Baker's Theory Research Articles

On the Diophantine Equation $${L^2_m}+{L^2_n}=2^a$$

This study researches numbers that are powers of two and can be represented as the sum of the squares of any two Lucas numbers. We apply Baker's theory of linear forms in logarithms of algebraic numbers, combined with a variation of the Baker--Davenport reduction method, to solve the Diophantine equation $$L^2_m+L^2_n=2^a$$, where $$m$$, $$n$$ and $$a$$ are positive integers, as presented in this study.

THE ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING SWEAR WORDS IN FREE GUY MOVIE SUBTITLE

This research aims to analyze the types of swear words and translation strategies used by translators in translating swear words in Free Guy movie. The data used in this research consists of subtitles from the movie in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The film can be accessed via Disney+Hotstar.com and was released in 2021. The research adopts a descriptive-qualitative methodology and employs Anderson and Trudgill's theory on swear word and Baker's theory on translation strategies. The results of the research indicate that a total of 85 swear words. The most frequent type of swear word is expletive swearing with 55 data (64.70%). The second most common type is abusive swearing with 15 data (17.64%). Auxiliary swearing has 9 data (10.58%), and the least frequent is humorous swearing with 6 data (7.05%). In terms of translation strategies, there are four strategies were identified. The most frequently used strategy is translation using a more neutral meaning with 34 data (40%). The second most common strategy is translation using common words with 25 data (29.41%). Translation by omission has 21 data (24.70%), and the least frequent strategy is paraphrasing using related words with 5 data (5.88%). The high occurrence of expletive swearing is attributed to the characters expressing their emotions or feelings rather than intending to intimidate, insult, or joke. The translation strategy using more neutral or less expressive words is often employed by translators when they encounter difficulties in translating the cultural context from the SL to the TL.

Paratextual mediation and (re)framed narratives: a case study of Ganxiao liuji

ABSTRACT Translation is not merely a textual transformation but involves paratextual mediation. Linking Genette's notion of paratext to Baker's narrative theory, this paper examines Yang Jiang's Ganxiao liuji, a personal narrative set during the Cultural Revolution but focusing on everyday occurrences, to uncover how three publishing houses mediate paratextual materials (titles, prefaces, blurbs, notes and afterwords, and visual images) in their translations of this book, and what larger narratives are (re)framed and reinforced in this process. It discloses that while the Hong Kong publishing house prioritises the original personal narrative content and style in its paratextual presentation, its American counterparts foreground the political background while overshadowing Yang's personal narrative and reframing it as part of the larger narratives of a repressive, inhumane China with an authoritarian government and suppressed masses. Such mediation responds to and reinforces Western narratives of the problematic, dystopic China, and directs readers to understand it through a skewed angle, thereby perpetuating established stereotypes of this non-Western country. This research further unveils how paratextual mediation resonates with and contributes to the larger narratives circulating beyond the immediate text, guiding receivers into (re)framed narratives which impact their perceptions and behaviour in the society, and ultimately shape the social world.

Bilingual Signboards on Lombok: Approaches to Acquiring the Translation Equivalence

It is particularly intriguing to analyze the application of Baker's theory of translation equivalence through research on such brief texts as on signboard because it reveals a lot of interesting patterns. In order to make a signboard read in the least amount of time feasible and to get the word across to the reader in a more expedient manner, short phrases are frequently used. Texts taken from Lombok's newly emerging market for multilingual signboard served as the basis for this research's collection of data. This descriptive qualitative research aims to investigate the compatibility and applicability of the extended levels of Baker’s translation equivalence in the context of the collected data found on bilingual signboards at religious tourism sites on Lombok Island, particularly in relation to ethical, moral, and semiotic considerations. The study reveals the complex nature of translation equivalence in signboard, highlighting different levels such as word-level, grammatical, text-level, pragmatic, semiotic, and ethical equivalence. It offers practical insights for signboard designers, translators, and the tourism industry worldwide, providing essential information to unfamiliar tourists, contributing to their navigation and exploration of destinations. Additionally, the study underscores the significant role of signboard in tourism development, effective communication of information, intercultural understanding, and the growth of tourism in various destinations beyond Lombok.

The Constitution of Virtual Objects

Abstract David Chalmers argues that virtual reality is a genuine kind of reality. In one of its readings, this “virtual realism” states that virtual entities ontologically depend on real digital entities. This article explores that suggestion and offers a novel account of the dependence of the virtual on the digital. Drawing on Lynne Rudder Baker's theory of constitution, we contend that virtual objects should be seen as constituted by digital objects, when these are placed in certain favourable circumstances. We explore the rationale and implications of this view, which we see as a promising form of virtual realism.

Textual Equivalence of Cohesive Devices in Arabic-Indonesian Personal References

The textual equivalence between the source text (ST) and the target text (TT) is greatly influenced by cohesive device translation. This article aims to analyze textual equivalence in translating personal references from Arabic to Indonesian. This research is a qualitative descriptive study using Halliday and Hasan's (1976) theory of cohesion and Baker's (2018) theory of cohesiveness in textual equivalence. The data came from the narrative discourse of the saga genre of the book 'Wali Tanah Jawa' in the form of the Arabic text "Ahla Al-Musamarah fi Hikayati Al-Auliya' Al-'Asyrah" by Sheikh Abul Fadhol Senori (1961) and the translation by M. Solahudin (2020). The results of the analysis showed that there were three findings in the translation of cohesive personal reference devices from Arabic into Indonesian, namely variations in the form of alignment of personal reference translators, differences in the frequency of appearance of personal references in equivalent language units, and the interrelationship of social and cultural relationship factors in the translation of personal references.

Bridging Ideologies in Translation: An Ideological Critical Stylistic Analysis of Yemeni Conflict Discourse

This study investigates how reframing strategies and linguistic aspects are employed to legitimize and normalize ideologically loaded narratives introduced by the Yemeni internationally recognized government (YIRG), with a particular focus on the impact of dominant ideologies and the translator's political and social affiliations on the target texts. Combining frameworks from different fields, the study draws upon Baker's (2006) narrative theory and Jeffrie's (2010) model of critical stylistics to provide a comprehensive understanding of the translation process and its management during conflict. Analyzing English-language materials translated into Arabic, the study utilizes source English materials, including news, reports, and opinions, from Western media outlets. The corresponding Arabic translations are drawn from media belonging to the YIRG. The study concludes that the YIRG's dominant ideology significantly constrains the political translation process during the conflict. This ideology is reflected in the reframing of narratives to align with the adopted ideology, encompassing the repositioning and labeling of participants according to the prevailing ideology. Moreover, textual choices, grammatical and semantic, influence the translator's representation of events, word choice, and pragmatic references to the opposing party through deictic expressions.

EXPLORING STUDENTS’ TRANSLATION STRATEGY ON THE GLIMPSE OF US SONG BY JOJI

Translating texts from one language to another is often used as a resolution to overcome many challenges nowadays, allowing individuals to understand content that they may not have been able to otherwise. In the case of song lyrics, translation can be particularly useful in helping individuals understand the meaning and emotion behind the words. This study explored the translation strategies employed by ten Translation and Interpretation (TI) students in translating the lyrics of Joji's Glimpse of Us song, and investigated their translation products whether they meet the criteria of good translation. Using a qualitative-descriptive research design, the study analyzed 23 sentences from the source text, finding that the most common strategy used was the use of a more general word (44%), followed by paraphrasing with unrelated words (21%) , by paraphrasing using related word (18%), by addition (9%), and omission (4%). The least common strategy was the use of loan words or loan words with explanations (3%). The study also evaluated the accuracy, naturalness, and clarity of the students' translation products based on Mona Baker's theory and the criteria of good translation proposed by Larson (1984) out of 230 total data collected, the study found 148 acceptable translations (64%) and 82 unacceptable translations (36%). These findings can inform future teaching practices in TI programs and contribute to the field of translation studies.

Bilingual Education in Rural Islamic High Schools: Teachers' and Students' Perspectives and Experiences

The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of bilingual teaching held by both teachers and students, as well as the processes used to conduct bilingual language instruction and the results obtained from using bilingual language education. The qualitative research approach was utilized for this investigation. For the purpose of this study, a teacher and ten students from the XI IBB Man 2 Bone Class served as participants and served as the study's subjects. In addition to that, the data gathering was done by a combination of observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicated that teachers and students had a favorable impression of bilingual education, placing it in the category of highly perceived bilingual education. The incorporation of bilingual education, which is soundly founded on Baker's theory (2001), comprises the separation of language and the concurrent use of language inside a lesson. Last but not least, there was a beneficial effect that teaching students in two languages has on the overall accomplishment of such students. The present study implies that the bilingual education approach could foster students' EFL repertoires in the context of Senior high school students and specifically within rural regions, as evidenced by the study.

Speeches of a King: Translation as Narration

The use of Narrative Theory to analyze translations and to investigate how the act of translation affects the construction, reconstruction, and circulation of narratives is a current trend. This paper scrutinizes the counter-terrorism narratives constructed in the speeches of King Abdullah II of Jordan, by drawing on Baker's (2005) theory that all translations embed narratives promoting peace or violence. This scrutinization does not compare English and Arabic stretches of those speeches. Rather, it is an attempt to identify the stakes related to constructing, reconstructing and circulating those narratives. The framework of the narrative theory and the features of narratives: relationality, causal emplotment, selective appropriation, and temporality, have been used to examine the 29 speeches delivered by the king between 2014 and 2020. The study reveals that the king’s motivations for constructing his counter-terrorism narratives were to counter the existing misrepresentations of Islam perpetrated by both the media and terrorist groups and to construct alternative positive narratives. Keywords: Counter-terrorism; Narrative features; Narrative theory; Translation; Translation studies.

Word equivalence of the bilingual storybook translation

Equivalence is a very important factor and an inseparable part of a series of translation activities. Equivalence occurs when the linguistic units in the source language have the same meaning when it is transferred into the target language. This study aimed to describe (1) the translation difficulties in achieving word-level equivalence, and (2) the strategies in achieving word-level equivalence. The data sources were excerpts of words, phrases, and sentences from the bilingual storybook with the title Qonita dan Peternak Ayam - Qonita and The Chicken Breeder written by Setiawan G. Sasongko. Document observation was used as the data collection technique, meanwhile content analysis was used as the data analysis technique. The analysis of strategies and difficulties in translation were based on the theory of Baker (2011) and Newmark (1991). The results of the study indicated that the translation of bilingual storybook mostly used a word-by-word and free translation strategy to achieve word-level equivalence. The results of the analysis also revealed several types of difficulties in achieving the word-level equivalence. Those were differences in word forms, differences in the purpose and level of use of certain forms, cultural special concepts, and the absence of subordinate elements in the source language. Meanwhile, the strategies to overcome the difficulties found in achieving word-level equivalence were to eliminate certain words and to utilize more general words. Keywords: translation process, word equivalence, translation strategy, word translation, free translation

An Analysis of Students’ Strategies in Translating Idioms: A Case Study of English Department of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University

The objectives of this research are to find out (1) the strategies that students used by the 6th semester of the English Department of Teacher Training and Education faculty of UNTIRTA in translating idioms and (2) the accuracy of translating idioms by students in the 6th semester of English Department of Teacher Training and Education faculty of UNTIRTA. The researcher used the qualitative research method by applying content analysis research design in conducting the research. In analyzing the idioms and students' translation, theories by Baker (2011) and Nababan (2012) were used. The result of this research showed that: First, there are 3 out of 5 strategies in translating idioms by Baker's theory used by the students (1) using an idiom with similar meaning but different form (1.5%), (2) translation by paraphrase (85.4%), and (3) translation by omission (13%). The most frequent translation strategies used in translating the idioms are translation by paraphrase. Second, the accuracy of translated results by the students showed that 78 data (23.6%) were accurate, 126 data (38.2%) were less accurate, and 126 data (38.2%) were less accurate. So, the accuracy of translation of idioms in A Little Life Philosophy text by students is less accurate and not accurate.

Translation as a political action: reframing ‘the deal of the century’ in the translations of the BBC

The media coverage of international events is often shaped by major actors who express their personal ideologies in the news stories they present. The ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians since the mid-20th century has sparked global media attention. Several studies have explored the crucial role of translation during the news coverage of this conflict. One recent development is Trump's peace plan, termed as ‘the deal of the century’, announced on 28 January 2020. It was received amidst much controversy that polarized the international community into supporters and detractors. Nevertheless, few studies have examined the media channels' representations of this plan despite the topic's sensitivity. This research article examines the media's depiction of the announcement of Trump's peace plan. It attempts to answer the question of how Trump's peace plan is narrated through different media channels to be transmitted to target audiences. Given the conflict's sensitivity, it is necessary to examine the way this plan has been represented in the media using a powerful, simultaneously flexible framework that captures the complexities of the interaction between various powers that are involved in this conflict. Mona Baker's narrative theory offers such a framework that is particularly appropriate for the current study. The analysis reveals that the BBC English source texts raise doubts about the plausibility and success of Trump's peace plan while the target text goes further by considering the peace plan as a failure since its initial proposal. Translators of the target texts used omissions, additions, lexical variations, and substitutions to frame narratives that are absent in the source texts. The Arabic text constantly describes the plan as a ‘deal’, demonstrating sympathy with Palestinians and suggesting that the proposed plan manipulates Palestinians' lives and denies them the right to decide their destiny.

A Grammatical and Semantic Non-equivalence Analysis of Cinderella Text Translation

A grammatical and semantic non-equivalence analysis of Cinderella text translation. Research paper: This research’s aims to determine the grammatical non-equivalence in the translation of English and Indonesian in Cinderella texts. This research is based on Baker's theory of grammatical equivalence (1992) and Nida & Taber's about semantic equivalence (1982). The research method used is a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). Quantitative methods are used to classify grammatical and semantic incompatibility categories while the qualitative methods are on the content analysis approach. The finding showed that Cinderella text has non-equivalence translation in Grammatical such: number, persona, gender, and tense and semantic is lost meaning and the meaning changes.Keywords: translation, grammatical equivalence, semantic equivalence, short story,Cinderella

THE CASE OF INDONESIAN SUBTITLE ON WE BARE BEAR SEASON 1

The existence of audiovisual translation is quite new in translation studies, especially subtitles. Therefore, this paper is aimed to find the problem of audiovisual translation strategies which focuses on Indonesian Subtitles on We Bare Bears Season 1. The first three episodes or videos are selected as the object of this study. The selected episodes are Our Stuff, Viral Video, and Food Truck. The object of this study is treated by a qualitative approach. Baker theory, non-equivalency in word-level is also used since some problems are found, as such translation by a more general word, the source and target languages make the different distinction in meaning, differences in physical or interpersonal perspective, cultural substitution, and use the more general word.

THE CASE OF INDONESIAN SUBTITLE ON WE BARE BEAR SEASON 1

The existence of audiovisual translation is quite new in translation studies, especially subtitles. Therefore, this paper is aimed to find the problem of audiovisual translation strategies which focuses on Indonesian Subtitles on We Bare Bears Season 1. The first three episodes or videos are selected as the object of this study. The selected episodes are Our Stuff, Viral Video, and Food Truck. The object of this study is treated by a qualitative approach. Baker theory, non-equivalency in word-level is also used since some problems are found, as such translation by a more general word, the source and target languages make the different distinction in meaning, differences in physical or interpersonal perspective, cultural substitution, and use the more general word.

Revealing The Translation of Slang Words in ˜Prison Breaks Movie Subtitling from English into Indonesian

This article has an objective to find out the kind of slang words that are used and to describe the translation procedures used in translating slang expressions in the transcript of this movie into Indonesian subtitles. In this study, the problem is what kind of slang words that were used in the movie and what strategy that is used for translating slang words into Indonesian. The data in this article is classified based on the theories of Allan and Burridge (2006) classification of slang, which classified slang into five categories: fresh and creative, flippant, imitative, acronym, and clipping.Translation strategy by Mona Baker was used to determine the strategies used for translating slang words, which include similar meanings and forms, similar meanings but dissimilar forms, paraphrase, and omission. This article is potentially intended to extend awareness of the techniques used by the subtitlers in interpreting the slang expressions in the subtitles of the film. and give information about what kind of slang that was used in this movie. Because the data was in the form of words or written language with the object subtitles that occur in the movie and are pronounced by the characters, this study used a qualitative method. This study employs a variety of methods to analyze data relevant to the problem at hand, with the first problem employing Allan and Burridge theory and the second employing Mona Baker theory. The findings revealed that the dominant slang that is used is flippant and mostly uses similar meanings but dissimilar form techniques to translate them. In general, this study has revealed that there are 3 types of slang that are found which are flippant, fresh and creative, and imitative. This study also revealed that there are three strategies to translate slang which are similar meaning and form, similar meaning but dissimilar form, and paraphrase.

On the exponential Diophantine equation $(n-1)^{x}+(n+2)^{y}=n^{z}$

Suppose that $n$ is a positive integer. In this paper, we show that the exponential Diophantine equation $$(n-1)^{x}+(n+2)^{y}=n^{z},\ n\geq 2,\ xyz\neq 0$$ has only the positive integer solutions $(n,x,y,z)=(3,2,1,2), (3,1,2,3)$. The main tools on the proofs are Baker's theory and Bilu-Hanrot-Voutier's result on primitive divisors of Lucas numbers.

Person-vocation fit across the world of work: Evaluating the generalizability of the circular model of vocational interests and social cognitive career theory across 74 countries

The fit of a person with a vocation, or person-vocation (P-V) fit, is important for workers and is a central concept in vocational psychology. Multiple theories in vocational psychology undergird an understanding of P-V fit, including the circular model of vocational interests and social cognitive career theory (SCCT). However, it is unclear whether predictions based upon these theories are generalizable across a range of societies. To help overcome this limitation, we conduct what is to our knowledge the broadest international study of vocational interests to date. Based upon Hofstede's (2003) cross-cultural theory and Inglehart and Baker's (2000) modernization theory, we hypothesize that both the circular model and a key proposition based on SCCT, namely a positive relationship between educational attainment and P-V fit, will be less appreciable in societies low on cultural individualism and economic development. Using 81,445 responses from 74 countries to an online vocational inventory, we found partial support for these hypotheses. Our findings underscore the need for additional research to understand the relevance of the circular model and SCCT to societies that differ culturally and economically from settings like the United States where those theories have been predominately developed and tested. Our findings also warrant caution for practitioners in employing recommendations and interventions based upon these theories in such societies without thoroughly validating their use.

On the Diophantine equation (( c + 1) m 2 + 1) x + ( cm 2

Suppose that $c$, $m$, and $a$ are positive integers with $a \equiv 11,\,13 \pmod{24}$. In this work, we prove that when $2c+1=a^{2}$, the Diophantine equation in the title has only solution $(x, y, z)=(1,1,2)$ where $m \equiv \pm 1 \pmod{a}$ and $m>a^2$ in positive integers. The main tools of the proofs are elementary methods and Baker's theory.