Bag Color Research Articles

Evolution of Industrial Quality Parameters of Wheat during Storage in White and Colored Silo Bags: A Field-Scale Study

Over the past two decades, the silo bag system has gained popularity for storing grains and by-products under hermetic conditions. However, the impact of higher temperatures in the outer grain layer on key industrial parameters, such as wheat baking quality, remains insufficiently understood. Traditional silo bags are black on the inside and white on the outside to reflect sunlight, but colored bags, recently introduced to the market, absorb more heat, potentially warming the grain and causing damage. This study aimed to assess the effect of grain strata and bag color on grain temperature and quality under field conditions. Results showed a significant surface temperature increase in colored bags compared to white ones, approximately 3 °C, which affected the temperature of the peripheral grain layer. Moisture content slightly increased (0.2 percentage points) in the outer grain layer. However, many industrial quality parameters (protein content, P/L, W, and loaf volume) and the germination test for wheat, showed no significant differences between colored and white bags or between different strata after 120 days of storage, although the falling number increased and wet gluten decreased. These findings suggest that, despite surface temperature differences, the overall industrial quality of wheat remains unaffected by external bag coloration. The influence of ambient temperature on the peripheral layer was estimated to affect approximately 5–10% of the grain mass, indicating that adverse impacts on grain quality may go unnoticed without implementing stratified sampling techniques.

Flower bagging affects seed quality and dormancy period in Na-Oogst tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. var H-382)

Seeds of tobacco plants are unable to germinate immediately after harvest because they have a dormancy period. The seed dormancy period may be shortened by bagging methods to affect the hormone content in the seeds. The bagging flower makes the dark conditions in the process of flowering and seed development, affecting the content of the hormone’s auxin and ABA. This study aimed to determine the effects of different bag colors on the dormancy period of tobacco seeds as evidenced by their vigor and viability. The research was conducted from March to August 2022 at PT. Dwi Light Tobacco Green House, Lombok Wetan, Bondowoso, Indonesia. Four crepe colors of paper were used as bagging treatments (black, red, yellow, blue) and control (without bagging) and replicated four times. The results showed that the bagging treatment significantly affected one hundred-seed weight, seed germination, seed growth rate, and seedling height. Black crepe paper resulted in the highest seed germination percentage (98.5%) and seed growth rate (11.68). 
 Keywords: bag color, seed germination, viability, vigor

A zero-cost attention-based approach to promote cleaner streets: A Signal Detection Theory approach in Parisian streets.

In an effort to inform interventions targeting littering behaviour, we estimate how much a change in trash-bag colour increases trash can visibility in Paris. To that end, we applied standard Signal Detection techniques to test how much changing trash-bag colour affects subjects' trash can detection rates. In three pre-registered studies, we found that changing trash bag colour from grey to either red, green or blue considerably increases the perception of bins in British (tourist) and Parisian (resident) samples. We found that changing the bag colour from grey to blue increased visibility the most.

Mutu teh celup dengan campuran bubuk sereh (Cymbopogon citratus) dan bubuk kelor (Moringa oleifera)

Moringa is one of potential raw material of herbal tea. Moringa tea had disadvantage is a off-flavour aroma. The addition of lemongrass hopefully can reduce the off-flavour aroma and improve the quality of tea. This research aimed to determine the effect of mixing lemongrass powder and moringa powder on the quality of teabags. The method that used in this study was complete randomized design (CRD) that was treatment P1 = 100% moringa leaf powder: 0% lemongrass powder; P2 = 80% moringa leaf powder: 20% lemongrass powder; P3 = 60% moringa leaf powder: 40% lemongrass powder; P4 = 40% moringa leaf powder : 60% lemongrass powder and P5 = 20% moringa leaf powder : 80% lemongrass powder. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance at a level of 5% and if there were real differences, tests continued using the LSD (least significant difference) at the same level. Based on the results of the analysis, it is known that the treatment has a significant effect on chemical quality (antioxidant activity, moisture content, and pH) and organoleptics (color and aroma), while it has no significant effect on the organoleptic taste in teabags. The best treatment for the chemical quality of teabags is produced by P2 treatment (80% moringa powder: 20% lemongrass powder) with antioxidant activity of 88.64%; moisture content of 6.44% and pH of 6.0. The best treatment for the organoleptic quality of hedonic tea bag color is produced by P2 treatment (80% Moringa powder: 20% lemongrass powder) with a value of 3.55 (like criteria) and for hedonic teabag aroma produced by P5 treatment (20% moringa leaf powder: 80 % lemongrass powder) with a value of 3.45 (rather like criteria).

Improving the appearance of Kuini (Mangifera odorata) using carbon bagging during the preharvest stage

Kuini (Mangifera odorata) is one of the important indigenous fruits that can be found in Malaysia. This fruit belongs to the same genus as the mango and is known for its strong and pungent smells. Usually, this rare fruit is eaten fresh, semi-cooked in local delicacy, or is used to produce other products such as juice or functional drink. Naturally, Kuini has green colour skin even after the fruit has fully ripened. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of carbon bagging during the preharvest stage on fruit quality and skin colour changes. Fruits were tagged after the setting stage and bagged with a carbon bag after reaching approximately 16 cm in circumference. Regular white bags were used as control. Results have shown a significant difference in skin colour (L, a*, b*, chroma and hue) where fruits bagged using carbon paper bag exuded a yellowish hue as compared to the control. However, for the chemical content of the fruits, there are no significant differences between fruits bagged using carbon paper bag and white colour bag in terms of total soluble solid (TSS), pH and titratable acidity. In short, the use of carbon bags during the preharvest stage can change fruit skin colour without compromising the fruit quality.

The Sensitivity of some Types of Citrus Fruits, the role of the Propolis and the Color of Storage Bags in the Development of Green Mold Caused by Fungi Penicillium Digitatium

The results of the study indicated that green mold caused by Penicillium digitatium was noticed in all typesof citrus fruits (orange, mandarin, bitter orange, lemon). The most sensitive among these fruits was themandarin with 56.12% infection, followed by orange with 40.18%. On the other hand, the bitter orangeand the lemon showed more resistant to the disease, and the their infection percentages were (32.14% and30.55% respectively. The results indicated that the color of the bags had a great effect on the developmentof the disease where the infection percentages when using light green bags and light yellow bags were(19.68%, 17.24%) respectively. While for the dark black bags, the infection percentage was 13.73%. The useof porpolis in all concentrations (6, 8, 10, 12) g/l did not lessen the size of the infected area compared withcontaminated treatment by pathogen.

Yield, seasonality and plant health care of banana ‘BRS Conquista’ covered with different coloured polyethylene bags

Bananas are the world’s most popular fruit. Nonetheless, a great part of the production is lost, mainly for insect and disease incidences. Thus, cover developing banana bunches is a promising physical protection method that will improve the visual quality of the fruits, especially the rapidly growing consumer demand for healthy fruits. In fact, bags serve as protective barrier, allowing the production of free fruit damage; consequently, lowering production costs by cutting crop losses, as well as avoiding chemical materials. There is a wide variety of bag types and colours, but also, there is a scarce literature on their efficiency. This study hence aimed to evaluate the influence of coloured polyethylene bags on yield, seasonality and plant health of the ‘BRS Conquista’ bananas in subtropical high-altitude growing conditions. Treatments therefore consisted of using white, black, red and blue polyethylene bags, besides control (uncovered). Then, bags were randomly distributed in five blocks, four plants per plot. After bunch harvest, the following evaluation were proceeded: agronomic yield, the interval between bunches cover and harvest, injuries caused by thrips and the incidence of anthracnose. Results indicated that banana bunch coverings did not interfere in bunch yield. Nevertheless, white and black bags reduced the interval between bunch covers and harvest, that is, 114 and 115 days, respectively. Furthermore, white and red bags reduced the damage caused by thrips in fruits; while white, red and blue bags decreased the anthracnose incidence. This study therefore recommends the use of white polyethylene bags to cover banana bunches of the cultivar BRS Conquista, since this bag colour showed highly efficiency in controlling thrips and anthracnose incidence, besides reducing the interval between bunch cover and harvest.

Fruit bagging and bag color affects physico-chemical, nutraceutical quality and consumer acceptability of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) arils.

Present study aimed to investigate the effect of preharvest bagging and bag colour on physico-chemical, nutraceutical quality and consumer acceptability of pomegranate arils. Fruits of 10-years-old Kandhari variety were covered with 15 × 20cm three colored single layer cellulosic bags (35µm thickness, 2700cm3 24h-1 GTR, WVTR 28.60cm3 24h-1) 60days after flowering. Fruits were harvested 150days after anthesis (average TSS 13° brix) and fruits were taken to various physical-biochemical parameters. Red colored bagging minimized fruit cracking (66%) and bacterial blight incidence (78%) over control. Ascorbic acid and total anthocyanin content was found maximum with red colour bagged (18.20 ± 0.87mg 100g-1 FW; 73.03 ± 3.97mg 100g-1 FW) fruits, while total soluble solids, total sugars and total antioxidant capacity were maximum in control fruits. Total phenols were found maximum in fruits which were bagged with blue colour bags (32.12 ± 1.53mg GAE 100g-1 FW). Respiration rate was recorded maximum in the red colored bags (17.93 ± 0.22mLkg-1h-1) followed by white, blue and control fruits. Overall acceptability was recorded maximum in the fruits which were covered with red colour bags (8.67) whereas sweetness was reported maximum in control fruits (8.30). For harnessing the benefit of bagging in pomegranate, fruit should be bagged 60days after flowering with red color cellulosic bags. Red color cellulosic bags are much effective in producing quality fruits except compromising on few quality traits like aril Ca and total phenols content.

An early experience of Check List to Improve Patient Self-care and Product Defect Report in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CLIP-SP) study

An increase in number of peritoneal dialysis patients and demand for peritoneal dialysis products following implementation of "PD First" policy in Thailand has led to logistics supply chain challenges and inherent product quality problems. Available evidences suggested that defective peritoneal dialysis products may predispose the patients to peritonitis. Thailand Clinical Practice Guideline for Peritoneal Dialysis 2017 recommends the patients to check peritoneal dialysis products themselves before use. In this report, we present our early experience from the Check List to Improve Patient Self-care and Product Defect Report in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis study, a cluster randomized trial conducted in 22 peritoneal dialysis centers in Thailand. Patients from 11 randomly selected sites were asked to use the check list to report any product quality defects. The peritoneal dialysis product check list required patients to check the expiration date, glucose concentration, clarity, color, and integrity of bags of peritoneal dialysis fluid as well as the peritoneal dialysis connectors prior to each use. Among 338 patients who had received the check list from 5 centers, 28 returned the reports, detecting 8 defects out of 3960 products in total (0.2%). Although the obtained check list reports were not perfectly completed, they were comprehensible and provided important information on product defects which meant that the check list was simple enough for the patients and/or caregivers to follow. In conclusion, despite low response rate and incomplete report in this early phase analysis, the check list provides important information on product defects while an impact of these defects on peritoneal dialysis outcomes requires a further investigation.

Analisis Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Puskesmas di Kecamatan Babulu Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara Berdasarkan Permenkes Nomor 27 Tahun 2017

The amount of medical waste originating from health facilities are expected progressively increasing. Waste generated from medical efforts such as health centers, polyclinics and hospitals are the type of waste which are included in the category of biohazard waste is very dangerous type of environment, where many exiles viruses, bacteria and other harmful substances. This study was conducted to analyze the management of solid medical waste in the public health centers in Kecamatan Penajam Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara Provinsi Kalimantan Timur.
 This research is a qualitative descriptive. The object of research is the implementation of medical waste management in health centers and community health centers target sanitarians and janitor. The research variables include the characteristics of medical waste, stage management, medical waste management officers, facilities, SOP and the perceived health impact of medical waste management officers.
 The results showed solid medical waste management of health centers is not in accordance with the applicable provisions of the color of plastic bags are used not appropriate, storage locations are not eligible, and there are medical waste that is not destroyed by incineration. Medical waste management facilities not adequate ie no conveyance and no incinerators. Medical waste management is done not in accordance with the SOP and SOP is not in accordance with regulations. Medical waste management officers not using PPE.
 It is advisable to do a lug medical waste with a plastic bag, label and symbol in accordance with existing regulations. Medical waste storage location is advisable to be in a secure area and symbols and labels. Waste disposal is done in the health center in order to keep attention to the existing guidelines to minimize the risk. The need for training on medical waste management and use of PPE.

The effect of bag color on the attractiveness toward woman

The effect of bag color on the attractiveness toward woman

Occurrence of Micro-cracking According to Bagging Paper in ‘Mansoo’ Pear Fruits

본 연구는 배 '만수' 품종의 열과 발생의 원인과 재배 조건을 구명하여 발생을 경감시킬 수 있는 재배 방법을 제안하고자 수행하였다. 미세 열과는 성숙기 과실에서 발견되었다. 미세 열과의 발생은 8월 중의 일조 시간과 밀접한 관련을 나타내었다. 발생이 심했던 해에는 일조 시간이 부족하였으며, 발생이 적었던 해에는 일조 시간이 길고 일조량이 많은 날이 연속되어 광 조건이 우수하였다. Y자 수형보다는 평덕식에서 많이 발생하였고, 인공 관수구와 무관수 처리구에서 미세 열과 발생률의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 무대 처리구에서는 미세 열과가 전혀 발생하지 않았으나, 외피가 흑색과 황색인 봉지를 이용한 처리구에서의 미세 열과 발생은 각각 62.2% 및 17.3%로 흑색 봉지 처리구에서 미세 열과가 심하게 발생하였다. 따라서 '만수' 과실의 미세열과 발생은 일조 시간, 수형 및 봉지 색에 따라 차이를 보여 광 조건이 가장 크게 작용하는 것으로 판명되었다. '만수' 과실의 미세열과를 방지하기 위해서는 적합한 수형 및 봉지 색을 선택하고, 하계전정 등을 통해 광 조건을 개선하는 것이 요구된다. This study was conducted to study the factors inducing micro-cracking and determine proper practices to reduce its occurrence in 'Mansoo' pear fruits. Micro-cracking was observed on ripe fruits. Occurrence of micro-cracking was closely related to sun duration time in August. Micro-cracking occurred severely with shorter sun duration, but weakly with longer sun duration and continuous sunlight. Micro-cracking fruits occurred more frequently in trees with a pergola training system than in those with Y-trellis, but there was no difference between the irrigated and non-irrigated groups. While no micro-cracking was observed without fruit bagging, micro-cracking occurred in fruits with black and yellow outer paper bagging at rates of 62.2 and 17.3%, respectively. Our results suggest that the light condition was the most important cause of micro-cracking because the occurrence of micro-cracking in 'Mansoo' fruits was affected by factors including sun duration, trellis system and fruit bag color. We suggested that micro-cracking could be reduced in 'Mansoo' fruit by optimizing the light conditions with the proper trellis system, bagging color and summer pruning.

Methods of inoculation of sunflower heads with sclerotinia sclerotiorum

SUMMARY Sclerotinia head rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, is a major disease in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Development of hybrids with adequate genetic resistance is necessary to reduce yield losses. The objective of this study was to find an effective technique of inoculating sunflower heads with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum for screening and identifying resistant and susceptible genotypes. A factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different inoculation procedures. The factors were bag color, water treatment, inoculum type, and rate of inoculation. Based on the results of this study, the inoculation procedure recommended to sunflower researchers who wish to screen lines or hybrids for Sclerotinia head rot resistance is spraying the heads at the beginning of flowering with 5 cm 3 of a suspension of ascospores containing 5000 ascospores per milliliter and covering the heads with brown paper bags immediately after inoculation. Application of additional water is not needed. Measurements of infection could begin as early as 35 days after inoculation.

Bag rationalisation for a food manufacturer

A food manufacturer has decided to rationalise the types of bags used to pack their products with a view to achieving economies of scale and improved efficiency. Under the new regime, the name and characteristics of the product are to be printed on the bag during packaging, with the bag colour as a secondary distinctive feature. There are several ways of describing the director's conflicting objectives of minimising both cost and customer colour conflicts. We model the problem in two ways: as a Zero-One Integer Programme, and as a variant of a classical Graph Colouring Problem. Problem-specific observations, and data pre-processing, enable us to decompose the originally intractable problem, and to solve it using commercial integer programming software. Our solution compares favourably with that from a heuristic for graph colouring and our recommended allocation of eight colours was accepted for implementation.

Bag and Liner Color Greatly Affect Apple Temperature Under Full Sunlight

Some apple growers place specially designed bags with liners around fruit in the field to produce a unique surface color required by some premium markets. However, heat damage has been observed on `Fuji' apples that were bagged and reached high temperatures in the field. We tested different colored apple bags and their liners to determine the amount of light that is transmitted and whether bag color affected heating of the apples inside. Apple bags and liners were very effective at screening out sunlight; however, the absorbed light substantially warmed the bags and apples inside. No UV-A or B and less than 1% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) passed through the outer bag regardless of bag color and the inner liners transmitted ≈9% of the UV-A, 3% of the UV-B, and 30% of the PAR. When ambient air temperatures were only ≈25°C, dark green bags or red or green liners warmed the sun-facing apple surface to ≈43°C, while light green bags warmed to ≈36°C. Wrapping apple bags in aluminum foil to increase bag reflectivity greatly reduced heat buildup and maintained sun-facing fruit surface temperatures only slightly above air temperature (≈27°C). Possible design improvements for apple bags used in hot, sunny climates will be discussed.

Visiting bags: a labile thermal environment

To define usual colour and site of storage of visiting bags in general practitioners' cars and to investigate effect of these variables on temperature inside bag. Questionnaire to general practitioners; serial temperature measurements from paired black visiting bags at different storage sites and from bags of different colour. South Devon coastal town during May and June. 200 general practitioners, of whom 145 returned legible questionnaires. Bag colour, duration and site of storage, temperature inside black bags at defined storage sites, and effects of bag colour on internal temperature. 111 (77%) of the general practitioners carried a black visiting bag, and 76 kept their bag in their car all day. The bag was coolest in the car boot, but irrespective of storage site, maximum internal temperature of the bag was always over 25 degrees C and reached up to 80 degrees C. Spraying a black bag silver significantly reduced the bag's internal temperature (mean difference 8.37 degrees C (95% confidence interval 6.68 to 9.86 degrees C) df = 59, t = 10.29, P < 0.001). General practitioners should use a silver coloured visiting bag; when visiting, they should store it in their car boot; at other times they should remove it to a cooler site.

WILD CARNIVORE ACCEPTANCE OF BAITS FOR DELIVERY OF LIQUID RABIES VACCINE

A series of experiments are described on the acceptance, by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and other species, of two types of vaccine-baits intended to deliver liquid rabies vaccine. The baits consisted of a cube of sponge coated in a mixture of tallow and wax, or a plastic blister-pack embedded in tallow. All baits contained tetracycline as a biological marking agent: examination of thin sections of carnivore canines under an ultraviolet microscope revealed a fluorescent line of tetracycline if an individual had eaten baits. Baits were dropped from fixed-wing aircraft flying about 100 m above ground at approximately 130 km/h. Flight lines followed the edges of woodlots midway between parallel roads. Baits were dropped at one/sec, resulting in one bait/36 m on the ground, or 17 to 25 baits per km2. Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) removed many baits, but did not appear to lower the percent of the fox population which took bait. Dropping baits only into corn and woodland to conceal baits, to reduce depredation by crows, reduced acceptance by foxes. Acceptance by foxes ranged between 37 and 68%. Meat added as an attractant did not raise acceptance. Presence, absence, color and perforations of plastic bags did not alter bait acceptance. Dispersal by juvenile foxes probably lowered the estimates of bait acceptance. It took 7 to 17 days for 80% (n = 330) of foxes to eat their first bait. The rapidity with which foxes picked up their first bait appeared more affected by unknown characteristics of years or study areas than by experimental variables. Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) also ate these baits, but acceptance was lower. Small mammals contacted baits, but rarely contacted the vaccine, which had the potential for vaccine-induced rabies in some species. Aerial distribution of baits was more cost-effective than ground distribution as practiced in Europe. This system has potential for field control of rabies, although higher acceptance will be desirable.

Book Review: BAG Farben‐Lexikon (BAG Color Lexicon). International Lexicon of Procedures and Methods for the Preparation, Use, and Testing of Varnisches, Paints, and Similar Protective and Decorative Materials for All Industrial and Commercial Uses. By H. Hadert

Book Review: BAG Farben‐Lexikon (BAG Color Lexicon). International Lexicon of Procedures and Methods for the Preparation, Use, and Testing of Varnisches, Paints, and Similar Protective and Decorative Materials for All Industrial and Commercial Uses. By H. Hadert

Studies on the coloring of tomato fruits. IV

Studies on the measurement of pigment contents and some characters of tomato fruits covered with red, green, blue or black cellophane bags, or black, red, white or transparent vinyl bags have been carried out at Department of Agriculture, Kyoto University and Shinshu University in 1958. 1. The tomato plants were cultivated with the fruits covered with cellophane bags till Aug. 11. The fruits were then stored in the storage rooms maintained at 10°C and 20°C under an artificial light, and in the glasshouse of phytotron where the illumination by artificial light was added to the natural day light during the night, and the temperatures of 20°C and 30°C were maintained. The content of pigments in the fruits depended upon the temperature stored, but not upon the difference of color of bags. The fruits stored at 20°C had a larger amount of pigments than the others, especially the fruits stored in glasshouse with artificial light showed the largest amount of pigments. 2. The microscopical observation of chlomoplasts revealed many yellow granular masses in the flesh, of outer part of fruit and needle-shaped pink crystals of lycopene in the flesh of flower-end and core of fruit. Especially, the flesh of core has the largest amount of lycopene. 3. During the cultivation of tomato plants, the maturity of fruits covered with vinyl bags of various colors was studied. The fruits covered with transparent vinyl bags required less number of days to mature. On the contrary, the fruits covered with black vinyl bags required more number of days to mature. 4. From the results of measurement of pigment contents in the fruit 35, 60 and 55 days after anthesis, the fruit covered with white vinyl bag had the largest amounts of chlorophyll, carotene, lycopene and xanthophyll among the lots. On the contrary, the fruits covered with black vinyl bags had the smallest. 5. All pigments contained in fruits were affected by the interception of light to the fruits. Carotene is the most affected, and lycopene is the least among the pigments. The light intensity enough for pigment development is considered to be about 30% of natural day light. 6. All fruits covered with various vinyl bags were smaller in size and weight than the control. Especially, the fruits covered with black or transparent vinyl bags were smaller in size and damaged. While, the fruits covered with white bags were as good in their quality as the control. The control fruits showed much higher percentages of dry weight and higher pH values than the fruits treated. However, the fruits covered with white bags had higher sugar contents than the others.