Bagasse Powder Research Articles

Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Oil and Grease from Dairy Effluent using Unmodified Agricultural By-products as Adsorbents

An experimental investigation was carried out to treat Dairy Effluent using low-cost adsorbents. The peels of banana, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were used as adsorbents in this study by carbonization and dehydration (biosorption) methods and the effect of adsorbent dosage, and adsorbent particle size in the removal of pollutants present in dairy effluent was evaluated. This study showed that Coconut Husk Powder is more effective than Banana peels and Sugarcane bagasse powder in the reducing COD of dairy effluent. The carbonization method is found to be more efficient than the de-hydration method in reducing both COD and Oil and Grease. The Coconut Husk Powder was found to be more efficient in reducing COD in both methods. Dehydrated Coconut Husk Powder of 90 μm 0.8 gm was found to be more efficient while reducing Oil and Grease in the dehydration method while in the carbonization method, 0.5 gm CBPP 90 μm was found to be more efficient. The highest percentage removal of COD was found when mixed with all powder is 63.1532%, obtained when using 0.2 gm CBPP + 0.2 gm CSBP + 0.2 gm CCHP 300 μm. The highest percentage removal of COD in the dehydration method was found when used 0.8 gm DCHP 150 μm which is 51.7735% and in the carbonization method was found when used 0.5 gm CCHP 90 μm which is 59.1724%.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Limbah Ampas Tebu Merah Sebagai Pengganti Semen terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of red sugar cane bagasse waste as a cement substitute on the compressive strength of concrete and to determine the compressive strength value of concrete after adding red sugar bagasse waste as a cement substitute. This research is experimental research which begins with preparation of tools and materials, aggregate inspection, slump test, job mix design, making test objects, caring for test objects, testing concrete volume weight and ends with testing concrete compressive strength. The research results show that the addition of red sugar cane bagasse powder as a cement substitute in making concrete has an effect on the mechanical properties of concrete such as: slump value, concrete volume weight and concrete compressive strength. The average compressive strength value of concrete produced after adding 2.5% red sugar cane bagasse waste; 5%; 7.5% and 10% at 28 days are 20.95 MPa respectively; 17.15 MPa; 14.79 MPa and 11.87 MPa. Thus, red sugar bagasse waste is not recommended to be used as a cement substitute because the compressive strength value of the planned concrete is very far from normal concrete.

Characterization and optimisation of physical/mechanical properties of aluminium/alumina/sugarcane‐bagasse‐powder composites using Taguchi technique

AbstractBurnt sugarcane bagasse powder (SCBP), with its low density, accessibility, and renewal, is an economically reinforcing material. This study fabricated composites, i. e., aluminium/alumina/burnt sugarcane bagasse powder, through the powder metallurgy route. The physical, mechanical, microscopic, and chemical characterization of the composites, such as relative density, microhardness, uniaxial compression, scanning electron microscopy, and x‐ray diffraction, has been conducted. There is a gain in relative density, microhardness and ultimate compression strength of about 2.25 %, 48.07 % and 33.34 % respectively, compared to the base composite (aluminium/4 wt.‐% alumina) at 3 wt.‐% burnt sugarcane bagasse powder. The Taguchi methodology is used as a statistical tool to optimise the response variables. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to find the contribution of input parameters to response variables, and the regression models have been developed. The contribution of factors ‘burnt sugarcane bagasse powder wt.‐%’ and ‘time’ on relative density is 81.65 % and 13.64 %, respectively, while the contribution of the same factors on microhardness is 95.98 % and 3.377 %, respectively. The results of the Taguchi method reveal that the optimised conditions for the highest relative density and microhardness are 3 wt.‐% burnt sugarcane bagasse powder and 2.5 h, which have confirmed the experimental results.

Physicomechanical, Wettability, Corrosion, Thermal, and Microstructural Morphology Characteristics of Carbonized and Uncarbonized Bagasse Ash Waste-Reinforced Al-0.45Mg-0.35Fe-0.25Si-Based Composites: Fabrications and Characterizations.

An effort was being made to incorporate waste bagasse ash (WBA) both in carbonized and uncarbonized form into the formulation of Al6063 matrix-based metal matrix composites (MMC's) by partially substituting ceramic particles for them. In the process of developing composites, comparative research on carbonized WBA and uncarbonized bagasse powder was carried out in the role of reinforcement. Microstructure investigations revealed that carbonized WBA particles were properly distributed throughout the aluminum-base metal matrix alloy. They also had the appropriate level of wettability. The reinforcement of carbonized WBA particles in AA6063-based matrix material had a maximum tensile strength of 110 MPa and a maximal hardness of 39 BHN when 3.75 wt % of the particles were used. The deterioration in tensile strength (6.25 wt % of WBA) and the appearance of porosity and blowholes can be enumerated by tensile fractography-based scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The reinforcement of carbonized WBA particles in AA6063-based matrix material was found to have a maximal percent elongation of 14.42% and the highest fracture toughness of 15 Joules when 1.25 wt % of the particles were employed. For AA6063/3.75 wt % carbonized WBA-based MMC's, the minimum percent porosity was determined to be 5.83, and the minimum thermal expansion was found to be 45 mm3. As the percentage of reinforcement in bagasse-reinforced composites increases, the density of the material, the amount of corrosion loss, and the cost all decrease gradually. The AA6063 matrix, with a composition of 3.75 wt % carbonized WBA-based MMC's, had satisfactory specific strength and corrosion loss. The AA6063 alloy composite's microstructure analysis revealed that carbonized WBA enhanced the material's mechanical characteristics, contributing to its excellent mechanical capabilities. The results of the corrosion test showed that carbonized WBA-reinforced composites exhibited reduced weight loss due to corrosion, whereas uncarbonized bagasse powder was an inappropriate reinforcement. The SEM analysis of AA6063 alloy/3.75 wt % carbonized WBA ash reinforcement-based MMC's exposed to a 3.5 wt % NaCl solution has exhibited the development of corrosion pits as a result of localized attack by the corrosive environment. The thermal expansion test showed that the composite with uncarbonized bagasse powder as reinforcement have a high shrinkage rate in comparison with the composite with 3.75 wt %. The composite's mechanical characteristics and thermal stability were enhanced by the presence of hard phases like SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO, as revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. This made it suitable for use in a variety of applications.

Enhancing Radiotherapy Bolus Characteristics through Comparative Analysis of Added Sawdust and Bagasse Powder: A Comprehensive Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties

Research has been successfully conducted on the manufacture of synthetic bolus for radiotherapy made of silicone rubber containing polydimethyl siloxane and alginate as well as the addition of bagasse and wood sawdust. The purpose of this study was to determine the characterization of radiotherapy bolus by analyzing the comparison of the addition of bagasse and wood sawdust through its physical and mechanical properties. The methods used in this research are bolus sample preparation, characterizations of physical and mechanical properties and analysis of characterizations results. From the physical properties, the results of the characterizations of this research obtained that in the density test the bolus synthesis with the addition of bagasse at a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm was 0.6 g/cm3 and 0.55 g/cm3 respectively, while the bolus synthesis with the addition of wood sawdust at a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm had a density of 0.86 g/cm3 and 0.75 g/cm3 respectively. In porosity testing, the 1.5 cm thick synthetic bolus with the addition of bagasse and wood sawdust has a porosity of 6.6% while the bolus with a thickness of 2 cm in the addition of bagasse and wood sawdust has a porosity of 5%. In the water absorption test, the synthetic bolus in the addition of bagasse with a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm has a water absorption of 11.11% and 9.09%, respectively. Bolus synthesis with the addition of wood sawdust with a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm had a water absorption of 7.69% and 6.66%, respectively. From the mechanical properties, tensile strength testing of the synthesized bolus of 1.5 cm and 2 cm thickness with the addition of bagasse has a tensile strength value of 0.56 MPa and 0.38 MPa, respectively. while the tensile strength of the synthesized bolus with the addition of wood sawdust of 1.5 cm and 2 cm thickness is 0.42 MPa and 0.33 MPa, respectively. In the elongation at break test, the synthesis bolus with the addition of bagasse at a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm was 92.33%, 52.69% respectively and the bolus with the addition of wood sawdust at a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm had a large elongation at break of 93.49% and 106%. And in the elastic modulus test, the synthesis bolus in the addition of bagasse with a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm is 0.611 MPa and 0.723 MPa respectively while the elastic modulus in the synthesis bolus with the addition of wood sawdust with a thickness of 1.5 cm and 2 cm is 0.465 MPa and 0.319 MPa respectively. From the physical and mechanical tests that have been carried out, the synthetic bolus with the addition of bagasse and wood sawdust at a thickness of 1.5 cm given the codes A1 and B1 can be said to have good material and has high elasticity compared to the synthetic bolus with a thickness of 2 cm both from the addition of bagasse and wood sawdust given the codes A2 and B2.

Shelf Life and Functional Quality of Almond Bagasse Powders as Influenced by Dehydration and Storing Conditions.

Almond bagasse resulting after the production of almond-based drinks represents a promising by-product with potential for use as a functional ingredient. To facilitate its utilization, the stability of this material can be achieved through dehydration processes such as hot air drying or freeze-drying. Nevertheless, owing to its high fat content, almond bagasse is prone to lipid oxidation, which could result in undesirable quality. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the impact of dehydration (by hot air drying at 60 and 70 °C and by freeze-drying) and storage (at room temperature and in accelerated conditions) on the functional quality and stability of almond bagasse powder. Throughout the dehydration process, it was observed that antioxidant compounds were preserved without significant differences among dehydration treatments. These compounds increased over the storage period, especially in the samples treated with hot air. Regarding antiradical capacity, the hot-air-dried samples showed higher values than the freeze-dried ones, although in all cases, it increased during storage. For total phenols in samples air-dried at 70 °C, increases of more than 50% were observed. The acidity and peroxide index were increased in the extended storage period, although they did not reach critical values. Samples stored for 180 days showed peroxide values ranging from 10 to 12.8 meq O2/kg dry matter for samples stored at room temperature and from 14.7 to 23 meq O2/kg dry matter for samples subjected to accelerated storage.

Suitability of Almond Bagasse Powder as a Wheat Flour Substitute in Biscuit Formulation

Suitability of Almond Bagasse Powder as a Wheat Flour Substitute in Biscuit Formulation

Flexural Strength Analysis of Laminated Composites Using Clam Shell Powder and Bagasse Powder

Composites are materials that have specific properties based on their constituent materials. The constituent materials consist of binders and reinforcements. Reinforcing materials come from synthetic fibers and natural fibers. Natural fibers can be waste that is wasted in the environment. These wastes include bagasse waste and clam shells. These wastes are made into fibers. Resin is mixed with fiber and blowing agent, then stirred until evenly distributed and poured into the mold, resulting in a composite material. This study aims to obtain the strength of composite materials due to three-point bending loading with the laminate fiber layer method. The manufacture of this test specimen uses bagasse powder and clamshell powder formed with a casting system. This material consists of 4 layers. The first and third layers are clamshell powder, and the second and third layers are bagasse powder. The fiber sizes of the specimens are 300mesh, 400mesh, and 500mesh. The fiber fraction ratio was 10% and 15%. The models were laminated and tested for three-point bending. The best results were found in the 500 mesh fiber size specimen, with a fraction ratio of 85% resin and 15% clam shell powder and bagasse. The maximum stress obtained was 63.46 MPa and strain 0.59 mm, with a bending force of 487.42 N.

CO2 methanation using sugarcane bagasse biochar/nickel sustainable catalysts

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methane is one of the promising gas phase reactions due to the well-established natural gas infrastructures and CO2 amounts consumed as reactants. This process supports in CO2 mitigation, providing solutions to global warming. Using the eco-friendly sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as biochar-based catalysts, which are environmentally friendly, has not been reported for thermal catalytic CO2 methanation. Thus, SCB biochar loaded with nickel nanocatalysts were prepared through pyrolysis, including different metal nitrate loadings on sugarcane bagasse powder (mmolNi/gSCBB). The catalytic activity increased upon elevating the nickel nitrate loading up to 0.5 mmolNi/gSCB and then decreased with increasing the Ni. This is attributed to the agglomeration caused by the high content of Ni. The catalyst containing 0.5 mmolNi/gSCB showed the highest CO2 conversion at all operating temperatures (250–550 °C) in addition to the highest methane selectivity at 400 °C. This study paves the way for the wide utilization of the sugarcane bagasse as an alternative green and low-cost support for various metals used in the thermal catalytic reactions, not only the CO2 methanation. Beyond this academic research, the work contributes to address the UNs’ Sustainable Development Goals SDG7 and SDG13, related to “Clean and affordable energy” and “Climate Action”, respectively.

Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of novel polymer hybrid composite with reinforcement of banana fiber and sugarcane bagasse powder

Natural fibers such as Banana fiber and sugarcane bagasse powder are used in the present study, which are abundantly available at low cost. Novel hybrid natural fiber reinforced composite specimen prepared by using the matrix material as epoxy (70%) with the addition of hardener and the reinforcement material (30%) used as NaOH chemical treated banana fiber with the addition of filler material as sugarcane bagasse powder to enhance the property. To prepare the composite material hand-lay process is used and manufactured three different combination of specimen by varying the composition ration of 10%, 15%, and 20% of reinforced material. The mechanical properties such as tensile, compression, flexural, Impact test of the prepared specimen have been evaluated as per the ASTM standards. The mechanical properties results depicts that the specimen prepared with chemically treated fiber gives more strength as compared to untreated fiber composites. The morphological study evidences the proper fiber used while preparing the hybrid composite material. The maximum tensile strength achieved in specimen is 73.48 MPa, compressive strength of 99.63 MPa, flexural strength of 77.50 MPa, Impact strength of 4.8 J/mm, Vickers hardness value of 59.6. The specimen prepared with chemically treated specimen has a higher percentage of water absorption than the untreated. This novel hybrid composite material can be used in automobile, aircraft, building, sports, and household applications.

Effect of biowaste and construction waste additives on mechanical dewaterability of lake sediment for brick production

ABSTRACT Nowadays, when the zero-waste strategy is an inevitable component of the circular economy, the reuse of waste, including dredged sludges, has drawn the attention of many researchers. This study evaluated four kinds of bio-wastes (corn core powder, rice husk powder, sugarcane bagasse powder, and peanut shell powders) and two kinds of construction wastes (autoclaved aerated concrete-AAC and pavement stone) in enhancing the dewaterability of dredged sludge from the lake, in which the sludges would then be reused for brick production. The results showed that the moisture contents decreased from 62 ± 0.14% to 57 ± 1.89% after mixing and then to 35 ± 8.31% after compressing for the construction waste-blended sludge. Among the bio-wastes, the sugarcane bagasse additive performed the best at a mixing ratio of 1:3 by weight and rice husk powder worked best at a mixing ratio of 1:5 by weight. The organic matter was increased up to 80% when the bio-wastes were added, while it was decreased to 5% for the case of construction wastes. The optimum percentage of sludge in the mixture to meet all the oxide contents in the brick and energy saving shall be about 30%. The results have revealed a potentially green route for brick production with lake sediment and bio-waste/construction wastes. Implications: It is the first time the reuse of agro-wastes/construction waste was evaluated to mix with lake sediment to partly replace clay for brick production; Among the bio-wastes, the sugarcane bagasse additive performed the best at a mixing ratio of 1:3 by weight; Moisture contents decreased from 62 ± 0.14% to 57 ± 1.89% after mixing and then to 35 ± 8.31% after compressing for the blended sludge; The optimum percentage of mixed sludge, possibly replaced the clay in brick production, considering oxide contents and energy saving shall be up to 30%.

Reuse of agrowastes for dewatering enhancement of sewer sediments for brick production

With the increasing wastewater generation from domestic and industrial activities due to the rapid economic development, the generation of sludge, in particular dredged sludge from municipal sewer system, has been an issue in developing countries. This study evaluated the enhancement of sewer’s sludge dewatering via mixingthe sludgewith different agro-wastes, including corn core powder, rice husk powder, bagasse powder and peanut shell powder. The addition of these agro-waste powders helped decrease the sludge’s moisture contents up to 17% while increase the organic matters nearly to 40% after mixing with the ratio of agro-wastes and sludge of 1:3. Statistical analysis revealed the impacts of both additive types and mixing ratio on moisture content reduction. Among the four types of agro-waste, rice husk was shown to be the best additive to dredged sludges with highest reduction of heavy metal concentration and moisture content. The addition of agro-waste powders to enhance the dewatering of sludges is promising in the context of promoting waste reuse and energy saving.

Utilization of blueberry-based ingredients for formulating a synbiotic Petit Suisse cheese: Physicochemical, microbiological, sensory, and functional characterization during cold storage

Blueberry by-products contain functional compounds and can be utilized to develop high-value ingredients for the formulation of functional dairy snacks. Petit Suisse cheese is a suitable matrix for adding innovative ingredients. This study aimed to develop and characterize two blueberry-based ingredients, a concentrated syrup, and a lyophilized bagasse powder, and incorporate them into a synbiotic Petit Suisse cheese containing probiotics and inulin. Six phenolic compounds were found in both ingredients, and the blueberry bagasse powder showed the highest bioactive content and antioxidant activity. The physicochemical, microbiological, and functional characteristics of the Petit Suisse formulations were analyzed during 21 days of cold storage, and proximal and sensory parameters were also assessed. The addition of blueberry-based ingredients increased the fiber content and affected the viscosity and syneresis parameters. The acidity and probiotic viability remained stable during storage. Bioactive and antioxidant features were improved up to 14 days, after which they began to decline slightly. The formulation with 10 g/100 g of blueberry syrup and 2 g/100 g of blueberry bagasse showed the highest sensory scores. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using blueberry-based ingredients to manufacture synbiotic dairy snacks based on Petit Suisse cheese, enhancing their nutritional and functional properties.

A comparative study for the main properties of silica and carbon black Filled bagasse-styrene butadiene rubber composites

A comparative study has been done to investigate the effect of carbon black (CB) and fumed silica (Si) on the physico-mechanical and thermal properties of Bagasse/styrene-butadiene rubber (B-SBR) composites. Based on the incorporation of 25 phr from natural ground bagasse powder (GBP) as a supplement reinforcing filler in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates, two identical sets of formulations have been prepared using different concentrations (20, 40, 60 and 80 phr) of carbon black and silica as the main reinforcing fillers in SBR composites. The ground bagasse powder (GBP) employed in this work, has a selective grain size distribution ranging from about 20–180 μm. As well, 2.5 phr of maleic anhydride (MA) was incorporated to improve the interfacial adhesion between SBR and bagasse. The distinguishing effect of different fillers on the rheological properties was clearly established. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% elongation (M 100), hardness (Shore A), abrasion loss, degree of swelling, as well as, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the rubber vulcanizates were studied. The prepared samples were morphologically analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength and M 100% values of carbon black-filled compounds were obviously higher than those of the silica filled ones. In addition, hardness, wear and swelling properties were improved more and more by increasing the filler content. Whereas, the Si filled B/SBR showed a decreasing trend in elongation at break values but with an evidently higher plateau than that of CB filled ones. Overall, the CB filled vulcanizates recorded dominant mechanical properties compared to the Si filled vucanizates. On the other hand, both fillers offered a noticeable improvement in thermal stability, but with a preference favored for the silica filled compounds. Furthermore, the findings for SEM were found to be in agreement with the observed mechanical properties. This study summarizes a detailed discussion of the emerging green technologies for tyre production and depicted comprehensive data from the available literature.

Process parameter optimization for the detoxification of emerging environmental pollutant, PPD

Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is an aromatic compound widely used in hair dye, tattoos, plastic, and rubber industry. The effluent of these industries may express an adverse effect onhe entire ecosystem as PPD is reported as a toxic, and environmental hazard. Since the usage has increased, the removal of PPD from the environment is essential. The present study reports the detoxification of PPD using the bacterial strain in an eco-friendly manner at low cost, with an in-depth study of the mechanism of detoxification and optimization of process parameters which will be helpful for designing a bioreactor in the future. Process parameters are optimized here using Taguchi method with the help of ‘MINITAB 18’. Finally, the experiment is conducted in optimized conditions at 30 mg/ml Sugarcane Bagasse Powder (SBP), 0.2 mg/ml Dye Degrading Bacteria-I (DDB I), 0.2 mg/ml PPD at 30 oC and pH 5 for 12 h, and then biotransformation was confirmed by toxicological studies. Though acetylation is the only pathway of detoxification of PPD is reported yet, substantial detoxification of PPD was observed without observing the signature of acetylated PPD in FTIR, and mass analysis. This study enlightens the alternate pathway for detoxification of PPD which can be used for the removal of PPD from the environment.

Fusiform CuC2O4 loaded porous biochar derived from phosphoric acid-activated bagasse for gaseous ammonia capture

Ammonia gas (NH3) in a relatively high concentration can cause irreversible damage to the environment and humans. Thus, it is important to develop a highly efficient adsorbent for NH3 removal. In this study, a novel fusiform CuC2O4-loaded bagasse-derived biochar (CuC2O4/BGB) was prepared by a combination of pyrolysis of H3PO4-activated bagasse powder and the co-precipitation method as an efficient adsorbent for NH3 capture. Specifically, the CuC2O4/BGB-2–600–0.7 composite with a specific surface area of 1160.77 m2/g was obtained by optimizing the activator amount, activation temperature, and CuC2O4 loading amount. The CuC2O4/BGB-2–600–0.7 composite delivered static adsorption capacity of 8.68 mmol/g at 298.15 K and 1 bar, and maintained the NH3 adsorption capacity above 6.5 mmol/g after 8 cycles of regeneration. The adsorption of NH3 on the as-prepared composite conformed to the Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm model and Fick’s diffusion kinetics. The adsorption mechanism was elucidated that well-developed micro/mesoporous structure provided abundant active adsorption sites, of which the acidic sites on the catalyst surface promoted the formation of NH4+ from NH3, and the complexation reaction between Cu2+ and NH3 formed the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex. Therefore, the as-prepared CuC2O4/BGB is an efficient and sustainable adsorbent for NH3 removal, which opens a new window for malodorous gas removal.

Modification of sugarcane bagasse with iron(III) oxide-hydroxide to improve its adsorption property for removing lead(II) ions

Lead contamination in wastewater results in toxicity of aquatic life and water quality, it is recommended to remove lead before discharging. Four sugarcane bagasse adsorbent materials of sugarcane bagasse powder (SB), sugarcane bagasse powder doped iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (SBF), sugarcane bagasse powder beads (SBB), and sugarcane bagasse powder doped iron(III) oxide-hydroxide beads (SBFB) were synthesized and characterized with various techniques. Their lead removal efficiencies were investigated by batch experiments on the effects of dose (0.1–0.6 g), contact time (1–6 h), pH (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11), and concentration (5–30 mg/L), adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and desorption experiments. All materials were amorphous phases presenting specific peaks of cellulose. SBB and SBFB detected sodium alginate peaks, and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide peaks were detected in SBF and SBFB. SB and SBF were scales or overlapping plate surfaces whereas SBB and SBFB had spherical shapes with coarse surfaces. The main functional groups of O–H, C=O, C–H, C–O, and C=C were observed in all materials, whereas Fe–O and –COOH were only found in materials with adding iron(III) oxide-hydroxide or bead material. The point of zero charges (pHpzc) of all materials was higher than 4. The optimum conditions of SB, SBF, SBB, and SBFB with the highest lead removal efficiency at a lead concentration of 10 mg/L and pH 5 were 0.6 g and 6 h (96.08%), 0.2 g and 3 h (100%), 0.2 g and 2 h (98.22%), and 0. 1 g and 2 h (100%), respectively. Since SBFB spent less adsorbent dose and contact time than other materials with a lead removal efficiency of 100%, it was a more potential adsorbent than other materials. Thus, adding iron(III) oxide-hydroxide and changing material form helped to improve material efficiencies for lead adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacities of SB, SBF, SBB, and SBFB were 6.161, 27.027, 23.697, and 57.471 mg/L, respectively by fitting the Langmuir model. Langmuir isotherm was best fitted for SB and SBB, whereas the Freundlich model was best fitted for SBF and SBFB. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was best fitted for all materials. Moreover, all adsorbents could be reused for more than 5 cycles with the lead removal efficiency of more than 73%. Therefore, SBFB was potential material to further apply for lead removal in industrial applications.

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND MICROWAVE HEATING TREATMENT FOR REDUCING SUGAR RECOVERY

Microwave heating treatment was the one type of pretreatment process used in the manufacture bioethanol because it can be applied singly or in combination with other chemicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of microwave heating on the pretreatment process using acid and alkaline solvents. The research was carried out in two stages, namely the preparation of raw materials and pretreatment with microwave. At the stage of preparation of raw materials, bagasse was dried for 2 days and then crushed to a size of 50 mesh to uniform the size of the raw materials. The raw materials that have been prepared are then subjected to a pretreatment process. The pretreatment process was carried out using a modified microwave with temperature settings and the addition of a stirrer. 5 grams of bagasse powder and 200 ml of a solution of H2SO4 or NaOH (0.2 M, 0.4 M, and 1 M) were put into a round tool flask and then put into the microwave. Pretreatment was carried out at 180°C with time variables of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. Then the solution was separated from the residual solid by filtration and the solution was neutralized with 1 M HCl. The results showed that the use of acidic and alkaline solvents, high concentrations of solvents can lead to smaller the acquisition of reducing sugars in the liquid product phase. The highest percentage of reducing sugar obtained is 0.559% when using an acid solvent with a concentration of 0.1 M for 20 minutes.

Plastic Films Based on Waste Expanded Polystyrene Loaded with Bagasse Powder for Packaging Applications

Plastic Films Based on Waste Expanded Polystyrene Loaded with Bagasse Powder for Packaging Applications

Eco-friendly approach toward preparation of plantable paper like material from organic sugarcane Bagasse waste

Present research work focused on sugarcane bagasse powder having potential cellulose source which can be used in pulp and paper industries. Ecological concerns have increased the need for nonwood pulp as a low cost raw material for paper making. This also led to the development of alternative pulping technologies that are eco-friendly. Cellulose pulp from the generated agro based waste is collected from the street vendors and chemically prepared in the laboratory and used in paper making. The optimal cooking time and dose of pulp by moist weight found were 180 minutes & 150 g of pulp per frame, respectively. To improve the quality and the shelf life of paper we incorporated sucrose in the sugarcane pulp. Sucrose acts as a natural preservative. To study the effect of sucrose as preservative we prepared a solution of sucrose and distilled water in 1:4 ratio. The solution is then mixed with sugarcane bagasse in 5:250, 10:250, 15:250 and 20:250 and observed the OD of the mixture on 20th and 27th day. By using this pulp we developed a paper with incorporated artificial seeds within it, so that after use of this paper rather than discarding the paper simply sowing it in garden soil a plant will grow from it and generate a means of eco initiatives. This plant able paper is developed by handmade process without using any harmful chemicals and can be made using everyday use material. Anyone can use this method and make the paper. The paper obtained from this process is found to be of good quality and durable and can be used for preparation of commercial Kraft’s of different purposes like greetings card, packaging etc., and can generate new way of a revenue.