Baduy Tribe Research Articles

Technology and Local Language: Development of An Android-Based Sundanese-English Electronic Dictionary for The Baduy Community in Indonesia

Although a large amount of research on Sundanese language has been conducted, little attention has been paid to technology-based Sundanese language use. Therefore, academic and practical efforts should be made to contribute to the preservation of regional language use by developing educational technology-based innovations. The purpose of this research is to develop an Android smartphone-based bilingual dictionary application to facilitate English learning and Sundanese language preservation, especially for the Baduy tribe community. This research is categorized into research and development using the Design Based Research (DBR) method. This research was conducted in four stages, namely: (1) initial analysis stage, (2) prototype design development stage, (3) trial stage, and (4) reflection stage. Research data were collected through instruments including literature studies, interviews, expert assessments, and questionnaires. Then the data was analyzed descriptively as material for developing Android dictionary prototypes to be tested and evaluated until a qualified application model was obtained. The results showed that the development of an Android smartphone-based Sundanese dictionary contributes to English learning and Sundanese language preservation. Implications and recommendations from this research and recommendations are also discussed for future research.

Legal Protection and Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Legal Certainty in Managing Natural Resources

<p><em>Indigenous peoples possess traditional rights to natural resources within their territories, yet these rights are frequently overlooked or marginalized due to inadequate policies and regulations. This research aims to examine the legal protection of the Baduy tribe's rights in managing natural resources and to explore how legal certainty can be achieved in this regard. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the study analyzes relevant laws and regulations pertaining to indigenous rights and state-provided legal protection. The findings reveal that the recognition and protection of customary law communities in Indonesia highlight the state's commitment to supporting social entities with autonomy over their lives. Despite the pressures of modern integration, indigenous peoples continue to uphold their identity, traditions, and customary rights. Legal acknowledgment of these rights is enshrined in the 1945 Constitution and various laws, including Law No. 5 of 1960 on Agrarian Affairs, Law No. 4 of 2009 on Mining, Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry, and Law No. 7 of 2004 on Water Resources. However, effective implementation is often hindered by regulations that do not adequately address customary rights. While Constitutional Court Decision No. 35 of 2012, which recognizes customary forests as belonging to indigenous communities, represents significant progress, challenges persist. The need for revisions to create more inclusive laws or regulations is pressing. For the Baduy tribe, Lebak Regency Regional Regulation (Perda) Number 32 of 2001 on the Protection of Ulayat Rights is a critical development. This regulation offers legal certainty and safeguards their traditional rights, including customary land and natural resources, and tackles issues like illegal logging and forest encroachment. By acknowledging local wisdom and customs, this regulation aims to preserve Baduy culture and enhance security and social stability in their area.</em></p>

The Threat of Cultural Degradation Due to Tourism Activities (Case Study on Tourist Guides from Baduy Dalam Tribe at Banten, Indonesia)

With the inclusion of Baduy in the list of Rural Tourism, it also brings tourists with the habits they bring. Tourism needs and tourist behavior such as bringing mobile phones, taking pictures are feared to affect and are considered to threaten the purity of teachings and beliefs in Baduy. The novelty of this research is to fill the gap of existing problems or a void of knowledge, lack of literature that focuses on the Threat of Cultural Degradation because of the existence of Baduy Dalam Tribe Residents who have activities as tour guides, and they are suspected of having cell phones and Instagram social media which are considered contrary to the customary rules of the Baduy Tribe. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data collection through interviews, observation and documentation. The data obtained will be analyzed using the Miles & Huberman interactive model. Baduy customary rules strictly prohibit the use of technology, but local guides from the Baduy Dalam tribe are found using mobile phones and Instagram social media to attract tourists to use their services. There is a social change in local guides as they adjust to the needs of tourists. They use this technology secretly because they realize that they have violated customary rules. The customary leader explained that what happened to the local guide had indirectly violated customary rules. The conclusion of this research is that there is a threat of cultural degradation due to tourism activities, especially for tour guides from the Baduy Dalam Tribe. Mobile phone ownership and the use of Instagram social media to attract tourists to use guiding services are considered contrary to customary rules.

Factors That Influence the Incidence of Retained Placenta in Maternity Women in Kanekes Village, Baduy Tribe, Indonesia

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) states that one of the causes of bleeding is retained placenta. Retained placenta accounts for 2-3% of maternal deaths in developing countries. Various factors, including maternal, uterine, and retention factors, influence placental retention. The study aimed to determine the factors affecting the incidence of retained placenta in mothers giving birth in Kanekes Village, Baduy Tribe, Indonesia. Material and Methods: This research uses an analytical survey method with a case-control design. There were 27 cases of placental retention experienced by women who gave birth vaginally. The researcher created the data collection format sheet instrument himself. The statistical test used is the chi-square test. Results: The relationship between age and the incidence of retained placenta from 54 respondents was obtained from the chi-square statistical test on the age variable with a p = 0.010 <0.05 value. The relationship between parity and the incidence of retained placenta (p = 0.04). However, non-significant results were found in the relationship between birth assistance and the incidence of retained placenta (p = 0.750). Conclusions: The results show a relationship between age and parity factors and retained placenta incidence. However, in the birth assistance variable, the results show no relationship between birth assistance factors and the incidence of placental retention.

Flood prevention through zoning system in Baduy local wisdom

Background: Flooding is frequent disasters faced by the majority of regions in Indonesia. One cause of the flooding was the fault urban and regional planning. Need a good regional plan to prevent flooding. Method: The study reviews existing literature on the Baduy tribe's zoning system and local knowledge to understand its role in flood risk management. It examines how these traditional practices, as discussed in previous research, contribute to preventing and mitigating flooding. Findings: Community participation is very influential in maintaining natural ecosystems. Baduy tribes live in the village Kanakes, Banten Province. Baduy tribe held the belief that is called by the Sunda wiwitan. That trust has called pikukuh customs regulations. Pikukuh contains the prohibition for a change; it can be seen from the utterances in pikukuh. The utterance meaning related to the relationship between humans and the environment. Relationships are not always good for the environment. Negative impacts could be catastrophic that can harm humans themselves. The role of the community can be influenced by the prevailing local wisdom in the area. One of the tribes that still apply local knowledge is Baduy. Local knowledge Baduy tribe-related issues through the use of the applicable zoning area. Zone area at the Baduy tribe is divided into three zones, namely a third or upper zone, a second zone or central zone and the first zone or the lower zone. The results of this study indicate that the zoning system applied to the wisdom of the Baduy tribe workshops can prevent flooding The importance of forests in minimising erosion. Forests in the third zone or upper zones serve to catch the falling water flow from upstream, reducing the water flowing into the downstream. They also help retain soil material during rainfall, further preventing erosion. This analysis underscores the intricate relationship between local practices, environmental conservation, and sustainable development. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Baduy tribe’s zoning system is a testament to their deep understanding of their environment and their commitment to living in harmony with nature. It highlights the importance of local wisdom in managing natural resources and mitigating environmental risks. As we grapple with the increasing threat of climate change and environmental degradation, there is much to learn from the Baduy tribe’s sustainable practices and profound respect for nature. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study proposes a Geographic Information System (GIS) development model based on local wisdom for spatial planning and disaster mitigation. This model integrates traditional knowledge with modern technology, allowing its application in various regions to increase resilience to natural disasters.

Implementation of the Baduy Tribe's Inheritance System in Kanekes Village, Leuwidamar District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province

The Muslim Baduy community basically adheres to the customs and customs they adopted from their ancestors. The inheritance system used in Baduy customary inheritance uses a bilateral system, namely from father to mother who are equally powerful. The problem that will be discussed is how to implement inheritance in the Baduy Dalam tribe community. The type of research used in this research is normative juridical legal research, namely library research which only focuses on written statutory regulations, so this research is very closely related to libraries because it requires secondary data. The fundamental difference between the inheritance law of the Baduy community and Islamic inheritance law lies in Pikukuh which is the basis for the unwritten inheritance distribution rules which in Islamic inheritance law are clearly based on the Al-Quran and As-Sunnah. Apart from that, there are similarities between Baduy inheritance law and Islamic inheritance law in that the heirs are the descendants of the person who died and the inheritance can only be distributed after the death of the testator. However, the Baduy community does not distribute inheritance to the lineage and above.

Analysis of the Impact of Modernization of Baduy Tribe Customary Law in the Modern Era

Modernization is the change or rather the process of changing traditional society into a modern society. Modernization has the main goal of improving the welfare of the general public, by improving several socio-cultural aspects that exist in society. Our country, Indonesia is an archipelago that has around 17 thousand islands and there are still islands that do not have their identity, with as many islands as Indonesia has a population of nearly 280 million people and has a variety of ethnic and cultural diversity. Moreover, the customs or habits of each community in Indonesia must be diverse and will certainly continue to develop as the times progress. But not all follow the times, there are still some areas in Indonesia that still hold tightly to their customs to this day. One of them is found in the inland area of Lebak Regency, Banten Province. Namely the Baduy tribe, from several videos that I saw, I tried to explain the Baduy customary law and culture in detail as the community changes there due to modernization. The Baduy tribe has a lot of uniqueness that we can learn and apply in our lives. The Baduy tribe is different from the tribes in Indonesia, the Baduy tribe is very difficult to accept modernization that has developed until now, therefore the Baduy tribe is divided into two settlement groups, namely Baduy Dalam and Baduy Baduy.

Preserving Legal Protection for Sundanese (Sunda Naga and Baduy Kenekes Tribes) Wisdom Amidst Modernization in the Face of COVID-19 Challenges

The COVID-19 pandemic has entered various countries around the world, and Indonesia is no exception to this disaster. As a country with diverse cultures, many Indonesians have used local wisdom to face the COVID-19 pandemic. This research aims to understand the government's protection of the Baduy Tribe in Kanekes in facing the COVID-19 pandemic and the existence of the Baduy Tribe in Kanekes in facing the dimensions of modernization and the COVID-19 pandemic. The existence of this indigenous community is regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 18B Paragraph (2). This research uses empirical juridical research, which is a study that examines and analyzes the legal behavior of individuals or the Baduy tribal community in relation to the law. The data sources used are primary data obtained through observation and interviews with informants from the Baduy Tribe and the Sundanese Tribe in Kampung Naga. The results show that they overcome the COVID-19 pandemic through their well-preserved wisdom and culture, forming a strong mentality that allows the existence of life in Kampung Naga and the Baduy Tribe to continue without being affected by COVID-19.

ANALISIS PENGARUH MOTIVASI WISATAWAN TERHADAP MINAT BERKUNJUNG WISATAWAN KE SUKU BADUY, BANTEN

<p>Tourism activities can be said to have existed since humans were on earth, where humans moved from one place to another. The meaning of tourism itself varies greatly according to the history and geography of movement behavior, because the behavior of moving places cannot be separated from various motivations or encouragement from within the human being himself. This study aims to measure the motivation for visiting tourists to the Baduy Tribe, Banten. The type of research used in this study is quantitative. Methods of data collection using questionnaires and observations. The total respondents in this study were 100 tourists who had visited the Inner Baduy Tribe with the sampling technique using Purposive Sampling. The analytical method used in this study uses simple linear regression analysis and descriptive statistical tests. Based on the results of the test of the coefficient of determination, the results obtained are that motivation influences the interest of visiting tourists by 40.2% and the rest is influenced by other variables. Based on the hypothesis test, it shows a significant value of 0.000, which means that motivation influences the interest in visiting tourists to the Baduy tribe.</p>

Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Suku Baduy Luar sebagai Akibat Modernisasi

Indonesia is an area with thousands of islands scattered with different characteristics, resulting in a diverse range of ethnicities and cultures. The customs, culture, and traditions of the Indonesian people are always evolving with the times. Modernization aims to create a prosperous society and is a cause of social and cultural change. It is a process of transitioning from traditional to more advanced or modern ways of living. However, not all regions prioritize modernization and forget their traditions. This is evident in some areas of Indonesia that still preserve their customs and culture from outside influences and modernization. For example, the Baduy tribe in the Lebak Regency, Banten, which still maintains and preserves their original culture. The rapid development of modernization has also impacted the Baduy tribe, particularly the Outer Baduy community. The purpose of this writing is to explain the influence of modernization on the Outer Baduy tribe using the Literature Study Method.

Improving Cultural Sustainable Tourism: Evidence of Saba Budaya Baduy from Baduy Tribe, Indonesia

Summary Baduy Cultural Tourism is the activity of visiting the Baduy Tribes in Indonesia, which potentially threatens the resilience of the Baduy’s culture. Responding to this, the Baduy Customary Institution changed the nomenclature of Baduy Cultural Tourism to Saba Budaya Baduy . This case study explores the value and specialty of Saba Budaya Baduy as the identity of Baduy Tribes, to analyze the potential of threats and the cultural resilience from the usage of Baduy Cultural Tourism and Saba Budaya Baduy nomenclatures. It explores the values of Saba Budaya Baduy as the effort of cultural resilience to realize cultural sustainable tourism. This qualitative research is based on tourism anthropology and social psychology perspectives in line with the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) technique. The initial findings indicate that Saba Budaya Baduy is guided by the principle of fostering a strong relationship between hosts and guests, rooted in the cultural values of the Baduy Tribe. This approach aims to enhance the representation of the Baduy Tribe and improve the overall experience for visitors engaging in activities with the tribe. The results also highlight how psychological resilience, in responding to external threats, is reflected in the Baduy indigenous people, who are obedient in maintaining and implementing their ancestral traditions. Finally, Saba Budaya Baduy is oriented toward the social, cultural, tourism economy, and environmental resilience dimension of visiting activities within the Baduy Tribe. Therefore, Saba Budaya Baduy can realize and improve cultural sustainable tourism which is oriented toward cultural resilience and sustainable tourism activities. Information © The Authors 2024

Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Suku Baduy Luar Sebagai Akibat Moderniasasi

Indonesia is a region that has thousands of islands spread out with different regional characteristics so that it has various tribes and cultures. various social habits, culture and customs of society in Indonesia will always experience developments in accordance with the times. Modernization aims to create a prosperous society. Modernization is one of the causes of social and cultural change. Modernization is the process of changing from a traditional society to a more advanced or modern society. However, not all regions prioritize modernization and forget their customs. This is proven by the fact that there are still regions in Indonesia that still today maintain their customs and culture from the reach of the outside and modern world. For example, the Baduy tribe in the Lebak district, Banten, still maintains and preserves their original culture. The rapid development of the times causing modernization is of course also felt by the Baduy tribe, more precisely by the Baduy community outside. The purpose of this writing is to explain the influence of modernization on the Outer Baduy tribe. The method used in this research is literature study.

Desain, Development, and Evaluation of Biology E-Modules Website Based on Local Wisdom of the Baduy Tribe: Strengthening Pancasila Student Profiles on Ecosystem Material

Integrating local wisdom in biology learning can help shape the character of students. This research uses a development design by Borg and Gall with nine stages. The e-module was developed in the form of a website based on local wisdom of the Baduy tribe to train the content of the Pancasila Student Profile, which is integrated into class X ecosystem material in Senior High School and, then assessed for feasibility by media experts, material experts, language experts through questionnaires. The response to the use of e-modules was assessed through teacher and student questionnaires. The website e-module was implemented in a class of 43 students to assess the Pancasila Student Profile. The evaluation results show that the e-module website based on local wisdom has 90% accurate material concepts, 84% is very accessible, and 83% has very decent language quality. 91% of teachers responded very well, and 83% of students on the limited scale test and 83% of students on the broad scale test responded very well. In the E-module local wisdom of the Baduy tribe integrated the cultural values of Ngaseuk, Pikukuh, Kawalu Traditional Ceremonies on ecosystem materials, training the Pancasila Student Profile, the use of e-modules is very flexible can be accessed via smartphones and personal computers. The results showed that the e-module website based on local wisdom of the Baduy Tribe is very feasible to be used in biology learning and received a positive response from teachers and students.

Analisis Nilai-Nilai Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Baduy dalam Novel Baiat Cinta di Tanah Baduy Karya Uten Sutendy dengan Kajian Ekologi Budaya sebagai Bahan Ajar di SMA

The purpose this research is to describe the local wisdom values ​​contained in the novel Baiat Cinta di Tanah Baduy by Uten Sutendy. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data sources used in this research are novels by Uten Sutendy as well as relevant theoretical books related to literature and local wisdom values. The research data is in the form of excerpts from sentences contained in the novel Baiat Cinta di Tanah Baduy by Uten Sutendy. The data collection techniques in this research are reading the entire contents of the novel, identifying the local wisdom values ​​contained in the novel, looking for data related to character values, searching for the benefits of the analysis to be used as teaching material and the researcher collects these points to arrive at the stage conclusion. From this analysis, it can be concluded that in the novel Baiat Cinta di Tanah Baduy by Uten Sutendy there is a cultural ecology that focuses on the environment, niche or habitat, resources and energy. In these four approaches there are types of character values, customs or customs, respect. nature, nature conservation, technological limitations, utilization of natural resources, tolerance values, national values, preserving animals and nature, praying to Allah, humans are weak creatures, believing in Allah's destiny, sacrifice, victory, compassion, mutual cooperation, caring.
 Keywords: Local Wisdom, Baduy Tribe, Cultural Ecology

Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Suku Baduy Luar Sebagai Akibat Moderniasasi


 Indonesia is a region that has thousands of islands spread out with different regional characteristics so that it has various tribes and cultures. various social habits, culture and customs of society in Indonesia will always experience developments in accordance with the times. Modernization aims to create a prosperous society. Modernization is one of the causes of social and cultural change. Modernization is the process of changing from a traditional society to a more advanced or modern society. However, not all regions prioritize modernization and forget their customs. This is proven by the fact that there are still regions in Indonesia that still today maintain their customs and culture from the reach of the outside and modern world. For example, the Baduy tribe in the Lebak district, Banten, still maintains and preserves their original culture. The rapid development of the times causing modernization is of course also felt by the Baduy tribe, more precisely by the Baduy community outside. The purpose of this writing is to explain the influence of modernization on the Outer Baduy tribe. The method used in this research is literature study.
 Keywords: Baduy Tribe, Modernization, Social Change

Food Safety Aspects of Palm Sugar: The Authentic Local Sweetener from Baduy Tribe, Indonesia

Background: Baduy is an Indonesian native tribe which still holds ancestral heritage, including food processing. Palm sugar is considered as an authentic local sweetener that is produced naturally by the Baduy individually and is frequently used as a souvenir for tourists. However, the data describing the safety of palm sugar in terms of microbial and heavy metal content have not been widely reported. This study aimed to analyze palm sugar’s safety on the basis of microbial and heavy metal content.
 Method: Palm sugars were obtained from 5 of 25 sugar makers in Kanekes village, Baduy using a purposive random sampling in April 2021. The analysis of Total Plate Count, Total Yeast and Mold Count, coliform, and heavy metal were conducted and their results were compared to the requirements of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis. Bacterial identification was conducted microscopically and molecularly using a conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction. The collected data were analyzed with the descriptive method.
 Results: The results demonstrated that the bacterial count of Baduy palm sugar was less than 30 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g; no yeast and mold were observed; negative results for the coliform test; and detected heavy metals were under the limitation of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis standards except for copper. The two found bacteria are non-pathogenic, namely Bacillus megaterium and Kocuria koreensis.
 Conclusion: The results of the research showed that Baduy palm sugar is safe in terms of microbiological and heavy metals. This research is expected to consist of useful information to the public based on the safety and quality of Baduy palm sugar, and consequently it can attract the attention of Indonesian tourists and even foreign tourists to visit Baduy.

The Resilience of Indonesia’s Economy in the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic: Social and Cultural Aspects of the "Baduy Tribe" People’s Economy

This study aims to examine national economic resilience through the social and cultural aspects of the ""Baduy” tribe to the economy of the community in Indonesia. The “Baduy” tribe was chosen because this tribe is famous as one of the tribes that reject modernization and strongly maintain their customary heritage and ancestral land. The data collection process was carried out by conducting surveys and analyzing literature with themes that follow the broad concept of the research. The result shows that there is a significant and positive relationship between social and cultural aspects and people’s economic resilience. The social and cultural aspects of the “Baduy” tribe are in accordance with the principles of people’s economy, and this is very good to be used as an economic resilience strategy in an area facing post-COVID-19 pandemic conditions. This finding provides a view to state administrators that a development strategy that empowers people’s economy (people’s economic system) is a new rule of the game for Indonesia’s national economy because it prioritizes the prosperity of the community rather than the prosperity of individuals or certain groups."

THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNICATION DYNAMICS IN MAINTAINING THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE BADUY TRIBE

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the significance of traditional leadership and communication dynamics in the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Baduy tribe. The Baduy tribe, which resides in the Banten Province of Indonesia, possesses a culturally rich and distinctive heritage. However, the impact of modernization and social change has affected the preservation of their culture. This research method uses a qualitative approach by collecting data through in-depth interviews, observation and document analysis. The research findings indicate that traditional leadership plays a crucial role in the preservation and perpetuation of Baduy culture. In Baduy society, the role of traditional leaders encompasses the preservation of cultural customs, the establishment of regulatory frameworks, and the facilitation of communication channels. This study posits that the interconnectedness of traditional leadership and communication dynamics plays a crucial role in the preservation of the cultural heritage of the Baduy tribe. The success in preserving the cultural heritage of the Baduy tribe in the face of modernization is contingent upon the collaborative endeavours between traditional leaders and community members, which encompass the preservation of traditions and the facilitation of communication. This study offers significant contributions to the understanding of strategies for preserving traditional culture amidst the challenges posed by rapid social and environmental transformations

Strategy for Revisit Intention Saba Baduy Culture

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of Service Quality, Destination Image, and Local Wisdom on Revisiting Saba Baduy Culture with Electronic Word of Mouth as an intervening variable.Methodology: This research was conducted using primary data, namely by distributing questionnaires online via Google form and disseminating through social media, namely Instagram, Line, and WhatsApp. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The population in this study was 115 respondents who were visitors to Saba Baduy spread across the Jakarta, Bogor, Bekasi, and Tangerang areas. The data was processed using Partial Least Square (Smart-PLS) version 3.2.9.Finding: The Baduy people are very careful with their customs and protect the natural surroundings. As they are aware that they live with nature and coexist with nature. The original Baduy tribe consists of the Inner Baduy and Outer Baduy. The Baduy tribe still maintains traditions, and customs and is anti-modern in terms of clothing, lifestyle, and others.Conclusion: An interesting conclusion found that when stakeholders build adequate infrastructure, this becomes something that does not reflect the authenticity of Baduy culture itself. On the other hand, tourists who want to return to the Baduy Traditional Villages since they want to experience nature which is still beautiful and serene, see the unique culture and local wisdom which is still very traditional, and experience the lifestyle of the Baduy people without modernization as it is seen as unique and interesting.

Identification of the Role of Kitchen and the Use of Traditional Cooking Tools in the Eating Culture of the Baduy Tribe Community

Baduy is one of the tribes in Indonesia that applies a living system in line with the principle of preserving nature. This principle is involved in agriculture and daily life, one of which is in cooking utensils. This study was conducted to determine the culture of cooking in the Baduy community by identifying the role of the traditional kitchen and the use of conventional cooking utensils. The research was conducted in Baduy Luar Village (Kadugketug Village, Balimbing Village) and Baduy Dalam (Cibeo Village) Kanekes Village, Leuwidimar District, Lebak Regency, Banten Province. Data was collected using field observation and interviews with community leaders and the Baduy community. The results showed that the traditional Baduy kitchen functions as a place to cook, store kitchen utensils, store foodstuffs (rice, firewood, and vegetables), a place to eat, and a place to carry out traditional ceremonies. The Baduy community has a kitchen and food culture that still maintains the values of local wisdom. It can be seen in kitchen utensils and traditional tableware made from natural materials such as clay (Hawu, barrels, traditional mortar, and braziers), wood (trays, kelaci, centong, cutting boards, matches, sulu, kalo), bamboo (haseupan, boboko, hihid, nyiru, and lodong), and coconut shells. some other equipment made from the chopper (seeng), stainless steel (kekenceng and pariuk).