Balance Calculation Method Research Articles

High-accuracy and low-disturbance approach for identifying surface water and groundwater interactions in wetlands

Comprehending the hydrological conditions in wetlands is a critical aspect of successfully enhancing wetland conservation. The interaction between wetland surface water and groundwater is a complex process, requiring detailed onsite hydrological and soil surveys, laboratory experiments, and modeling to clarify this relationship. However, conventional investigation methods often cause significant disruptions and thus may affect the natural environment and compromise data reliability. In this study, a high-accuracy and low-environmental-disturbance (LED) approach was proposed involving modified falling head permeability and modified seepage meter tests to elucidate the groundwater characteristics in an ecological reserve. A water balance (WB) calculation method was employed to examine the performance of the proposed LED approach. The results revealed that the LED performed better than conventional methods in hydraulic conductivity and seepage velocity exploration, thereby improving the accuracy of quantifying groundwater flow. Moreover, the experimental findings and ecohydrological observations were used to assess the groundwater flow regime, and the data were consistent with the field survey results. The contradiction between conducting research and protecting ecological reserves can pose difficulties in the sustainable and effective management of wetlands. The LED approach can be applied broadly, especially in areas where significant disturbance should be avoided. The water budget model can thus be developed to help deduce the interaction between groundwater and surface water. We suggest that these innovative methods are effective tools and can assist both scientists and authorities in formulating corresponding habitat management strategies.

Operating characteristics analysis and optimization of loop heat pipe radiation cooling system in space reactor

Loop heat pipe radiation cooling system has good application prospects in space reactor heat dissipation due to its high heat transfer capacity, long-distance heat transfer without pump dependency, and effective isolation of mechanical vibrations. The code for analyzing the steady-state operational characteristics of loop heat pipe radiation cooling system was developed in this paper by the heat balance calculation method based on energy coupling iteration and validated through experimental results. Subsequently, the operational characteristic of the loop heat pipe radiation cooling system under design conditions and the effects of various parameters on it were discussed. It is observed that the plate-type radiation radiator with counterclockwise flow direction exhibited superior heat dissipation performance and thermal homogeneity. Additionally, the method combining surrogate models and genetic algorithm was proposed in this paper, which was used to the light-mass optimization considering the operation constraints for loop heat pipe radiation cooling system.

Steady-state performance analysis of loop heat pipe radiator in space reactor

The loop heat pipe has a good application prospect in the field of space reactor radiator because of its characteristics of the separation of gas/liquid pipelines and the long-distance efficient heat transfer. The comprehensive performance analysis of loop heat pipe radiator for space reactor is carried out by the heat balance calculation method based on energy coupling iteration proposed in this paper. The loop heat pipe radiator models of different configurations were developed using the mass and energy conservation theory. The models were validated by experimental data of the loop heat pipe under various heat loads. The model in this paper can correctly simulate the steady-state operation characteristics of loop heat pipe, and evaluate the design of loop heat pipe radiator for space reactor. The performance of loop heat pipe radiator was analyzed in this paper under various design conditions such as power, evaporation temperature, and heat sink temperature. The results show that the thermal operating parameters have significant effect on characteristics of loop heat pipe radiator. The design length of the condenser pipe was considered as an important factor to achieve steady state heat balance under different design power. Meanwhile, the operation characteristics of loop heat pipe radiator with different configurations were compared, which demonstrated that the performance of panel-type radiator was better than fin-type radiator.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕСУРСАМИ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД НА ТРАНСГРАНИЧНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ КАЛИНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

At the present time, drinking groundwater that is reliably protected from contamination should be considered as a priority source of utility and drinking water supply to the population. These waters undoubtedly belong to strategic types of natural resources, since they are essentially the only source of drinking water supply during emergencies, and the possibility of their use significantly affects the national security of the country. The current geopolitical situation around the Russian Federation dictates the need to consider the issue of managing transboundary resources of groundwater in the context of international legislative conventions and treaties in a new format, allocating groundwater to a separate block of strategic resources, the extraction of which occurs in frontier territories. The paper presents the analysis of the groundwater extraction quantitative evoluation at the largest water intake facilities of the Kaliningrad Region located on a transboundary territory using the balance calculation method. The method of balance approach, based on calculations of the so-called intake of water resources from the territory of neighboring state, allows for adjusting the activities of the intakes themselves and their further design taking into account boundary factors when approving maximum level decreases at observation points.

Design and analysis of rocket engine system with electric pump as subsystem

Electric pump feed systems use the high-speed and high-performance motor to replace the traditional turbine as the driving machine of pumps. A new feed system scheme is proposed in which a small-flow electric pump pressurizes hydrogen peroxide to the gas generator. The system keeps the performance of the engine at a high level, while being able to achieve continuous regulation and depth regulation. The balance calculation method and reliability allocation method are used. The results show that, the power of the electric pump for fuel path and oxidizer path is 600.0 W and 1732.6 W, respectively. The total mass of the engine is 69.76 kg, and the mass percentage of the electric pump system is small, less than 3.2% of the overall system mass. The effect of the electric pump system on the engine mass is small, but it improves the engine regulation capability. The reliability of this engine system is calculated to be 0.9802, which is not less than the target value of 0.98 with a certain margin, according to the reliability assigned to each combined part.

Economic and environmental assessments of an integrated lithium-ion battery waste recycling supply chain: A hybrid simulation approach

This study aims to evaluate the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling process as a part of the supply chain network and assess its long-term economic and environmental impacts. A novel hybrid analysis incorporating agent-based, system dynamics, and metallurgical process analysis has been used to provide microscopic and macroscopic analyses of the integrated recycling system, which consists of waste collection facilities, transportation, and a waste recycling plant. The intersection between the supply chain and metallurgical process disciplines signifies this study's multidisciplinary nature. Mass balance calculation method and metallurgical process simulation software have been used to model physical and hydrometallurgy processing of the LIB waste within the recycling plant, respectively. The impacts of different LIB compositions and waste collection rate scenarios on economic and environmental performances have been evaluated. The results of the hybrid simulation show that selecting the type of LIB recycling process or technology must incorporate a thorough cost-benefit analysis since the recycling process' incentive depends on LIB composition and amount, operating cost, energy consumption, and waste outputs. The operating cost and waste outputs analyses must also cover LIB waste collection and transportation activities. This study offers valuable insights for LIB manufacturers, recycling companies, and the government in designing infrastructure for the electric vehicle's ecosystem.

Model Persebaran Emisi pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Berbahan Bakar Serat dan Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Perangkat Pemodelan Aermod

According to the Republic Indonesia government regulation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29% independently and 41% with international assistance in 2030, then to achieve the target of net zero emissions by 2060 in accordance with the COP27 Climate Change Conference in Egypt in 2022, it is necessary to found renewable energy sources with low emission levels. Renewable energy sources with low emission levels that are quite popular and available are those from palm oil waste biomass such as oil palm empty fruit bunches, fibre and oil palm shells. This study aimed to determine the emission dispersion modelling from the combustion of fibre and palm kernel shells mixture with ratio 60% and 40% at two steam power plants with a capacity of 30 tons/hour and 20 tons/hour, respectively, using Aermod Modelling System. The emission load calculated using combustion mass balance calculation method. Mass balance calculation result showed that the emission content from the two chimneys is 134.76 mg/m3 for the NO2 parameter; 13.11 mg/m3 for the SO2 parameter and 37.31 mg/m3 for the particulate parameter. Meanwhile, for emission dispersion, the highest emission level occurs at coordinates X = 200319.12 and Y = 9817175.03, which is the closest coordinate to the emission source where the highest value at that location for the NO2 parameter is 241.18 µg/m3, the SO2 parameter is 15.29 µg/m3 and particulate parameters of 66.91 µg/m3. The distribution of emission dispersion tends to be southeast and north according to the wind direction at the study site..

Dynamic identification and radium–radon response mechanism of floor mixed water source in high ground temperature coal mine

With the deep mining of North China-type coalfield, the threat of mixed water source is increasingly serious, and water inrush accidents occur from time to time. Identifying the water inrush dynamic of limestone-mixed water source in high geothermal coal mine is difficult. This paper constructs a radioisotope distribution model of deep groundwater and obtains the dynamic data of radium and radon on the basis of the decay law of radionuclides and the principle of water balance and mass conservation. The radium–radon dating model is used to obtain the age of groundwater. Combined with the data of uranium and temperature, a dynamic identification model of multilayer limestone-mixed water source in coal seam floor is established by using a multielement mixed mass balance calculation method (M3). The relationship between the age of mixed water source and the mixing proportion of temperature and the contribution of recharge end member can be interpreted. The age of deep groundwater is negative correlation to the temperature. The temporal and spatial changes in mixed water sources and the response mechanism of radium–radon are described. Research results provide a new method to identify the source of water gushing in high geothermal coal mine, which is of great importance to improve coal mine safety production.

Impact of physical properties on material balance calculations: case study AL-Nasr oil field, Shabwah Governorate

The accuracy of many petroleum engineering calculations (e.g., material balance calculations, reserve estimation, well test analysis, advanced production data analysis, nodal analysis, surface network modeling, surface separation, and numerical reservoir simulations) largely depends on the accuracy of the data on pressure, volume, and temperature (PVT). An approach to improve the material balance calculation method is presented in this study. To achieve the objective, PVTP and MBAL Software programs were applied. PVT model was built by different methods. Software was implemented to calculate stock-tank oil, initially in place (STOIIP), using different approaches. Sensitive analysis was performed to investigate the effect of different parameters on material balance calculation. Illustration of the proposed approach was done on the data obtained from AL-Nasr oil field. The Average absolute error of PVT properties such as bubble-point pressure, relative volume, oil formation volume factor, Solution gas oil ratio and oil density is used to compare between actual and calculated values. Results showed a good agreement. History production (cumulative oil production, cumulative gas production, cumulative water production) were also calculated to investigate the match between history parameters and calculated parameters. Results indicated that the impact of PVT errors on material balance calculations can be significant.

Analisa Keseimbangan Energi PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) Unit 2 Berdasarkan Perubahan Beban

This study aims to calculate the efficiency and heat rate of the unit 2 PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) system with the energy balance calculation method, calculate the NPHR value of PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) unit 2 when the unit is operating, and also to determine the energy loss from the conversion energy results at PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) unit 2 when the unit operates. The PLTU's Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR) value is a very important role as an indicator of the performance of a steam power plant. The real-time NPHR value calculation using the energy balance method can be used as an evaluation material to control the operation pattern of the generator in order to obtain optimal operation. The method used in this research is to collect direct and indirect data to calculate the energy balance and NPHR of PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) unit 2 during the reliability run period. The calculations carried out include the calculation of the energy balance in the boiler, the energy balance in the steam cycle, the balance of electrical energy, the efficiency of the PLTU and NPHR systems. Based on the results of calculations that have been carried out the efficiency and NPHR of PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) unit 2 is the best during the reliability run of 32.76% and 2801.93 kcal / kWh at full load conditions with an energy loss value of 220.60 MW. The performance of PLTU Takalar (Punagaya) unit 2 during the reliability run is very good where the unit operates continuously and the NPHR value when full load fulfills the contract warranty and the maximum operating target.Â

ANALISIS KENAIKAN PLANT HEAT RATE PLTU SEBELUM PERBAIKAN BERKALA TERHADAP KONDISI TESTING KOMISIONING (Studi Kasus : PLTU XX)

Steam power plant is a power plant which use coal as fuel to heating the water into superheated steam . The standard of efficient or not for a power plant can be seen from the value of plant heat rate. Plant heat rate is amount of energy required to generate one kWh electricity. The smallest of that is the best power plant . In general, the value of plant heat rate has increased than commisioning test after the power plant operated continously . The method used in the calculation of the steam power plant is energy balance method. Energy balance calculation method used by the standard of the American Society of Engineers Mechanichal Performance Test Code (ASME PTC). The value of plant heat rate is influenced by the value of turbine heat rate and boiler efficiency from steam power plant . Turbine heat rate is the required energy turbines obtained from heat transfer process to generate one kWh electricity, while boiler efficiency is an indicator from boiler performance of steam power plant by comparing the outputs and inputs. After calculation of plant heat rate at actual condition, the value of plant heat rate has increased than commisioning. The increrase of plant heat rate value is due to more losses which result degradation performance on the main components of the unis, such as : turbine, boiler, air heater and condenser. Therefore necessary corrective maintenance when first year inspection, so that the steam power plant can be re-optimal performance as at commisioning test.

On the design of an urban data and modeling platform and its application to urban district analyses

An integrated urban platform is the essential software infrastructure for smart, sustainable and resilient city planning, operation and maintenance. Today such platforms are mostly designed to handle and analyze large and heterogeneous urban data sets from very different domains. Modeling and optimization functionalities are usually not part of the software concepts. However, such functionalities are considered crucial by the authors to develop transformation scenarios and to optimize smart city operation. An urban platform needs to handle multiple scales in the time and spatial domain, ranging from long term population and land use change to hourly or sub-hourly matching of renewable energy supply and urban energy demand.The paper discusses software architecture concepts for data and modeling urban platforms, which allow to analyze and optimize the urban infrastructure with their energy, water and further resources such as food or goods consumption. Building, commerce and industry as well as the transport sector are in the focus of the efficiency and renewable supply analysis. The main driver is to derive zero carbon strategies for cities while including all major sectors of CO2 generation.So far, two software architecture concepts have been implemented and tested, both using a 3D CityGML geometry data model: A workflow management system for city scale building energy modeling using a monthly energy balance calculation method and a micro service orchestration for dynamic building simulation modeling. The GIS based data analysis methodology and building energy workflow modeling method are applied to a case study district in New York City to demonstrate the implementation status and derive CO2 mitigation strategies. The results showed how data gathered from different sources for the relevant sectors can be translated into CO2-emissions. For a district in Brooklyn connected to a large electric substation with electricity monitoring data available, every individual building´s heating and cooling demand was simulated and resulted in a total annual heating demand of 1.72 TWh/a and 0.11 TWh/a of cooling. It could be shown that the building sector cooling demand can by reduced by 63% by a change of set point temperature for cooling and reduced infiltration rate, while reducing the heat demand by 12%. In addition, carbon accounting of the food and wastewater sector was done using the same GIS based modeling framework. The analysis showed that the food related electricity consumption for refrigeration corresponds to about 5% of the overall electricity consumption and requires 2.6 GWh/a for transport. Using food waste in co-digestion of wastewater treatment plants could contribute another 7.4 GWh/a of combined heat and power. Such quantification of demand and energy sources could contribute to prioritize actions for CO2 mitigation strategies in urban areas.

Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration over a Large and Complex Irrigation System of the Nile Delta in Egypt

In the Nile Delta region of Egypt, measurements of Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) and Potential Evapotranspiration (ETp) are difficult, expensive and labor-intensive. The current paper aimed at finding the superior method for estimating the ETa and ETa/ETp in the Nile Delta governorates by comparing different methods. Three different methods were used for ETa estimates being; Remote Sensing approach by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ETa-product (MOD16A2), FAO (33) method, and Irrigation Water Balance Calculation (IWBC) method. The three ETa methods were applied for five governorates in 2017, where the data for IWBC were available. However, only MOD16A2 was compared with FAO (33) for ETa/ETp ratio and the two selected methods were applied for all eight Nile Delta governorates for the period of 2008 -2017. The MOD16A2 product was derived from the MODIS satellite images using an improved evapotranspiration algorithm based on the Penman-Monteith equation. FAO (33) was based on the relationship between the relative yield loss of any crop to relative reduction of water consumption. The IWBC required estimation of both; the field application and conveyance water losses as the only unknown elements of irrigation water balance in Delta governorates. For comparison between applied methods, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for checking difference, and cluster analysis were applied. The results showed a significant difference values between MOD16A2 and FAO (33) for estimating ETa/ETp ratios. However, the difference for ETa estimation was insignificant between the three methods indicating a significant relationship, with a strong correlation between MOD16A2 and IWBC. It was observed that ETa values were impacted by the cropping pattern, since they were very close in governorates having the same dominant crops. In conclusion, both MOD16A2 and IWBC can be utilized for ETa estimation. Both MOD16A2 and FAO (33) are not confirmed for estimation of ETa/ETp ratio due to the significant difference between both results. FAO (33) cannot be utilized for both ETa and ETa/ETp ratio estimates. Further data collection and investigation on ETa and ETp estimates methods are recommended.

The relation between thermal comfort and human-body exergy consumption in a temperate climate zone

Human body exergy balance calculation method gives minimum human body exergy consumption rates at thermal neutrality (TSV = 0) providing more information on human thermal responses than other methods. The literature is lacking the verification of this method in various climatic zones. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between thermal comfort and human body exergy consumption in a temperate climate zone. A small office building in Izmir Institute of Technology campus, Izmir/Turkey, was chosen as a case building and equipped with measurement devices. The occupant was subjected to a survey via a mobile application to obtain his Thermal Sensation Votes. Objective data were collected via sensors and used for predicting occupant thermal comfort and for exergy balance calculations. Under given conditions, the results show that Thermal Sensation Votes are generally zero at a Ti range of 21–23 °C and, are mostly lower than Predicted Mean Votes in summer while the opposite is observed in winter. Predicted Mean Votes at minimum Human Body Exergy Consumption rates were on slightly warm side while Thermal Sensation Votes are zero. It means that for given case, the HBexC rate calculation gave a better prediction of the environmental parameters for the best thermal comfort.

Deriving Amorphous Component Abundance and Composition of Rocks and Sediments on Earth and Mars

AbstractX‐ray amorphous materials have been detected in all samples measured by the CheMin X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) on board the Mars Science Laboratory rover in Gale Crater, Mars. The origin(s) of these materials are poorly understood, and there are significant uncertainties on their estimated abundances and compositions. Three methods are used to estimate the bulk amorphous component abundance and composition of Martian samples using XRD and bulk chemical data: (1) Rietveld refinements, (2) FULLPAT analyses, and (3) mass balance calculations. We tested these methods against a quantitative XRD (internal standard) method commonly used in terrestrial laboratories. Additionally, we tested for instrumentation effects by measuring our samples on a laboratory XRD instrument (PANalytical X'Pert Pro) and the CheMin test bed instrument (CheMin IV). We used three natural samples known to contain amorphous materials: glacial sediment, Hawaiian soil, and a paleosol. Our methods resulted in nine amorphous abundances and four amorphous compositions for each sample. For a single sample, amorphous abundance estimates and amorphous compositions are relatively similar across all estimation methods. CheMin analog measurements perform well in our tests, with amorphous abundances and compositions comparable to laboratory quantitative XRD measurements, though slightly underestimated. This suggests that previous amorphous component estimates for Martian samples are relatively accurate. This study highlights the usefulness of the mass balance calculation method for characterizing amorphous materials in terrestrial samples, providing important supplemental information to destructive and time consuming size separation and dissolution procedures.

A New Method for Calculating the Nutrition Balance of the Food Package

Based on the previously published research on the nutritional balance of single recipes based on the fragrance index, this paper proposes a simple diet nutrition balance calculation method based on overlap rate. We calculated and compared the combination of any two of the 25 dishes based on the overlap rate method, which is the nutritional balance of the simple package. We also compared the overlap rate based method and the fragrance index based method for 6 simple packages. The results show that the results of the two methods have certain consistency. We also give a formula for calculating the nutritional balance of a simple package consisting of 3 dishes, which can be extended to a package consisting of more dishes.

Evaluating the interactions between surface water and groundwater in the arid mid-eastern Yanqi Basin, northwestern China

ABSTRACTThe environment of Bosten Lake in the Mid-Eastern Yanqi Basin (MEYB), an arid inland area in northwest China, has deteriorated greatly due to increasing groundwater exploitation and changes in the interactions between groundwater and surface water. This study intended to simulate the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater and surface water across the entire MEYB over the period 2000–2013. The applicable groundwater flow model and mass balance calculation method for river water were constructed to evaluate the change in groundwater recharged by and discharged to different segments of the Kaidu River. Simulation results show that the entire river seepage in the MEYB increased from 1.05 to 6.17 × 108 m3/year between 2000 and 2013. The increasing river seepage, induced by increasing groundwater exploitation, plays the most important role in the water level decline in the downstream reaches of the Kaidu River and in Bosten Lake. This implies that the current utilization of groundwater resources in the MEYB is unsustainable.

Optimal Operation of Boiler Based on Anti-Balance Algorithm

According to the main characteristics of boiler operation process, part parameters of boiler and monitoring data, we not only can tease the relationship between various each physical quantity and the influence on the thermal efficiency of the boiler, but also be reasonable parameters and omit the complex on the minimal influence factors of heat loss, finally we use the counter balance calculation method to calculate heat loss, which is mainly aimed at the greatest effect of excess air coefficient, and we consider other major factors that affect the thermal efficiency of the boiler. According to the definition established physical model, the thermal efficiency of the boiler is optimized.

Research on the Calculation of Auto Power Balance

Based on the research and analysis of power balance calculation method for the whole vehicle electrical system, example of specific project, detailed analysis and statistics of the whole vehicle with electrical power demand in different work conditions. And analysis and design the key parameters on the battery capacity, the size of the generator and starter. Preliminary verify the proposed method feasibility through specific calculation in this paper.

부산신항 용원수로에서의 오염원별 수질영향 조사

In Yongwon channel, its natural flow of seawater is blocked by the construction of Busan Newport including the container berth. The channel was transformed into a narrow and long one, where it is possible that ships are only allowed to pass through the north-side channel of Gyeonmado located at the point of river mouth to Songjeongcheon. In addition, Yongwon channel is approximately 100 m wide on average and 3,600 m long, which has the highest slenderness ratio (length/width=36). So it is considered that the changes in the terrain characteristics of Yongwon channel is likely to alter the circulation of sea water, thereby changing its water quality. In this study, the seasonal change and the spatial variation of the water quality in Yongwon channel was analyzed for the effect of land pollution using the measurement data. The mass balance calculation method is used to analyze the water pollution resulting from sediment pollutants. This result shows that the improvement of the water quality in Yongwon channel can be obtained from the sewer pipe modification and the environmental dredging.