Bacteroides Ureolyticus Research Articles

Is the Physiological Composition of the Vaginal Microbiome Altered in High-Risk HPV Infection of the Uterine Cervix?

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy and fourth leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. More than 99.7% of cases are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), while HPV types 16 and 18 cause over 70% of all cervical cancer cases. In this preliminary study, we aimed to investigate the presence of HPV infection and diversity of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. Methods: Cervical swabs (n = 21) taken from women aged 21–47 years, in seventeen cases, with different degrees of cervical abnormality, and from four healthy women, were tested for the presence of HPV DNA, as well as the bacterial strains associated with bacterial vaginosis, using the real-time PCR method. Results: HPV16 was the dominant genotype in 53% (9/17) of patients with confirmed precancerous lesions (ASCUS, LSIL, and HSIL). In specimens with confirmed cytological abnormalities and hrHPV infection, we detected a wide diversity of microbes, while the most common species were Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Prevotella bivia, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Leptotrichia amnionii, Bacteroides ureolyticus, and Sneathia sanguinegens. The presence of pathogens did not differ, depending on the degree of precancerous lesions or HPV type. Conclusion: In our work, HPV16 dominated in patients with cervical precancerous lesions. We also suggest an increased bacterial diversity of the vaginal microbiome in patients with cervical lesions, for which the HPV virus is largely responsible.

CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF LYMPH NODE ABSCESSATION IN PUP AND YEARLING CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) UNDERGOING REHABILITATION IN A MARINE MAMMAL CENTER.

Severe focal to multifocal abscessation of the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in stranded pup and yearling California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSLs) at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC). A retrospective case review was conducted of all pup and yearling CSLs with axillary and/or inguinal lymph node abscesses admitted to this California rehabilitation center between January 2015 and December 2019 (n = 162). Clinical data and cultured isolates were evaluated to (1) characterize the clinical syndrome, (2) report isolated pathogens, and (3) investigate factors associated with clinical outcome (survival to release versus death). Of the 162 CSLs admitted with at least one axillary or inguinal lymph node abscess, almost all were in poor body condition, and overall mortality rate was 63% (102 of 165). Mortality rate was lower for animals presenting with a single abscess and abscess(es) in the inguinal location only; odds of death were significantly lower for animals that had their abscesses surgically drained (P = 0.029) and those that received antimicrobials (P = 0.037). Hematology and serum chemistry parameters at the time of abscess diagnosis reflected inflammation and malnutrition. Radiographic findings associated with abscesses from 45 cases included soft tissue swelling (n = 40), intralesional gas (n = 19), and osteomyelitis (n = 3). Ninety bacterial isolates were recovered from aerobic (n = 48) and anaerobic cultures (n = 17), 48.9% of which were gram negative. The most common gram-negative organisms were Escherichia coli (n = 15), Proteus spp. (n = 8), and Bacteroides ureolyticus (n = 7), and the most common gram-positive organisms were Streptococcus phocae (n = 10) and Staphylococcus spp. (n = 9). Management of lymph node abscesses via surgical drainage and multimodal systemic antimicrobial therapy with a broad-spectrum of activity may be considered to improve survival of these cases.

Przeciwbakteryjna aktywność olejku tatarakowego (Oleum Calami) wobec bakterii beztlenowych

Introduction. The plants have been used for many thousands of years in medicine ancient Roma and Egypt. Among usage a herb was calamus. It was importation to Poland probably in XIII age. Calamus to grown on lowlands, on pond and lakes shares. Acorus calamus belongs to the family Araceae. The herb having rhizome with many nodes, elongated leaves with intensive smelling. In etheric oil are components as: α- and β-azarone, cyperenone, cyperole, acorine, acorytine, caryophylene, isoasarone, saflor, eugenol, camphor, geranyl acetate, cyperdone, spathulenol, borneol, linalool and linolenic acid. The oil has various pharmacological and antimicrobial activities. Aim. The goal of the investigation was to test activity calamus oil against anaerobic bacteria. Material and methods. The anaerobic bacteria were isolated from oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. The strains of following genera were tested: Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Tannerella, Fusobacterium, Finegoldia, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium. The data volume 9 reference strains. The concentration the calamus oil (Semifarm) were: 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.12 and 0.06 mg/ml. The investigations was carried out using plate dilution technique method in Brucella agar supplemented with 5% defibrynated sheep blood, menadione and hemin. Inoculum containing 106 CFU per 1 ml was seeded with Steers replicator upon the agar with oil or without the oil (strains growth control). The agar plates was incubated in anaerobic condition in anaerobic jar in mixed of gases (10% C02 , 10% H2 i 80% N2) with palladium catalyst and anaerobiosis indicator, in 37°C for 48 hrs. The MIC was recorded by reading the lowest concentration the inhibited growth of anaerobic bacteria. Results. The results showed, that the most susceptible from genus of Bacteroides were the rods of Bacteroides uniformis (MIC ≤ 0.06-0.25 mg/ml). The strain Bacteroides ureolyticus and Bacteroides vulgatus were susceptible to 0.5 mg/ml, and Bacteroides fragilis to ≥ 20.0 mg/ml. The growth rods from genus Porphyromonas was inhibited by concentrations ≤ 0.06-0.25 mg/ml. The calamus oil was active against Gram-positive rods in range 0.25-0.5 mg/ml. The growth of Actinomyces, Bifidobacterium and Propionibacterium was inhibited by oil concentration 0.25-0.5 mg/ml. The Gram-positive cocci was susceptible to concentrations with ranges from ≤ 0.06 to 1.0 mg/ml. The most susceptible from the cocci was the strains Parvimonas micra (MIC < 0.06 mg/ml). The results other authors to confirm that Gram-positive rods are more susceptible to calamus oil than Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. Conclusions. The calamus oil was high activity towards tested anaerobic bacteria. The most susceptible among Gram-negative rods was Bacteroides ureolyticus, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Porphyromonas levii. Gram-positive cocci were more susceptible on calamus oil than Gram-positive rods. The tested oil demonstrated the more activity towards Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative anaerobic rods.

Potential risk factors and outcomes of infection with multidrug resistance among diabetic patients having ulcers: 7 years study

Diabetes Mellitus is characterized as a hyperglycemic condition, which results due to alteration in the secretion of insulin or action of insulin. The development and spread of microorganisms is known as a key health concern, and such cases are growing drastically in hospitals and communities. Therefore, the study aims to determine the potential risk factors and infection outcomes among diabetic patients with multi drug resistance, who are suffering from foot ulcerations. A prospective cohort analysis was carried out among 192 diabetic patients admitted in the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology of Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, India. The patients having ulcer or ulcers in their foot during the period December 2008–June 2015 were included in the study. The results indicated the rate of resistance to CS and PC, which was 56.7% and 51.9%. The most common isolates included Escherichia coli (25.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%), and Klebsiella sp (5.4%). A total of 121 isolates from 278 were associated with the MDR. Furthermore, anaerobic isolates were also included in the study which included Peptostreptococcus spp, Propionibacterium spp, Clostridium perfringens, Eggerthella lenta, and Bacteroides ureolyticus. Ulcer was found among majority of patients with the duration of 1 month; whereas, the ulcer size was also the major risk factor for diabetic patients. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a major need for surveillance of resistant bacteria to reduce the risk of major complications.

Microbial Ecosystem Analysis in Root Canal Infections Refractory to Endodontic Treatment

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to combine multiple displacement amplification and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the microbiota present in infections refractory to endodontic treatment. MethodsThe subjects of this study were 40 patients presenting with periapical lesions refractory to endodontic treatment. Samples were taken by scraping or filing root canal walls with a #10 K-type hand file. Sample DNA was amplified by multiple displacement amplification, and the levels of 107 bacterial taxa were analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. The taxa were divided into 3 distinct microbial populations depending on their mean proportion in samples (% DNA probe counts ± standard error of the mean) as follows: dominant (≥3.0%), subdominant (>1.6%–3.0%), and residual (≤1.6%) populations. The significance of differences was determined using the Mann-Whitney test. ResultsThe taxa present with the highest mean proportions (constituting the dominant population) were Corynebacterium diphtheriae (8.03 ± 0.98), Porphyromonas gingivalis (5.42 ± 2.09), Streptococcus sobrinus (5.33 ± 0.69), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (4.72 ± 1.73). Among the subdominant population were Eubacterium saphenum (3.85 ± 1.06), Helicobacter pylori (3.16 ± 0.62), Dialister pneumosintes (3.12 ± 1.1), Clostridium difficile (2.74 ± 0.41), Enterobacter agglomerans (2.64 ± 0.54), Salmonella enterica (2.51 ± 0.52), Mobiluncus mulieris (2.44 ± 0.6), and Klebsiella oxytoca (2.32 ± 0.66). In the population of bacteria present at the lowest mean proportions (the residual population), Bacteroides ureolyticus (0.04 ± 0.01), Haemophilus influenzae (0.04 ± 0.02), and Prevotella oris (0.01 ± 0.01) were found at the lowest mean proportions. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in the residual population (0.52 ± 0.26). ConclusionsThe microbial climax community in teeth refractory to endodontic treatment not only harbors medically important species but also contains distinct microbial consortia present with different population levels.

Can apoptosis and necrosis coexist in ejaculated human spermatozoa during in vitro semen bacterial infection?

To evaluate whether ejaculated human spermatozoa undergo complete apoptosis or necrosis during experimental semen bacterial infection in vitro. Apoptotic markers, including mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and DNA fragmentation, have been detected simultaneously in ejaculated human sperm after their incubation with a known pathogenic (Escherichia coli), as well as with conditionally pathogenic bacterial strains (Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Bacteroides ureolyticus) and/or leukocytes. The ΔΨm and translocation of PS was evaluated using the JC-1 and Annexin V binding tests, respectively. A modified TUNEL assay with additional staining for sperm viability was used to detect the DNA fragmentation level. The exposure of ejaculated spermatozoa to bacterial strains was associated with a simultaneous decrease in the percentage of sperm with normal ΔΨm and an increase in the proportion of Annexin V-positive sperm. Additionally, in the presence of S. haemolyticus, B. ureolyticus and/or leukocytes, a significant increase in the percentage of live TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) as well as dead TUNEL-positive (necrotic) sperm cells was also observed. The cellular death observed in spermatozoa in the presence of inflammatory mediators may be due to both apoptosis and necrosis. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that direct contact of conditionally pathogenic bacteria with ejaculated human sperm may play an even greater role in the promotion of apoptosis than in case of some pathogenic bacterial strains. These findings suggest that significant bacteriospermia and leukocytospermia may be direct causes of subfertility or additional negative factors worsening the prognosis of fertility in natural and assisted procreation.

Fertilizing potential of ejaculated human spermatozoa during in vitro semen bacterial infection

To assess the invitro effect of three bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, serotype O75:HNT, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Bacteroides ureolyticus) and/or leukocytes on sperm motility, subcellular changes in sperm plasma membranes, and sperm fertilizing potential. An invitro model of semen bacterial infection. Basic research laboratory. Healthy normozoospermic volunteers and healthy blood donors. None. Sperm plasma membrane stability was evaluated with a LIVE/DEAD Sperm Viability Kit and with the merocyanine 540 (M540) test both performed using flow cytometry. An oxiSelect TBARS Assay Kit was used for quantitative measurement of malondialdehyde content. Functional ability of spermatozoa was assessed by hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test and sperm penetration assay (SPA). The incubation of sperm with bacteria and/or leukocytes was associated with the reduction of their fertilizing potential demonstrated in both the HOS test and SPA, and this effect can be considered as a natural consequence of diminished motility and sperm membrane injury of lipid bilayers. Bacteroides ureolyticus demonstrated the most significant detrimental effect on sperm structure and function. Sperm motility and lipid sperm membrane status might be the earliest and the most sensitive indicators of sperm damage with negative consequences for male factor fertility, which can be attributed to both bacteria and leukocytes action.

Subgingival microflora in inflammatory bowel disease patients with untreated periodontitis

To analyze the subgingival microflora composition of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with untreated chronic periodontitis and compare them with systemically healthy controls also having untreated chronic periodontitis. Thirty IBD patients [15 with Crohn's disease (CD) and 15 with ulcerative colitis (UC)] and 15 control individuals participated in the study. All patients had been diagnosed with untreated chronic periodontitis. From every patient, subgingival plaque was collected from four gingivitis and four periodontitis sites with paper points. Samples from the same category (gingivitis or periodontitis) in each patient were pooled together and stored at -70 °C until analysis using a checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for 74 bacterial species. Multiple-comparison analysis showed that the groups differed in bacterial counts for Bacteroides ureolyticus, Campylobacter gracilis, Parvimonas micra, Prevotella melaninogenica, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, and Treponema denticola (P<0.001). CD patients had significantly higher levels of these bacteria than UC patients either in gingivitis or in periodontitis sites (P<0.05). CD patients harbored higher levels of P. melaninogenica, S. aureus, S. anginosus, and S. mutans compared with controls both at gingivitis and at periodontitis sites (P<0.05). UC patients harbored higher levels of S. aureus (P=0.01) and P. anaerobius (P=0.05) than controls only in gingivitis sites. Our study showed that even with similar clinical periodontal parameters, IBD patients harbor higher levels of bacteria that are related to opportunistic infections in inflamed subgingival sites that might be harmful for the crucial microbe-host interaction.

Predisposing and bacteriological features of otitis media

Otitis media is an infectious condition that is more frequent in children. Its management is complex because the etiologies vary as the disease progresses. This study aimed to determine the predisposing factors and the bacterial etiology of otitis media. A total of 378 patients diagnosed with otitis media; comprised acute otitis media (29.4%), otitis media with effusion (32.3%) and chronic otitis media (38.4%). Bacteriological examination was done using aerobic and anaerobic culture methods. Children less than 5 years accounted for 46% of cases. Incidence was more in the rainy season (May-October). Unilateral infection which was more common (82%) was predominantly in the left ear (66.8%). Major predisposing factors to infection were age (19.8%), upper respiratory infection (14.8%), poor hygiene and unorthodox practices (14.8%), adenoid inflammation (8.5%) and trauma (6.1%). Streptococcus pneumoniae (38.1%), Moraxella catarrhalis (19.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.7%) characterized AOM. A paradigm shift was observed in otitis media with effusion, with S. aureus (19.1%) and Bacteroides ureolyticus (14.9%) dominating the flora. Etiologies in chronic otitis media were largely mixed aerobic-anaerobic component of 68.3%; predominant flora being Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.1%) and P. magnus (13.4%). The paradigm shift is instructive in deciding the line of antibiotic therapy to be instituted.

Persistent Extraradicular Infection in Root-filled Asymptomatic Human Tooth: Scanning Electron Microscopic Analysis and Microbial Investigation after Apical Microsurgery

Introduction Procedural accidents have a negative effect on healing and might contribute to the persistence of infections in inaccessible apical areas, requiring surgical intervention. This report describes a case of persistent apical periodontitis of a lower left first molar associated with the sinus tract and a periapical lesion that required nonsurgical endodontic retreatment and apical surgery for resolution. Methods The tooth had received endodontic treatment 3 years ago and had to be retreated using the crown-down technique with chemical auxiliary substance (2% chlorhexidine gel), foramen patency, and enlargement and was filled in a single appointment. The occlusal access cavity was immediately restored with composite resin. After 1 month, it could be observed that the sinus tract persisted and, radiographically, the lesion remained unaltered. Therefore, endodontic microsurgery was indicated. Apical microsurgery was performed under magnification with the use of a dental operating microscope including apicectomy, root end with ultrasound, and sealing with mineral trioxide aggregate. A microbiological sample was collected from the apical lesion. The resected distal root apex was observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results The following species were detected: Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces meyeri, Propionibacterium propionicum, Clostridium botullinum, Parvimonas micra, and Bacteroides ureolyticus; scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed bacterial biofilm surrounding the apical foramen and external radicular surface. Gutta-percha overfilling at the apex because of a zip caused during initial endodontic treatment could be observed. A 6-month follow-up showed apparent radiographic periapical healing, which progressed after 24 months. Conclusion Gram-positive anaerobic bacteria and extraradicular biofilm seem to participate in the maintenance of persistent periapical pathology, and endodontic retreatment followed by periapical microsurgery proved to be a successful alternative in the resolution of persistent extraradicular infections.

Host Attachment, Invasion, and Stimulation of Proinflammatory Cytokines byCampylobacter concisusand Other Non–Campylobacter jejuni CampylobacterSpecies

Campylobacter concisus and other non-Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacter species have been implicated in the initiation of gastrointestinal diseases. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between these bacteria and the human intestinal epithelium and immune cells. The ability of C. concisus, Campylobacter showae, Campylobacter hominis, and Bacteroides ureolyticus to invade epithelial cells was examined using scanning electron microscopy and gentamicin protection assays. Proinflammatory cytokines generated by epithelial and immune cells in response to these bacteria were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ussing Chamber, immunofluorescent stain, and Western blot were used to further elucidate the impact of C. concisus on intestinal barrier integrity and functions. Attachment of non-C. jejuni Campylobacter species to Caco-2 or HT-29 cells was mediated by flagellum-dependent and/or -independent processes. C. concisus was able to invade Caco-2 cells, generate a membrane-ruffling effect on the epithelial surface on entry, and damage epithelial barrier functions by preferential attachment to the cell-cell junctions. Proinflammatory cytokine profiles exhibited by epithelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages in response to C. concisus and other non-C. jejuni Campylobacter species were species and strain specific. These findings demonstrate that C. concisus and other non-C. jejuni Campylobacter species may play a role in initiating gastrointestinal diseases.

Reclassification of Bacteroides ureolyticus as Campylobacter ureolyticus comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Campylobacter

The protein profiles, genomic amplified fragment length polymorphism patterns and 16S rRNA and cpn60 gene sequences of a diverse collection of 26 Bacteroides ureolyticus strains, along with published data on their DNA base, respiratory quinone and cellular fatty acid compositions, were used to reassess the taxonomy of this bacterial species. The results demonstrate that this organism is most appropriately allocated in the genus Campylobacter. The presence of much higher amounts of 18 : 1omega7c in its cellular fatty acid profile and its ability to digest gelatin and casein are the characteristics that differentiate it from present species of the genus Campylobacter. Therefore we propose to reclassify this species incertae sedis into the genus Campylobacter as Campylobacter ureolyticus with strain LMG 6451(T) (=CCUG 7319(T) =NCTC 10941(T)) as the type strain.

The Impact of the Stone Age Diet on Gingival Conditions in the Absence of Oral Hygiene

The objective of this study was to assess the oral microbiota and clinical data in subjects without access to traditional oral hygiene methods and who ate a diet available in the Stone Age. Ten subjects living in an environment replicating the Stone Age for 4 weeks were enrolled in this study. Bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival and plaque indices, and probing depth (PD) were assessed at baseline and at 4 weeks. Microbiologic samples were collected at the mesio-buccal subgingival aspects of all teeth and from the dorsum of the tongue and were processed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization methods. No subject had periodontitis. Mean BOP decreased from 34.8% to 12.6% (P <0.001). Mean gingival index scores changed from 0.38 to 0.43 (not statistically significant) and mean plaque scores increased from 0.68 to 1.47 (P <0.001). PD at sites of subgingival sampling decreased (mean difference: 0.2 mm; P <0.001). At week 4, the total bacterial count was higher (P <0.001) for 24 of 74 species, including Bacteroides ureolyticus, Eikenella corrodens, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Capnocytophaga ochracea, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum naviforme, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Staphylococcus aureus (two strains), Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosis, and Streptococcus mitis. Bacterial counts from tongue samples were higher at baseline (P <0.001) for 20 species, including Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; serotype a), and Streptococcus spp. The experimental gingivitis protocol is not applicable if the diet (e.g., Stone Age) does not include refined sugars. Although plaque levels increased, BOP and PD decreased. Subgingival bacterial counts increased for several species not linked to periodontitis, whereas tongue bacterial samples decreased during the study period.

Bacteroides ureolyticus in men consulting for infertility.

A screening of 3196 semen analyses performed in our clinic from January 1986 to December 1990 revealed 314 (9.8%) patients whose semen was infected with Bacteroides ureolyticus. Investigating the relationship between the presence of B. ureolyticus, the seminal microflora and the conventional semen parameters, we observed that the presence of this micro-organism in the semen was coupled (1) to an increased presence of Enterococcus species, (2) to an increased number of short-tailed spermatozoa and epithelial cells, and (3) to a decreased total fructose concentration (mg ejaculate-1). These results suggest that B. ureolyticus or its toxins may influence sperm morphology and function by yet unknown mechanisms and may also increase the number of epithelial cells by soft tissue infection in vivo. The decreased fructose levels suggest that this anaerobic micro-organism might specifically colonize the seminal vesicles, while the normal zinc values recorded suggest a normal prostatic function. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that the presence of B. ureolyticus is not associated with nongonococcal urethritis.

Microflora of the penile skin-lined neovagina of transsexual women

BackgroundThe microflora of the penile skin-lined neovagina in male-to-female transsexuals is a recently created microbial niche which thus far has been characterized only to a very limited extent. Yet the knowledge of this microflora can be considered as essential to the follow-up of transsexual women. The primary objective of this study was to map the neo-vaginal microflora in a group of 50 transsexual women for whom a neovagina was constructed by means of the inverted penile skin flap technique. Secondary objectives were to describe possible correlations of this microflora with multiple patients' characteristics, such as sexual orientation, the incidence of vaginal irritation and malodorous vaginal discharge.ResultsBased on Gram stain the majority of smears revealed a mixed microflora that had some similarity with bacterial vaginosis (BV) microflora and that contained various amounts of cocci, polymorphous Gram-negative and Gram-positive rods, often with fusiform and comma-shaped rods, and sometimes even with spirochetes. Candida cells were not seen in any of the smears.On average 8.6 species were cultured per woman. The species most often found were: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus anginosus group spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Corynebacterium sp., Mobiluncus curtisii and Bacteroides ureolyticus. Lactobacilli were found in only one of 30 womenThere was no correlation between dilatation habits, having coitus, rinsing habits and malodorous vaginal discharge on the one hand and the presence of a particular species on the other. There was however a highly significant correlation between the presence of E. faecalis on the one hand and sexual orientation and coitus on the other (p = 0.003 and p = 0.027 respectively).Respectively 82%, 58% and 30% of the samples showed an amplicon after amplification with M. curtisii, Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis primer sets.ConclusionOur study is the first to describe the microflora of the penile skin-lined neovagina of transsexual women. It reveals a mixed microflora of aerobe and anaerobe species usually found either on the skin, in the intestinal microflora or in a BV microflora.

Microbiological Findings in Subjects With Asymptomatic Oral Lichen Planus: A Cross‐Sectional Comparative Study

The bacterial colonization of the oral mucosa was evaluated in patients with asymptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP) and compared to the microbiologic status in mucosally healthy subjects. Bacteria from patients with clinically and histopathologically diagnosed OLP from the Stomatology Service, Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, were collected with a non-invasive swab system. Samples were taken from OLP lesions on the gingiva and from non-affected sites on the contralateral side of the mouth. The control population did not have OLP and was recruited from the student clinic. All samples were processed with the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization method using well-defined bacterial species for the analysis. Significantly higher bacterial counts of Bacteroides ureolyticus (P = 0.001), Dialister species (sp.) (P = 0.006), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (P = 0.007), and Streptococcus agalactiae (P = 0.006) were found in samples taken from OLP lesions compared to sites with no clinical evidence of OLP. Significantly higher bacterial counts were found for Capnocytophaga sputigena, Eikenella corrodens, Lactobacillus crispatus, Mobiluncus curtisii, Neisseria mucosa, Prevotella bivia, Prevotella intermedia, and S. agalactiae at sites with lesions in subjects with OLP compared to sites in control subjects (P <0.001). Microbiologic differences were found between sites with OLP and sites in subjects without a diagnosis of OLP. Specifically, higher counts of staphylococci and S. agalactiae were found in OLP lesions.

The lower genital tract microbiota in relation to cytokine‐, SLPI‐ and endotoxin levels: application of checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization (CDH)

In the present study the lower genital tract microbiota in asymptomatic fertile women (n=34) was identified and quantified by culturing vaginal secretions. Also, vaginal and cervical samples were analyzed by a semiquantitative checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique (CDH) based on genomic probes prepared from 13 bacterial species (Bacteroides ureolyticus, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus curtisii ss curtisii, Prevotella bivia, Prevotella disiens, Prevotella melaninogenica, Atopobium vaginae, Lactobacillus iners, Staphylococcus aureus ss aureus, Streptococcus anginosus, and Streptococcus agalactiae). The bacterial species found by either culture or CDH were correlated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8), secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), and endotoxin in the cervicovaginal samples. Grading the women into healthy, intermediate, or bacterial vaginosis (BV) as based on Gram staining of vaginal smears, the viable counts of lactobacilli (L. gasseri) and of streptococci-staphylococci combined were highest in the intermediate group. In BV, particularly the high concentrations of Actinomyces urogenitalis, Atopobium vaginae, and Peptoniphilus harei were noted (>or=10(11) per ml). The total viable counts correlated with both cervical IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta. A strong negative correlation was observed between L. iners and total viable counts, G. vaginalis, or cervical IL-1 alpha, while it correlated positively with SLPI. Analysis of vaginal and cervical samples from 26 out of the 34 women by CDH showed that anaerobic bacteria were more frequently detected by CDH compared to culture. By this method, A. vaginae correlated with G. vaginalis, and L. iners with S. aureus. With regard to cytokines, B. ureolyticus correlated with both cervical and vaginal IL-1 alpha as well as with cervical IL-8, while F. nucleatum, S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, or S. aureus correlated with vaginal IL-1 alpha. Furthermore, all Gram-negative bacteria taken together, as measured by CDH, correlated with vaginal endotoxin and inversely with vaginal SLPI. The significance of the results is discussed. In summary, mapping of the identity and quantity of vaginal bacterial species and their association with locally produced host innate immune factors will help in defining various types of abnormal vaginal microbiota, developing new ways of assessing the risk of ascending subclinical infections, and in treating them. CDH appears to be a suitable tool for future analyses of large numbers of clinical samples with an extended number of bacterial probes.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and β-Lactamase Production of Anaerobic and Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Pus Specimens from Orofacial Infections

Most suppurative orofacial infections are polymicrobial. Information regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility of the microorganisms involved can be useful in the choice of an effective antibiotic therapy. In this study we determined the antimicrobial susceptibility of a total 235 anaerobic and aerobic bacteria recently isolated from pus specimens of orofacial infections. All the viridans streptococci were susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, imipenem and levofloxacin. Imipenem and levofloxacin were active against 100% of the anaerobic Gram-positive organisms isolated. Among the anaerobic Gram-negative rods β-lactamase production was detected in all species except Campylobacter rectus. Amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefoxitin, imipenem and metronidazole were active against all the isolates of anaerobic Gram-negative species. Isolates resistant to erythromycin were found in all the species tested, however, resistance to clindamycin was only detected in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides ureolyticus. Isolates resistant to levofloxacin were detected in P. gingivalis and Prevotella sp.

Grisel Syndrome Following Meningitis and Anaerobic Bacteremia With Bacteroides ureolyticus

ArticlePlus Click on the links below to access all the ArticlePlus for this article. Please note that ArticlePlus files may launch a viewer application outside of your web browser. https://links.lww.com/INF/A67 To the Editors: In this letter we describe a patient with Grisel syndrome after an unusual anaerobic infection. A 2-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with meningitis. Laboratory tests showed elevated inflammatory markers (leukocyte count, 12.3 × 10 E 9/L; neutrophils, 8.1 × 10 E 9/L; C-reactive protein, 423 mg/L). Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed neutrophilic pleocytosis, reduced glucose concentration, and normal protein. The stained smear of CSF showed Gram-negative bacilli, but the aerobic culture remained sterile. A susceptible Bacteroides ureolyticus was isolated from the anaerobic blood culture. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of head and spine showed signs of a retropharyngeal infiltrate with reactive inflammation or edema of the clivus. Puncture of the process showed no pus. Initial treatment consisted of ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg and metronidazole 30 mg/kg. Because of persisting fever antibiotic therapy was changed to meropenem (120 mg/kg), after with the patient recovered within 4 days. Four weeks after initial presentation he became subfebrile and was unable to move his neck. His head remained fixed in neutral position. There were no neurologic abnormalities. Laboratory test showed an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 85 mm/h and C-reactive protein of 16 mg/L. Conventional radiography of the cervical spine showed enlargement of the distance between the dens and the atlas. MRI showed a fluid collection just frontal to the clivus with signs of inflammation and signs of C1–C2 subluxation. Grisel syndrome resulting from a retropharyngeal abscess or osteomyelitis of C2 was suspected. Subsequent therapy consisted of intravenous meropenem for 4 weeks, followed by oral clindamycin 25 mg/kg for 14 days. The neck was immobilized with a (Minerva) collar for 4 weeks, followed by a soft collar for 4 weeks. No neurologic complications occurred, and our patient recovered completely. Grisel syndrome is a rare condition characterized by nontraumatic atlanto-axial dislocation. Children are believed to be at a higher risk because of the anatomy of the pediatric spine and the higher incidence of infections of the upper respiratory tract.1 Patients classically present with painful torticollis in which rotation of the neck passed the midline to the contra lateral side of the lesion is impossible. The head is held in “cock-robin” position (head tilting in forward position). Swelling of the retropharynx and Sudeck sign (spinous process of the axis palpable in the contralateral neck) can be noted on physical examination. In 15% of cases neurologic complications occur, ranging from radiculopathy to death caused by medullary compression.1 Diagnosis is confirmed by radiograph of the cervical spine, which showed that the distance between C1 and C2 is increased. Confirming the diagnosis is possible with computed tomography or MRI.1,2 Most treatment strategies are based on the Fielding classification system (Table 1; available online only)2,3 and comprise antibiotic treatment, immobilization and traction of the neck, and in case of neurologic complications or failure of treatment, cervical arthrodesis.1 Our patient presented with a meningitis in which the culture of the CSF was sterile, but the stained smear showed Gram-negative bacilli. In our hospital only aerobic culture of CSF is routinely performed. The anaerobic blood culture yielded B. ureolyticus, an anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus. Studies have shown that anaerobes account for 2.1–5.8% of all cases of bacteremia in children.4 Most frequently, anaerobic sepsis is caused by Bacteroides species, in which case B. fragilis is the most common pathogen and B. ureolyticus is uncommon.4–6 To our knowledge there have been no previous reports of meningitis caused by B. ureolyticus. In the case of bacteremia caused by anaerobic organisms, a primary focus of infection (abdominal/urogenital tract/respiratory tract/soft tissue) is almost always present.5 Depending on localization surgical drainage of the primary focus is essential to optimize treatment. Antibiotic treatment covering both anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms is necessary because of the polymicrobial nature of these infections.6 In our patient the retropharyngeal infiltrate demonstrated on MRI seemed the focus for the Bacteroides bacteremia. Jantien W. Wieringa, PhD Tom F. W. Wolfs, MD, PhD Marlies A. van Houten, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics Spaarne Hospital Hoofddorp, The Netherlands [email protected] Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht Department of Pediatrics Division of Infectious Diseases Utrecht, The Netherlands

Femoral vein thrombophlebitis and septic pulmonary embolism due to a mixed anaerobic infection including Solobacterium moorei: a case report

BackgroundPrimary foci of necrobacillosis infection outside the head and neck are uncommon but have been reported in the urogenital or gastrointestinal tracts. Reports of infection with Solobacterium moorei are rare.Case presentationA 37-year-old male intravenous drug user was admitted with pain in his right groin, fever, rigors and vomiting following a recent injection into the right femoral vein. Admission blood cultures grew Fusobacterium nucleatum, Solobacterium moorei and Bacteroides ureolyticus. The patient was successfully treated with intravenous penicillin and metronidazole.ConclusionThis case report describes an unusual case of femoral thrombophlebitis with septic pulmonary embolism associated with anaerobic organisms in a groin abscess. Solobacterium moorei, though rarely described, may also have clinically significant pathogenic potential.