Baiting System Research Articles

Bio-Attractant of termites bait from waste paper and extract Ocimum basilicum Linn against Subterranean Termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Termites were the most destroying wood organism and one of the methods for controlling termites and suppressing its population is the baiting system. One of the conditions in the baiting system method is that the bait must be able to attract termites. Mostly the attractant is made from an extract of the plant. This research aimed to evaluate the attractants of termites bait from waste paper and extract of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Leaves of Ocimum basilicum extracted with maceration process with ethanol. After extraction, the yield was made into five concentration, consist of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The waste paper was made into termite’s bait with a square bait with measure 2 cm long x 2 cm wide x 1 cm thick. The result of research showed that the average of termites mortality value was 18.79% - 97.58%. The highest termites mortality was achieve on 10% concentration of extract Ocimum basilicum. Its followed by the concentration 8% with mortality value 91.52%; concentration 6% with mortality value 78.18%; concentration 4% with mortality value 61.82% and concentration 2% with mortality value 51.52%. Meanwhile on control treatment the mortality value was 18.79%. The average of weight loss of termite’s bait was 3.41% - 8.36%. The highest weight loss was achieved on concentration 8% and this bait was more attractive to termites. Termite’s bait from waste paper and extract of Ocimum basilicum was attractant to subteranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus and the optimum concentration was 8%.

Nan-Yao Su: Good Lucky Me

When Nan-Yao Su immigrated from Japan to the United States in 1978, he could not have imagined that he would one day stand on Ellis Island as a naturalized citizen responsible for protecting the most iconic symbol of American freedom—the Statue of Liberty—from termites. Currently a distinguished professor of entomology at the University of Florida, Su revolutionized termite control with his invention of Sentricon, the world’s first commercial termite baiting system. Su earned B.S. (1975) and M.S. (1977) degrees, both in sericultural science, from the Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan, and a Ph.D. (1982) in entomology from the University of Hawaii, Honolulu. After spending two years as a postdoctoral associate studying the behavioral ecology and control of subterranean termites at Louisiana State University with Jeffrey La Fage, he joined the faculty of the University of Florida in 1985. Su is internationally respected as an authority on subterranean termite biology, ecology, and behavior. His depth of knowledge and seminal research with these destructive pests served as the foundation for developing the Sentricon system. Commercialized in 1995, the system used a monitoring–baiting approach to identify and then treat the termite colony with hexaflumuron, an insect growth regulator (IGR). This slow-acting chemical allows the termite workers to pass the IGR to one another via trophallaxis, subsequently eliminating the entire colony, including the queen.

The Sentinel Bait Station: an automated, intelligent design pest animal baiting system

Context Ground baiting is a strategic method for reducing vertebrate pest populations. Best practice involves maximising bait availability to the target species, although sustaining this availability is resource intensive because baits need to be replaced each time they are taken. This study focused on improving pest population management through the novel baiting technique outlined in this manuscript, although there is potential use across other species and applications (e.g. disease management). Aims To develop and test an automated, intelligent, and semi-permanent, multi-bait dispenser that detects target species before distributing baits and provides another bait when a target species revisits the site. Methods We designed and field tested the Sentinel Bait Station, which comprises a camera trap with in-built species-recognition capacity, wireless communication and a dispenser with the capacity for five baits. A proof-of-concept prototype was developed and validated via laboratory simulation with images collected by the camera. The prototype was then evaluated in the field under real-world conditions with wild-living canids, using non-toxic baits. Key results Field testing achieved 19 automatically offered baits with seven bait removals by canids. The underlying image recognition algorithm yielded an accuracy of 90%, precision of 83%, sensitivity of 68% and a specificity of 96% throughout field testing. The response time of the system, from the point of motion detection (within 6–10 m and the field-of-view of the camera) to a bait being offered to a target species, was 9.81 ± 2.63 s. Conclusion The Sentinel Bait Station was able to distinguish target species from non-target species. Consequently, baits were successfully deployed to target species and withheld from non-target species. Therefore, this proof-of-concept device is able to successfully provide baits to successive targets from secure on-board storage, thereby overcoming the need for daily bait replacement. Implications The proof-of-concept Sentinel Bait Station design, together with the findings and observations from field trials, confirmed the system can deliver multiple baits and increase the specificity in which baits are presented to the target species using artificial intelligence. With further refinement and operational field trials, this device will provide another tool for practitioners to utilise in pest management programs.

Subterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)) Colony Elimination Through Exposure to a Novaluron CSI Bait Formulation in Laboratory.

The development of baits for subterranean termite control over the past 25 yr has provided cost-effective alternatives to liquid termiticide treatments. Current bait products use one of the few available benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) labeled for subterranean termites. These insecticides are used because of their nonrepellency, their slow-acting mode of action, and their dose-independent lethal time. Although many studies have provided ample evidence of the efficacy of CSI baits for subterranean termite colony elimination, most have focused on hexaflumuron and noviflumuron. However, bait products using alternative CSIs have not received the same level of scrutiny, limiting the amount of evidence proving their efficacy. One such compound is novaluron, the active ingredient currently used in the Trelona ATBS-Advance Termite Baiting System bait product. The current study independently tested the efficacy of this commercially available bait formulation against whole colonies of Coptotermes gestroi (Wamann) (~63,910 workers) in the laboratory, using an extended experimental setup to simulate a 15-m foraging distance from the central part of the nest to the bait, while having access to alternative food sources. Treated colonies progressively ceased to feed on wood items within 45 d after being provided access to the novaluron bait formulation, with a subsequent progressive collapse of the population, leading to colony elimination by 91 d. This study therefore confirms the efficacy of novaluron baits against subterranean termites, and currently remains one of the few CSIs that can be applied for the successful control of Coptotermes infestations.

Effect of termite activity on soil chemical properties using baiting systems at an arboretum area in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Indrayani Y, Anwari S. 2021. Effect of termite activity on soil chemical properties using baiting systems at an arboretum area in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2125-2130. Termites play an essential and positive role as decomposers in nature, apart from being known as wood-destroying insects. These two varying characteristics led to the development of termite control technology, capable of digesting cellulose components and making soils rich in organic compounds. Therefore, this study examines the soil's biogenic structure due to termite activity using a control technology with a baiting system. The bait was made with various compositions of eucalyptus leaves, paper and cardboard, 60%: 40%: 0%, 60%: 20%: 20%, 60%: 0%: 40%, 0%: 100%: 0% and 0%: 0%: 100% with a size of 2cm x 2cm x 1cm and eucalyptus leaves as an attractant. In addition, a PVC tube measuring 10 cm diameter and 20 cm height with 25 holes consisting of 3 mm diameter on the side was used for field application. A total of 100 grams of bait for each composition was entered into the feed tube and placed in the Arboretum of Tanjungpura University, West Kalimantan, with three replications and left for 21 days. At the end of the observation period, the soil’s biogenic structures with termites were analyzed to determine their chemical properties. Furthermore, the same analysis was also carried out on the soil surrounding the test area without termite activity for comparison. The results showed that the pH, C/N ratio, C-Organic, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium contents as well as Cation Exchange Capacity of the soil produced from the tube containing the bait with a composition of 60%: 0%: 40% was significantly higher. This means that the soil's biogenic structure produced by termite activity with a baiting system increases land productivity and chemical properties.

Development of High-Resolution DNA Melting Analysis for Simultaneous Detection of Potato Mop-Top Virus and Its Vector, Spongospora subterranea, in Soil.

In this study, a set of duplex reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)-mediated high-resolution DNA melting (HRM) analyses for simultaneous detection of potato mop-virus (PMTV) and its protist vector, Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea (Sss), was developed. The infestation of soil by PMTV was detected with a tobacco-based baiting system. Total RNA extracted from the soil led to successful RT-PCR gel electrophoresis detection of both PMTV and Sss. To facilitate more efficient detection, newly designed primer pairs for PMTV RNA species (i.e., RNA-Rep, RNA-CP, and RNA-TGB) were analyzed together with the existing Sss primers via real-time RT-PCR. The resulting amplicons exhibited melting profiles that could be readily differentiated. Under duplex RT-PCR format, all PMTV and Sss primer combinations led to successful detection of respective PMTV RNA species and Sss in the samples by HRM analyses. When the duplex HRM assay was applied to soil samples collected from six fields at four different sites in New Brunswick, Canada, positive detection of PMTV or Sss was found in 63 to 100% samples collected from fields in which PMTV-infected tubers had been observed. In contrast, the samples from fields where neither PMTV- nor Sss-infected tubers had been observed resulted in negative detection by the assay. Bait tobacco bioassay for PMTV and Sss produced similar results. Of the soil samples collected from PMTV-infested fields, 63 to 83% and 100% led to PMTV and Sss infections in the bait tobacco plants, respectively, whereas no PMTV- or Sss-infected plants were obtained from soil samples collected from PMTV- and Sss-free fields.

Digging Deeper into the Ecology of Subterranean Ants: Diversity and Niche Partitioning across Two Continents

Soil fauna is generally understudied compared to above-ground arthropods, and ants are no exception. Here, we compared a primary and a secondary forest each on two continents using four different sampling methods. Winkler sampling, pitfalls, and four types of above- and below-ground baits (dead, crushed insects; melezitose; living termites; living mealworms/grasshoppers) were applied on four plots (4 × 4 grid points) on each site. Although less diverse than Winkler samples and pitfalls, subterranean baits provided a remarkable ant community. Our baiting system provided a large dataset to systematically quantify strata and dietary specialisation in tropical rainforest ants. Compared to above-ground baits, 10–28% of the species at subterranean baits were overall more common (or unique to) below ground, indicating a fauna that was truly specialised to this stratum. Species turnover was particularly high in the primary forests, both concerning above-ground and subterranean baits and between grid points within a site. This suggests that secondary forests are more impoverished, especially concerning their subterranean fauna. Although subterranean ants rarely displayed specific preferences for a bait type, they were in general more specialised than above-ground ants; this was true for entire communities, but also for the same species if they foraged in both strata.

Influence of the amount of food resources in the foraging behavior of Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky)

Food scarcity or abundance are factors regulating termites’ foraging behavior in general. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of four amounts of Eucalyptus grandis on foraging behavior events shown by worker and soldier of Nasutitermes corniger during laboratory tests. The tests were carried out with adult and active N. corniger colonies found in nests collected in the field, which were stored in glass cubes connected to the test arenas. Four different amounts of wood blocks were used in the tests and each amount concerned a treatment and defined a different experimental group: 1, 2, 3 and 4 blocks/arenas, with 5 repetitions. Each test lasted 60 minutes and consisted in observing, or not, the occurrence of behavioral events shown by foragers when they had contact with the treatment. The duration of each event was recorded, whenever it was observed. The number of recruited foragers and the number of workers consuming the blocks were recorded at the end of each test applied to each treatment. Nasutitermes corniger presented the three behavioral events in all treatments; however, there was not significant difference between treatments in the occurrence of the two first events, in the time taken from test start to the occurrence of a new event, in the number of recruited termites and in the number of gnawing workers. Only workers’ mass recruiting was influenced by the amount of wood available. The occurrence of this event was significantly higher in treatments with greater amounts of wood. Thus, N. corniger adjusts its mass recruitment behavior in response to available food amount, which should be considered when developing baiting system for its control.

Field evaluation of subterranean termites palatability on treated pine wood in Alam Sinarsari Residence, West Java

Pine wood has been commonly utilized as bait wood in controlling termites by using a baiting system. This research aims to evaluate the palatability of subterranean termites against pine wood by boiled treatment, steamed, hot vapor pressured, and oven in Alam Sinarsari Residence, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia and analyze the distribution of termites and identity the termite species that attack bait wood. The size of bait wood refers to ASTM D 1758-06. There were four treatments of bait wood; steam treatment (100°C), boiling treatment (100°C), hot vapor pressure treatment (1 bar and 105°C) for five hours each and oven treatment (103 ± 2°C) for 48 hours. As a comparison, bait wood without treatment was prepared as a control. The result showed that bait wood using boiling treatment had more active subterranean termites than others. The identification result showed that there were 4 species of subterranean species (Macrotermes sp., Odontotermes sp., Microtermes sp., and Schedorhinotermes sp). The highest frequency of termites attack was in bait wood using oven treatment, and the highest damage intensity was in hot vapor pressure treatment. Based on the rating system the best treatment for bait wood treatment is hot vapor pressure treatment and boiling.

Influence of light and kairomone baiting systems on trap collections of biting midges in southern Sweden.

Effective surveillance is essential for protecting livestock from Culicoides biting midges and the viruses they transmit. The objective of this study was to determine how the baiting system used in traps (UV, incandescent light, incandescent light with CO2 , and incandescent light with CO2 and 1-octen-3-ol) influences estimates of midge population abundance, parity, and diel activity. This was achieved through a standardized trapping protocol conducted in three habitats in Sweden. UV light traps caught the most Culicoides species and more C. obsoletus complex females than incandescent light traps. Traps baited with CO2 plus 1-octen-3-ol caught more female C. impunctatus than incandescent light traps. No consistent effect of bait type was found on C. obsoletus parity rate, as estimated from the proportion of midges with presence or absence of pigmentation. Midge activity, as reflected by trap catches, peaked between -3 h and +3 h relative to sunset, with UV traps catching significantly more female C. obsoletus complex and C. impunctatus at and after sunset than before sunset. We conclude that baiting system can influence biting midge collections, even using identical traps. Effective surveillance may require more than one bait type and kairomones to attract species that do not feed exclusively on cattle.

Biodiversity of subterranean termites on the Acacia crassicarpa plantation

Haneda NF, Retmadhona IY, Nandika D, Arinana. 2017. Biodiversity of subterranean termites on the Acacia crassicarpa plantation. Biodiversitas 18: 1657-1662. The development of industrial plantation forests is one of the efforts to meet the needs of raw material of processing industry of timber forest products. In the last 15 years, the development of industrial plantation forest has grown rapidly. Plant species widely developed is fast-growing plants (fast growing trees) such as Acacia crassicarpa Cunn ex Benth. However, A. crassicarpa has a low resistance against pests, evidenced by the presence of subterranean termites attack occurred in the industrial plantation forest of A. crassicarpa. This aim of the study is to determine the diversity of subterranean termites in plantation forest of A. crassicarpa. Two methods used for data collection: baiting system and survey. Five species of subterranean termites found on sample paths were Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, C. gestroi Wasmann, Schedorhinotermes javanicus Kemner, Longipeditermes longipes Haviland, and Pericapritermes mohri Kemner. These species can be distinguished from the morphology of the mandible. Coptotermes is most commonly found Genus in study plots.

Evaluation of Chlorfluazuron Against Subterranean Termites Heterotermes indicola (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Pakistan.

Baiting systems have been introduced using slow-acting bait toxicants to provide environment-friendly and target-specific termite management. In the present study, the Exterra termite bait system (USA) with chlorfluazuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, as the active ingredient was tested against termite colonies. Ten residential areas of Lahore, infested with subterranean termites were selected for the study. The study period was from 2013 to 2015. In-ground stations were installed at 10 sites and above-ground stations were only installed at four test sites. Requiem termite bait was prepared according to the label instructions. Results showed that the range of termite activity was between 30 and 214 d to first termite activity on underground monitors with a mean of 78.23 ± 6.44. Timeline graphs also show activity of termites and active ingredient placement for each of the stations at each site. As termite feeding activity in the stations increased, there was a decrease in termite activities in wooden structures, followed by cessation of termite feeding and foraging activity noted in the building structures. It was concluded that a termite baiting system in Pakistan has the potential to suppress and reduce termite populations, when foraging termites feed on the active ingredient and share with nest mates through trophallaxis by installing more bait stations and prolonging baiting period.

Termite Diversity in Urban Landscape, South Jakarta, Indonesia.

The population of South Jakarta, a city within the Province of Jakarta Capital Region, is increasing annually, and the development of land into building causes termite diversity loss. The aim of this research was to determine the diversity of subterranean termite species and their distribution in South Jakarta and to evaluate the soil profile termite habitat. This study was conducted in South Jakarta and was carried out at four residential areas representing four randomly selected sub-districts. Specimens were collected with a baiting system. At each residence, as many as 25–30 stakes of pine wood (Pinus merkusii) sized 2 cm × 2 cm × 46 cm were placed for termite sampling. Soil samples were also collected from each residence for testing of their texture, pH, soil water content, and C-organic. Three species of subterranean termites were identified, including Coptotermes curvignathus, Microtermes insperatus, and Macrotermes gilvus, with area-specific variations in occurrence. The soil and weather conditions in the studied areas provided suitable habitat for termites, and M. insperatus was the most commonly found species.

An evaluation of the components of a proposed perimeter baiting system for cucumber fly,Bactrocera cucumis

Management of cucumber fly (Bactrocera cucumis) has relied heavily on cover sprays of broad spectrum insecticides such as dimethoate and fenthion. Long term access to these insecticides is uncertain, and their use can disrupt integrated pest management programs for other pests such as whitefly, aphids and mites. Application of a protein bait spray for fruit fly control is common practice in tree crops. However, vegetable crops present different challenges as fruit flies are thought to enter these crops only to oviposit, spending the majority of their time in roosting sites outside of the cropping area. Perimeter baiting of non-crop vegetation was developed overseas as a technique for control of melon fly (B. cucurbitae) in cucurbits in Hawaii. More recent work has refined the technique further, with certain types of perimeter vegetation proving more attractive to melon fly than the sorghum or corn crops which are commonly utilised. Trials were performed to investigate the potential of developing a similar system for cucumber fly. Commercially available fruit fly baits were compared for attractiveness to cucumber fly. Eight plant species were evaluated for their relative attractiveness to cucumber flies as roosting sites. Differences were observed in the number of flies feeding at protein bait applied to each of the plants. Results are discussed in the context of the development of a perimeter baiting system for cucumber fly in cucurbit crops.

Tunneling and Food Transportation Activity of Four Subterranean Termite Species (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) at Various Temperatures

Abstract The effect of temperature on tunneling and food transportation activity of four subterranean termite species, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), was examined. The experiment was conducted at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C and ≈ 99% relative humidity (RH) using 10- by 10-cm planar arenas. Tunneling areas excavated by termites at 12 and 48 h were analyzed using two-way analyses of variance. The number of food particles and their total linear distance 6 h after termites reached the food source were recorded. The result showed that termites reached the food faster at higher temperatures with the exception of R. virginicus. As the temperature increased, tunneling speed generally increased, though tunnel areas at some temperatures within species at 12 and 48 h were not significantly different from each other. Once they reached the food, the tunneling speed substantially slowed down. In the food transportation study, the number of food particles and their total linear distance from the food source for C. formosanus, R. virginicus, and C. gestroi generally increased with the rise of temperature, while those for R. flavipes were temperature independent. These results may help to explain seasonal activities of the four termite species and to provide information to the application of monitoring and baiting system.

Forest Fragments as Barriers to Fruit Fly Dispersal:Anastrepha(Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations in Orchards and Adjacent Forest Fragments in Puerto Rico

McPhail-type traps baited with ammonium acetate and putrescine were used to monitor populations of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) and Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in two orchards with hosts of these flies (mango, Mangifera indica L., and carambola, Averrhoa carambola L.), as well as in forest fragments bordering these orchards. Contour maps were constructed to measure population distributions in and around orchards. Our results indicate that Anastrepha populations are focused around host fruit in both space and time, that traps do not draw fruit flies away from hosts, even when placed within 15 m of the host, and that lures continue to function for 6 mo in the field. The contour mapping analyses reveal that populations of fruit flies are focused around ovipositional hosts. Although the trapping system does not have a very long effective sampling range, it is ideal, when used in combination with contour analyses, for assessing fine-scale (on the order of meters) population distributions, including identifying resources around which fly populations are focused or, conversely, assessing the effectiveness of management tools. The results are discussed as they pertain to monitoring and detecting Anastrepha spp. with the McPhail-type trap and ammonium acetate and putrescine baiting system and the dispersal of these flies within Puerto Rico.

SURVIS: a fully-automated aerial baiting system for the distribution of vaccine baits for wildlife.

Large-scale oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies using aerial bait distribution has been successfully used to control terrestrial wildlife rabies in Europe and North America. A technical milestone to large-scale oral rabies vaccination campaigns in Europe was the development of fully-automated, computer-supported and cost-efficient technology for aerial distribution of baits like the SURVIS -system. Each bait released is recorded by the control unit through a sensor, with the exact location, time and date of release and subsequently the collected data can be evaluated, e.g. in GIS programmes. Thus, bait delivery systems like SURVIS are an important management tool for flight services and the responsible authorities for the optimization and evaluation of oral vaccination campaigns of wildlife against rabies or the control of other relevant wildlife diseases targeted by oral baits.

Identification of an attractant for the nine‐banded armadillo,Dasypus novemcinctus

AbstractThe nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is considered by many to be one of the greatest nuisance wildlife species in the Southeastern United States. Management is difficult because no repellents, toxicants, or fumigants are currently registered for this species; exclusion is laborious because armadillos are adept burrowers; and no effective trapping attractants have been identified. If a suitable lure were discovered, trap capture success could increase and the frequency of nuisance complaints could decrease. We compared the behavioral attractiveness to captive armadillos of 15 commercially available food materials, as well as scents collected from conspecifics, in Florida, USA, 2008–2009. According to 3 distinct behavioral measures, 4 materials consistently elicited the most attraction responses from armadillos: pond worms (Lumbricus terrestris), crickets (Acheta domesticus), red worms (Eisenia fetida), and wigglers (Pheretima hawayanus). Recognizing that all of these materials were live prey, we devised a second series of experiments to evaluate the relative importance of olfactory cues versus auditory–vibrational cues in evoking a response from armadillos. Results suggested auditory–vibrational cues were meaningful. Finally, we measured sound pressure and vibration levels produced by the most preferred and less preferred prey items. Sound and vibrational cues decreased rapidly below background noise levels within 10–30 cm from baits. Because of this, and because the perceptual range of armadillos to the olfactory cues from these baits appears limited, traps baited with any worm or cricket are unlikely to lure armadillos from great distances. Development of an effective baiting system will require further investigation into the possibility of enhancing the ability of stimuli to travel over long distances. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.

The Application of Air Pickax in Quicklime Feeding System

To solve the problem of unsmooth lime tank feeding which affects waste water treatment, in this paper, we take air pickax as a vibrator to improve the structure and the operation technology of the quicklime baiting system. After testing, we reach the expected effect and the standard. Only by controlling the program on HMI, the improved system can meet the requirement of normal emulsion distribution production and the automation technology. Meanwhile, it guarantees that the uniformity, continuity and stability of the amount of the lime tank feeding to improve productivity.

Preventive vaccination contributes to control classical swine fever in wild boar (Sus scrofa sp.)

Over the last 20 years, oral vaccination implementing a live attenuated vaccine has been experimented in Europe in order to control classical swine fever (CSF) in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa sp.). This has generally led to an enhanced seroprevalence and a decreased viroprevalence at the scale of the whole vaccinated populations, but no quantitative analysis has demonstrated the protective effect of preventive vaccination or intensive baiting. In the present paper we conducted a retrospective analysis at the scale of the municipality, taking into account the local dynamics and possible covariates of infection to test the effect of preventive vaccination and of the baiting effort. To be efficient, vaccination was expected to increase seroprevalence above the level considered as suitable for preventing disease invasion (40–60%) independently of infection, to protect free areas from disease invasion or contribute to control subsequent disease intensity and duration. We also hypothesized that a better baiting effort would be correlated with an improvement of immunisation and disease control. In uninfected municipalities, seroprevalence increased up to 40% after 1 year, i.e., three vaccination campaigns. We observed a significant protective effect of preventive vaccination, especially within municipalities that had been vaccinated at least 1 year before disease emergence and where virus detection did not last more than one quarter. On the other hand, we did not detect a significant effect of the baiting effort on local seroprevalence or disease dynamics, suggesting that the baiting system could be improved. We discuss these results regarding the improvement of management measures and further research perspective.