literature. Data analysis was done by calculating the score of the assessment and the animal welfare. The result shows that the Bali Mynah population in Breeding Centre of Bali Mynah in Tegal Bunder has been categorized as good (analyzed from the animal welfare and assessment of the Bali Mynah with a score of 76.53 and 4.32 respectively). Bali Mynah population in the release area is well developed. The BM population has shown survival supported by an abundance of food and water availability, but the movement is still limited (500 m-1000 m) from the release areas.

Daily activity, diet and habitat of Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Sudaryanto FX, Pudyatmoko S, Djohan TS, Subagja J, Suana IW, Kalih LATTWS, Hardini J, Subagio J. 2020. Daily activity, diet, and habitat of Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4474-4482. Endemic Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) has a very high risk of extinction in its natural habitat. Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) and other NGO's have conducted various conservation activities, such as breeding and release, community development, environmental improvement, and awareness program. Breeding and release have already been applied in Nusa Penida out of its original habitat. To support the conservation of Bali myna, basic ecological data are needed, eg. daily activities, habitat profile, home range, and interspecific interaction. This study aimed to meet the needs of these vegetation profiles. We collected data from 2013 to 2015. Daily activities were observed on a couple of Bali myna in a nest box at agroforestry area. Habitat profile was determined by analyzing vegetation at their foraging, nesting, and resting areas, using a quadrate plot of 20 x 20 m2. To estimate the home range, of the Bali myna, we recorded 700 points of perching of these birds, by using Global Positioning System, and analyzed using Convex Polygon Method. Their interaction with other animals was carried out at their foraging, nesting, and roosting areas. Daily activities of the Bali myna in Nusa Penida are predominantly recorded in agroforestry areas, so its home range is relatively narrow, at 3.9 ha. The food types of Bali myna in Nusa Penida were fruits, insects, and nectar flowers. Sucking on nectar flower is the first report here. The vegetation profile of nesting and foraging area for Bali myna consists of one layer of thick and dense canopy, while the vegetation profile of resting area is not too dense, which is composed of two canopy layers. Bali myna's interactions with other animals for competition, predation, and mutualistic symbiosis. These data are expected to be used to make decisions in order to conserve Bali myna in Nusa Penida.

Are butterfly species useful indicators of ecosystem health in Bali Barat National Park?

In 2015, Bali Barat National Park was chosen for a Rainforest Standard (RFS) demonstration project. As part of the requirement for the Protected Area Credit of the RFS, species or a group of species that can act as indicators of ecosystem health in Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) have to be identified. Butterflies was one of the taxa assessed for this purpose. A biological survey was conducted in Bali Barat National Park during August-September 2015. Butterfly species were surveyed using a modification of Pollard walk methods by recording species while walking along transects. A total of 82 butterfly species were recoded representing the families Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Riodinidae. Forty-one species, 50 %, were from the family Nymphalidae and 21, 25 % from Pieridae. Nymphalidae and Pieridae was found to be correlated to vegetation structures. The selection process for indicator species was based on Indicator Value (IV) developed by Dufrene and Legendre (1997). Indicator Value uses both abundance and frequency to identify species that may be effective as indicators of ecosystem health. Most of the species with high IV values were associated with savanna vegetation, which is more open and often disturbed. The only Lycaenidae found with a high IV was Tarucus waterstradti, which may be considered as a potential indicator species. However, caution is needed in assessing the potential for butterflies to be used as indicator species because they are small and may be difficult to identify and there is a lack of trained observers in many parts of the tropics.

A benchmark assessment of ecosystem health indicator species groups at Bali Barat National Park

Bali Barat National Park was assessed for its suitability to receive RFS Protected Area CreditsTM. Part of the requirement is to select indicator groups from among 5 terrestrial taxa, within the eligible forest in the park boundaries, (1) insects - butterflies, (2) amphibian, (3) reptiles, (4) birds, and (5) mammals that can serve as r indicators for the overall ecosystem health of the TNBB. To select indicator groups, a biodiversity survey was conducted for during August-September 2015 in 3 study sites within Bali Barat National Park, Lebak Buah, Megatransect, and Brumbun. Different taxa were surveyed using peer-reviewed methods. The best indicator species within each taxa group (plants, butterflies, herpetofauna, birds and mammals) were defined based on their abundance and distribution in the eligible forest of the project area using Indicator Value method. Potential animal and plant indicator species were then assessed empirically for their cost-effectiveness based on survey effort and cost during the initial survey. Then they were evaluated for generality, functional importance, available scientific knowledge, and cross-taxon representation. Our results suggested that birds would be the best indicator species group, followed by butterflies, and plants. Such indicator is important surrogate for ecosystem health which can be used for conservation management priorities within protected area.

Pengendalian Internal Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak di Taman Nasional Bali Barat

This study aims to know the internal control of non-tax state revenues in Bali Barat National Park in terms of accuracy of recording, staffing, and the effectiveness of non-tax state revenue policy in Bali Barat National Park. This research is qualitative descriptive research. The method of analysis used in this research is triangulation technique. Based on the results of the study, it can be taken several provisions of Government Regulation No. 12 of 2014 to become a tool of internal control of non-tax state revenue in Bali Barat National Park. The accuracy of recording of non-tax state revenue in Bali Barat National Park at the tariff level based on Government Regulation No. 12 of 2014 on Tariff of Non-Tax State Revenue applicable to the Ministry of Forestry. For Non-Tax State Revenue Receiver in Bali Barat National Park on Government Regulation No. 20/1997 on Non-Tax State Revenues. Then for the level of effectiveness of Non-Tax State Revenue in Bali Barat National Park, with the title effectiveness above 100% in every year, not the standard in Bali Barat National Park is very effective. Keywords: Internal control, Non-Tax State Revenue, and Management of government finances

Ecological Changes in the Coral Reef Communities of Indonesia's Bali Barat National Park, 2011–2016

The coral reefs of Bali Barat National Park, one of Indonesia’s oldest marine protected areas, are known for their high biodiversity and excellent sport diving; however, stressors such as destructive fishing practices, elevated water temperatures, damage from anchors and careless visitors have been observed on these reefs for decades. The purpose of this study was to document and quantify changes in the fish and stony coral community structure of reefs within and outside the boundaries of Bali Barat National Park from 2011 to 2016, including its most popular dive site, Menjangan Island. The results provide further knowledge about the reefs of NW Bali and the efficacy of current management practices, and they will inform management decisions for locally managed reef stewardship programs. Between 2011 and 2016 the reefs of NW Bali lost 44.4% of their living coral cover, declining from 36% to 20% overall cover. Mortality was principally attributed to thermal bleaching caused by persistently high sea temperatures, which peaked in January 2016 at 32.2°C, coinciding with the third documented global bleaching event. Approximately one third of all stony corals were found to be bleached or recently dead. Despite the decline in coral cover, stony coral genus richness remained unchanged, with 56 genera recorded in both years, representing a combined total of 59 distinct genera. Mean fish biomass at Menjangan Island increased, with herbivorous fish biomass quadrupling, presumably due to decreased fishing effort at the island. The abundance of fish at all sites—both inside and outside the park—more than doubled, indicating a predominance of small fish at sites where fish biomass did not correspondingly rise. Crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), not observed on transects in 2011, were found in 2016 in areas of relatively high disturbance from marine recreation and possible eutrophication from shrimp farm effluent and mainland runoff. Patterns of coral cover and damage, fish abundance and biomass, and lost fishing gear suggest that management activities inside and outside the park have reduced ecological damage. Local community conservation groups are practicing one or more of the following at Menjangan Island and in some of the locally managed conservation areas: installing moorings, removing coral predators (crown-of-thorns starfish and Drupella snails), reducing fishing pressure, securing live coral fragments back onto the reef and planting mangroves. These nature groups are raising community awareness about the importance of NW Bali’s marine ecology to their economic and cultural wellbeing.

DISTRIBUSI JALAK BALI (Leucopsar rothschildi) DI KEPULAUN NUSA PENIDA

Bali Starling (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann, 1912) is endemic bird to the Bali Island. Since 1966, Bali Starling has been categoried as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and the Indonesian Government Regulation No. 7 of 1999 on Preservation of Fauna and Flora. Conservation of Bali Starling has been done in the Bali Barat National Park, but has not succeeded yet. Therefore, starting in 2006 the conservation of the Bali Starling is also done in the Nusa Penida Islands, Klungkung Regency. To examine the successful of conservation of Bali Starling in Nusa Penida Islands, need the studies as follows: How is the distribution of Bali Starling? This research aims to study the success of conservation of Bali Starling in Nusa Penida Island. Specifically, the purpose of this research were to study distribution of Bali Starling. Materials and methods used in this research was known from questioned to the people in the area, and also conducted exploration. Distribution of Bali Starling in 2006 was only in three locations, and being expanded in 2015 there were at least in 12 locations. Keywords: Bali Starling, Leucopsar rothschildi, Nusa Penida Island, Bali,distribution

Population analysis of Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann 1912) released in 2007 in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia

Hernowo JB. 2017. Population analysis of Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi Stresemann 1912) released in 2007 in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia. Trop Drylands 1: 83-89. The population of Bali Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi) has been released in the year 2007 in Bali Barat National Park should be monitored. Monitoring of the Bali Mynah (BM) population development was done in June 2008, June 2009 and October 2009. Monitoring method employed was direct observation focused on rations feeding site and surrounding areas at Tanjung Gelap (Menjangan Resort). The individual number that was released in June 2008 was 20 individuals, and that in June 2009 and October 2010 was, respectively, 20 individuals and 22 individuals. The Bali Mynah survival is approximately 77.27-110.53% in two respective years. The bird natality rate is 10.53%. The sex ratio is about 1:1 and birds age structure are 95.24% adult and 4.76% sub adult. The over-all population of Bali Mynah (BM) at Tanjung Gelap is in good condition. The important factors that support Bali Mynah survival in the wild habitat is through managed nest box, food rations, and BM safety.

Positioning of Eco Tourism Objects in Bali Indonesia

Ecotourism objects in this study include: (1) Bali Marine Park, (2) Bali Elephant Safari Park, (3) Bali Barat (West Bali) National Park, (4) Bali Butterfly Park, (5) Bali Reptile Park, (6) Sangeh Monkey Forest, (7) Ubud Botanic Garden, dan (8) Bali Botanic Garden based on the attributes of “facility, attractiveness, accessibility, and service”. This study utilized quantitative method, specifically exploratory research method and conclusive research method based on previous research and existing theories, in order to achieve the research objectives with the goal to generate new findings. Based on multidimensional scaling analysis, the perception of Bali Botanic Garden is similar to that of Sangeh Monkey Forest and Bali Barat National Park. While not in the same category as Bali Botanic Garden, the similarity coordinate of Ubud Botanic Garden is so close that it is a considerable competitor to Bali Botanic Garden. The ecotourism objects perceived to have similarities are Bali Butterfly Park and Ubud Botanic Garden. Another grouping based on similarity are Bali Marine Park and Bali Elephant Safari Park, whose similarity coordinates are quite distant from the other ecotourism objects.

Positioning Eco-Tourism Objects for Improving Image of Bali Indonesia as An International Tourist Destination

Ecotourism objects in this study include: (1) Bali Marine Park, (2) Bali Elephant Safari Park, (3) Bali Barat (West Bali) National Park, (4) Bali Butterfly Park, (5) Bali Reptile Park, (6) Sangeh Monkey Forest, (7) Ubud Botanic Garden, dan (8) Bali Botanic Garden based on the attributes of “facility, attractiveness, accessibility, and service”. This study utilized quantitative method, specifically exploratory research method and conclusive research method based on previous research and existing theories, in order to achieve the research objectives with the goal to generate new findings. Based on multidimensional scaling analysis, the perception of Bali Botanic Garden is similar to that of Sangeh Monkey Forest and Bali Barat National Park. While not in the same category as Bali Botanic Garden, the similarity coordinate of Ubud Botanic Garden is so close that it is a considerable competitor to Bali Botanic Garden. The ecotourism objects perceived to have similarities are Bali Butterfly Park and Ubud Botanic Garden. Another grouping based on similarity are Bali Marine Park and Bali Elephant Safari Park, whose similarity coordinates are quite distant from the other ecotourism objects.

TAMAN NASIONAL BALI BARAT: EVOLUSI DAN PENDEKATAN SENTRALISASI

Management of natural resources especially for conservation area is still under control of central government, although provincial and regent governments have limited role/authority in the decentralization era. The research aims to analyze the historical evolution of Bali Barat National Park (TNBB) and its management. The results show that the TNBB was originally from wildlife reserve and management of TNBB conservation under the authority of the Ministry of Forestry (MoF) at central government. In the desentralization era, provincial and regent government have role/authority such as in national park planning. Also in that era, people can utilize resources in conservation areas for tourism development, and provide traditional zone for fishermen. For fishermen, the TNBB zoning in 2010 is far better than the previous zoning.

DAILY ACTIVITIES OF BALI MYNA (Leucopsar rothschildi) AT BALI MYNA GUIDANCE CENTER, TEGAL BUNDER, BALI BARAT NATIONAL PARK

<p>Bali Myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) is Bali’s endemic bird. Their number is decreasing gradually in the wild (Balen et al., 2000). Its bright color of white feather and blue skin that surrounded its eye have made them easy to be hunted when it perched on abranch. Bali Myna was classified as endangered species by International Union of Conservation and Natural resources (IUCN) in 1977 (Whitten et al. 1999). There is a captive breeding in Tegal Bunder, Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) called Bali Myna Guidance Centre to increase wild population as an effort to prevent extinction. There, its conditions should be monitored regularly to keep them in prime condition, before being released for breeding purpose. Their condition could be controlled by monitoring their daily activities.</p>

The role of anthropic, ecological, and social factors in sleeping site choice by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis).

When choosing their sleeping sites, primates make adaptive trade-offs between various biotic and abiotic constraints. In human-modified environments, anthropic factors may play a role. We assessed the influence of ecological (predation), social (intergroup competition), and anthropic (proximity to human settlements) factors in sleeping site choice by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) occupying a habitat at the interface of natural forests and human-modified zones in Bali Barat National Park, Indonesia. Over the course of 56 nights, we collected data relating to physical features of sleeping trees, patterns of the use of sleeping sites within the home range, pre-sleep behavior, diurnal ranging patterns and availability of natural and human food. Overall, the macaques used 17 sleeping sites with 37 sleeping trees. When the monkeys slept in forest zones, they selected sleeping trees that had larger trunks but were not significantly taller than surrounding trees. Though the macaques rarely re-used sleeping sites on consecutive nights, they frequently re-used four sites over the study period. The group favored sleeping within the core area of its home range, despite the occurrence of frequent agonistic intergroup encounters there. Macaques preferentially selected sleeping trees located within or near human-modified zones, especially when human food was abundant and natural food was scarce. These results partially support the hypothesis that long-tailed macaques choose their sleeping sites to avoid predation; proximity to human settlements appears to be the primary factor influencing sleeping site choice in this primate species. Our results reflect the strong influence that anthropic factors have on primates, which subsist in increasingly human-dominated landscapes.

Report on Menjangan Island's Coral Reef: A Bali Barat National Park Marine Protected Area

Menjangan Island is located off the coast of NW Bali. The island and surrounding waters lie within a Marine Protected Area (MPA), as part of the Bali Barat National Park (BBNP), officially formed in 1984. Although many organizations have surveyed this reef area over the span of four decades, this is the first time that data on reef quality is compared over a nine year timeframe, from 2002 until 2011.From 19 March to 10 April 2011, eleven sites were studied: eight were located within Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) and three were located outside. The sites were clustered into areas identified as “BBNP Menjangan Is.” (sites surrounding Menjangan Island), “BBNP Sumber Klampok” (sites adjacent to the mainland) and “Sumber Kima” (sites outside the MPA). Sites within BBNP Menjangan Is. contained the highest mean cover of live hard corals (42%) although these sites also had the highest incidence of damaged coral colonies and of fishing gear. Comparisons of the benthic substrate data in 2011 with data collected in 2002 suggests that there was an overall increase in coral coverage in each of the 3 areas, as well as an increase in the damage to live hard corals. The two areas within BBNP had more than twice as much fish biomass in comparison with the area outside BBNP. Using the Index of Fish Diversity in the Indo Pacific region (CFDI; Allen and Werner, 2002), fish species were judged to be moderately diverse within the BBNP and poorly diverse outside. Although Menjangan Island lies within an MPA where no fishing is allowed, there is no enforcement of the no-take zone or prevention of anchoring by visitors to the island, and even as recently as July 2009 blast fishing was observed (pers. comm.). To help maintain the area as a reservoir for biodiversity as well as maintain the economic viability for the people of NW Bali, the Biosphere Foundation initiated a community-based conservation program called “Friends of Menjangan” with Yayasan Dwi Asih Sejahtera, a local Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). This community-based conservation movement is led by members of the local community, with approval from BBNP and participation by all stakeholders.

SISTEM PERAKARAN BIDARA LAUT (Strychnos lucida R.Br.) UNTUK PENGENDALIAN TANAH LONGSOR

One of potential Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in West Nusa Tenggara and Bali is Strychnos lucida R.Br. which is used for medicinal purposes. The species is also potential to use in land rehabilitation of dry land where it offers an additional benefit of landslide control. Part of the plant which has important role in landslide control is root system. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the Strychnos lucida root system in landslide control. The study was held in Bali Barat National Park. Root characteristics observed in the study were the penetration position in the soil, root architecture, and Index of Roots Anchoring (IRA) and Index of Roots Binding (IRB). The result showed that Strychnos lucida root was able to penetrate into deep soil layer and had R-tipe root architecture which can increase shear resistance of soil. Value of IRA and IRB indicated the species had a more vertical roots in every growth stage and a high enough horizontal roots. Based on its root characteristics, Strychnos lucida was able to decrease landslide risk, especially shallow and surface landslide. Keywords: Strychnos lucida R.Br., root system, landslide

Positioning Eco-Tourism for Improving Destination Image of Bali Indonesia

Ecotourism attractions in this study include: (1) Bali Marine Park, (2) Bali Elephant Safari Park, (3) Bali Barat (West Bali) National Park, (4) Bali Butterfly Park, (5) Bali Reptile Park, (6) Sangeh Monkey Forest, (7) Ubud Botanic Garden, and (8) Bali Botanic Garden based on the attributes of “facility, attractiveness, accessibility, and service”. This study utilized quantitative method, specifically exploratory research method and conclusive research method based on previous research and existing theories, in order to achieve the research objectvies with the goal to generate new findings. Based on multidimensional scaling analysis, the perception of Bali Botanic Garden is similar to that of Sangeh Monkey Forest and Bali Barat National Park. While not in the same category as Bali Botanic Garden, the similarity coordinate of Ubud Botanic Garden is so close that it is a considerable competitor to Bali Botanic Garden. The ecotourism attractions perceived to have similarities are Bali Butterfly Park and Ubud Botanic Garden. Another grouping based on similarity are Bali Marine Park and Bali Elephant Safari Park, whose similarity coordinates are quite distant from the other ecotourism attractions.