Bacterium Proteus Mirabilis Research Articles

Photocatalytic scaffolds enhance anticancer performances of bacterial consortium AUN

Microbial metabolism and function are regulated by ambient microenvironment, yet no functional microporous materials are known to regulate anticancer activity of complex bacterial systems. Here we show that a simple scaffold-mediated bacterial culture is useful for enhancing the anticancer therapeutic abilities of a microbial consortium designated as AUN and composed of intratumoural bacteria Proteus mirabilis (A-gyo) and purple photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris (UN-gyo). Our discovery of the mechanism by which porous scaffolds influence the bacterial activities of AUN will facilitate further designs of artificial scaffold material for effective treatment against drug-resistant, triple-negative breast cancer models. A polydimethylsiloxane composite artificial scaffold encapsulating light-activatable TiO2 particularly enhanced the therapeutic outcomes of AUN in syngeneic and orthotopic models. These strong anticancer efficacies were synergistically expressed in tumours because of the potent oncolytic ability of AUN with the help of various immune cells. AUN administration to canines showed well tolerability in an exploratory study.

Investigation of Introns in Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria and Extent of their Resistance to Antibiotics

Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen meaning that causes infection in people with reduced natural immunity. These bacteria possess many virulence factors or pathogens which is essential for colonizing new areas, including tissues and hosts. The study aimed to investigate phenotypically or genetically the introns (MIs) in P. mirabilis by estimate the extent of its resistance to antibiotics. The results showed that the appearance of genetic packages for all migrated isolates at one level. This is an indication of the binding of the primer to its complementary sequence in the DNA strand. The molecular weights of the resulting genetic packages were estimated based on known standard packages, the apparent molecular weights in the path (M) with a graduated size (100- 200 bp). The results also showed a clear similarity of the molecular weight of the resulting bands (1500 bp) with the molecular weight of the diagnostic gene rRNA 16s. In addition, 20 isolates were examined using PCR technology for the three classes of introns gene. All isolates were carried the chromosome intron gene. The appearance of the intron 1 gene on all isolates was (100%).

Preparation of antibacterial composite aerogel for biomedical purposes based on alginate-chitosan complex and calcium carbonate

Aerogel composites were synthesized on the basis of the sodium alginate-chitosan interpolymer complex with the inclusion of calcium carbonate microparticles and supercritical drying. It is shown that the textural characteristics of materials do not depend on the morphology of calcium carbonate particles: the specific surface area of aerogels is almost the same for all materials and amounts to 380–400 m2/g. The developed porous structure of composites along with the polyelectrolyte nature determines their high water absorption— up to 110 g/g. To impart antimicrobial properties, the materials were impregnated with atranorin isolated from the lichen Hypogymnia physodes, which has a pronounced inhibitory effect on the bacterium Proteus mirabilis, which is the main causative agent of wound infections. The minimum suppressive concentration of atranorine is 1 mg/ml. The release of the main amount of atranorine aerosol material included in the matrix occurs within 4 hours and amounts to 50%.

Novel synthesis method of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) by using Proteus mirabilis bacteria

Carbon nanofiber (CNF) is a cylindrical carbon nanomaterial, with diameter around 100 nm and its length sometimes extends up to a few micrometers. Different types of CNFs are synthesized based on the production method, which differs dramatically in terms of structure, composition, and characteristics. Today, using green chemistry methods and microorganisms has resulted in biocompatible nanoparticles materials. In this work Proteus mirabilis bacteria were used as nanometer template for synthesis of carbon nanofibers. For this propose, two carbon electrodes were put into the solution containing Proteus mirabilis bacteria, sodium chloride, nickel chloride, molybdenum powder. To find optimized conditions for the synthesis of CNFs, the parameters of time, kind of electrodes and amount current were studied. The optimized conditions were found as follows: synthesis time 60 s, the carbon–carbon electrode and the electric current (90 A) with voltage of 24 V. The optimized synthesized carbon nanofibers were characterized with the techniques of FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive (SEM-EDX) and BET method.

Synthesis, theoretical studies, antibacterial, and antibiofilm activities of novel azo-azomethine chelates against the pathogenic bacterium Proteus mirabilis.

2-((1-(4-((2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidin-5-yl)diazenyl) phenyl) ethylidene) amino) benzoic acid (H3L), and its V(IV), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Pd(II) and Ag(I) chelates were synthesized. They were defined usingmultiple spectral and analytical techniques. With the exception of Ag(I) chelate, all chelates possessed non-electrolytic character. Square pyramidal shape was proposed for V(IV) chelate and Square planar for the other chelates. The analysis of functional group bands of H3L and its coordination compounds alludes that H3L chelated as neutral tetradentate via nitrogen atoms of azo and azomethine groups, oxygen atom of carbonyl of barbituric acid and OH of the carboxylic group. TG/DTG predicted the thermal behaviors of all compounds. The antibacterial activity of H3L and its coordination compounds was conducted against Proteusmirabilis at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000µg/mL. Ag(I) at 1000µg/mL, showed the most inhibiting potency against P.mirabilis and registered zone of inhibition of 28.33 ± 0.84mm and highest biofilm inhibition of 70.31%. At 50Gy of gamma irradiation, the reducing effect of Ag(I) chelate was improved. The protein interruption of P. mirabilis was greatly interrupted by increasing the concentration of the chaletes. Also, Ag(I) showed the highest cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 11.5 µg/ mL. The novelty of this study is the synthesis of a new azo-Schiff base and this is almost the first publication of the effect of azo-Schiff ligands against that bacterial strain P.mirabilis.

Understanding the role of zinc ions on struvite nucleation and growth in the context of infection urinary stones.

Taking into account that in recent decades there has been an increase in the incidence of urinary stones, especially in highly developed countries, from a wide range of potentially harmful substances commonly available in such countries, we chose zinc for the research presented in this article, which is classified by some sources as a heavy metal. In this article, we present the results of research on the influence of Zn2+ ion on the nucleation and growth of struvite crystals-the main component of infection urinary stones. The tests were carried out in an artificial urine environment with and without the presence of Proteus mirabilis bacteria. In the latter case, the activity of bacterial urease was simulated chemically, by systematic addition of an aqueous ammonia solution. The obtained results indicate that Zn2+ ions compete with Mg2+ ions, which leads to the gradual replacement of Mg2+ ions in the struvite crystal lattice with Zn2+ ions to some extent. This means co-precipitation of Mg-struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) and Znx-struvite (Mg1-xZnxNH4PO4·6H2O). Speciation analysis of chemical complexes showed that Znx-struvite precipitates at slightly lower pH values than Mg-struvite. This means that Zn2+ ions shift the nucleation point of crystalline solids towards a lower pH. Additionally, the conducted research shows that Zn2+ ions, in the range of tested concentrations, do not have a toxic effect on bacteria; on the contrary, it has a positive effect on cellular metabolism, enabling bacteria to develop better. It means that Zn2+ ions in artificial urine, in vitro, slightly increase the risk of developing infection urinary stones.

Hair cosmetic ingredients from the symbiont bacteria Xylocarpus sp. fruit are based on antimicrobial and antifungal bacteria

The symbiotic bacteria of the mangrove fruit, Xylocarpus sp., have the potential to act as antibacterial and antifungal agents. The research objective is to determine the possibility of producing symbiotic bacteria for the cosmetic bioindustry. Isolate Alcaligenes aquatilis (Isolate X1.63), Sinomicrobium oceani (Isolate X2.52), S. oceani (Isolate X1.54), Pseudomonas khazarica (Isolate X1.64), S. oceani (Isolate X1.53), and Proteus mirabilis (Isolate X1.65) bacteria were used as samples and tested against pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Then, a cream was prepared using symbiotic bacteria as the main ingredient with different concentrations for subsequent testing on mouse skin over 14 days. Finally, it was analyzed using histological methods. Hair follicle growth ability was observed at various concentrations of the cream. Specifically, the consortium bacterial cream shows superior efficacy compared to other treatments. Testing bacterial extract as a cream formulation can be an alternative treatment for alopecia (baldness). The research findings concluded that the symbiotic bacteria of Xylocarpus sp. mangrove fruit have the potential to be used as a material for the cosmetic bioindustry. This is because, in addition to having antibacterial and antifungal properties, they also demonstrate potential for use as a hair cream product for treating alopecia.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from P. digitatum Study and Its Effect against A. baumannii and Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from P. digitatum Study and Its Effect against A. baumannii and Proteus Mirabilis Bacteria

Transcriptomic analysis of skin immunity genes in the Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa) after Proteus mirabilis infection

Recently, populations of Chinese spiny frogs (Quasipaa spinosa), an important amphibian species in China, have decreased, mainly due to a disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis. To elucidate the immune response of the frogs, this study aimed to identify novel candidate genes functionally associated with P. mirabilis infection-induced “rotting skin” disease. Chinese spiny frogs were infected with P. mirabilis, and the skin transcriptome was sequenced using the MGISEQ-2000 platform. A total of 233,965 unigenes were obtained by sequencing, of which 27.23 % were known genes. Screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated 210 unigenes differentially expressed after P. mirabilis infection, of which 132 unigenes were up-regulated, and 78 unigenes were down-regulated. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, DEGs were identified as enriched in signal pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, and the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway. Of the DEGs, there was a significant upregulation of the colony stimulating factor 2 receptor beta common subunit, interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, interleukin-17 receptor E, receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3, and pulmonary surfactant-associated protein D immune genes following P. mirabilis infection. Conversely, scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing group B protein, tumor protein p53 inducible nuclear protein 2, suppressor of cytokine signaling 2, and metalloreductase STEAP3 were significantly downregulated. In conclusion, the first skin transcriptome database of Chinese spiny frogs was established, and several immune genes were identified to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of “skin rot” in Chinese spiny frogs and other cultured frogs.

Assignment of the antibacterial potential of Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposite against MDR bacteria Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhi isolated from bone marrow transplant patients

The rate of infectious diseases started to be one of the major mortality agents in the healthcare sector. Exposed to increased bacterial infection by antibiotic-resistant bacteria became one of the complications that occurred for bone marrow transplant patients. Nanotechnology may provide clinicians and patients with the key to overcoming multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, this study was conducted to clarify the prevalence of MDR bacteria in bone marrow transplant recipients and the use of Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposites to treat participants of diarrhea brought on by MDR bacteria following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Present results show that pathogenic bacteria were present in 100 of 195 stool samples from individuals who had diarrhea. Phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular analysis clarify that Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhi were detected in 21 and 25 samples, respectively. Successful synthesis of Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposites with a particle enables to inhibition of both pathogens. The maximum inhibitory impact was seen on Salmonella typhi. At low doses (10−5 g/l), it prevented the growth by 53.4%, while at higher concentrations (10−1 g/l), Salmonella typhi was inhibited by 95.5%. Regarding Proteus mirabilis, at (10−5 g/l) Ag2O/ZnO, it was inhabited by 78.7%, but at higher concentrations (10−1 g/l), it was inhibited the growth by 94.6%. Ag2O/ZnO nanocomposite was therefore found to be the most effective therapy for MDR-isolated bacteria and offered promise for the treatment of MDR bacterial infections that cause diarrhea.

Regioselective synthesis of new (imidazo[2,1-b] [1,3]-thiazin-6-yl)-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylates as potential antimicrobial agents

The paper presents the results of the study on the interaction of azido(benz)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazines with acetylene carboxylates under non-catalytic conditions according to Huguesgen. It was established that the [3+2]-cyclocondensation of the specified reagents occurs regioselectively upon heating and without the use of a catalyst with the formation of a 1,4-addition product, alkyl 1-((benzo)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-6-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylates 4a–g, the structure of which was thoroughly proved by the methods of 1H (13C) NMR spectroscopy and chromatography-mass spectrometry. All obtained compounds were investigated in vitro experiments for antibacterial and antifungal activity. Based on the results of bioscreening, methyl 1-(2,3-diphenyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazin-6-yl)-1H-1,2,3- triazole-5-carboxylate 4b, ethyl 1-(2,3-diphenyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazin-6-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate 4c, methyl 1-(3,4-dihydro-2H-benz[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazin-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate 4e, tert-butyl 1-(3,4-dihydro-2H-benz[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazine-3-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carboxylate 4g showed a bactericidal effect at a concentration of 31.25 g/ml against the bacterium Proteus mirabilis.

Could the Urease of the Gut Bacterium Proteus mirabilis Play a Role in the Altered Gut-Brain Talk Associated with Parkinson's Disease?

Intestinal dysbiosis seems to play a role in neurodegenerative pathologies. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have an altered gut microbiota. Moreover, mice treated orally with the gut microbe Proteus mirabilis developed Parkinson's-like symptoms. Here, the possible involvement of P. mirabilis urease (PMU) and its B subunit (PmUreβ) in the pathogenesis of PD was assessed. Purified proteins were given to mice intraperitoneally (20 μg/animal/day) for one week. Behavioral tests were conducted, and brain homogenates of the treated animals were subjected to immunoassays. After treatment with PMU, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured in Caco2 cells and cellular permeability was assayed in Hek 293. The proteins were incubated in vitro with α-synuclein and examined via transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that PMU treatment induced depressive-like behavior in mice. No motor deficits were observed. The brain homogenates had an increased content of caspase-9, while the levels of α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase decreased. PMU increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines and altered the cellular permeability in cultured cells. The urease, but not the PmUreβ, altered the morphology of α-synuclein aggregates in vitro, forming fragmented aggregates. We concluded that PMU promotes pro-inflammatory effects in cultured cells. In vivo, PMU induces neuroinflammation and a depressive-like phenotype compatible with the first stages of PD development.

Riparian Trees and Its Roles to Water Quality in Niukbaun Springs

Riparian trees play an essential role in maintaining the quality of the springs. This research was conducted to determine riparian tree types and water quality in Niukbaun Springs, Kupang district. Tree samples were measured by using the Quadrat Sampling Technique. Meanwhile, water quality measurement included physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. All data collected were analyzed to determine the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, tree endemism status, and gap analysis (conformance of water quality profiles with water quality standards). The results revealed that there were 11 families consisting of Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Bombacaceae, Dendrocnide, Elaeocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae, Oxalidaceae, Sapindaceae, and Verbenaceae with a total of 149 individuals. The endemism status of the 15 tree species found was 80% classified as endemic and 20% classified as exotic. From the results of the physical and chemical quality tests of water, it was found that almost all parameters met the water quality standards, except for nickel (dissolved metal), which did not meet the water quality standards. Microbiological test results revealed a type of bacteria with similar characteristics to the bacteria Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella aerogenes, and E. coli. Human activities impact the diversity of riparian trees and the quality of water in Niukbaun Springs.

Insights into the physical and chemical properties of struvite crystal surfaces in terms of the effectiveness of bacterial adhesion

In this paper, we present the results of research on the physicochemical properties of two selected faces of the struvite crystal, which is the main component of infectious urinary stones. Two main faces, (001) and (00overline{1}), ending the c-axis, were selected for the study. These faces are not related by symmetry relations, which means, among other things, that they should have a different atomic structure, which was confirmed experimentally. In addition, the studies show that the tested surfaces have hydrophilic properties, however, the (00overline{1}) face is more hydrophilic compared to the (001) face. The physicochemical properties of the crystal as a whole, as well as the physicochemical properties of these faces influence the magnitude of adhesion. The adhesive force in both water and artificial urine is greater for face (00overline{1}) compared to face (001). The assessment of the adhesion of Proteus mirabilis bacteria in artificial urine also shows that the adhesion is greater for face (00overline{1}) than for face (001). The adhesion of bacteria to the examined faces of the struvite crystal, and in particular the increased adhesion of bacteria to the face (00overline{1}), may be the first stage of biofilm formation, which may result in a high rate of recurrence of infectious urinary stones after treatment.

Antibacterial activity of some plants extracts against proteus mirabilis bacteria

Medicinal plants are being looked at as potential new sources of medicines that could replace antibiotics in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The aim of this study is to measure the effect of plant extracts on Proteus mirabilis growth to determine the antibacterial activity of them . Methods: Experimental, in vitro, of Al-Mustaqabal University Collage, The effects of four plant extracts on Proteus mirabilis were assessed. At a concentration of 10%, the activity was assessed using the well diffusion method. Result: Four aqueous plant extracts were tested for antibacterial activity (Peganum harmala, Piper nigrum, Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum) has been evaluated against Proteus mirabilis (Isolated from urinary tract infection). The concentration was used for each type of extract 10mg\ml. In this concentration, the aqueous extract was effective against Proteus mirabilis with inhibition zones of 18 mm, 15 mm and 14 mm respectively, and extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum shown no inhibition zone. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Peganum harmala against Proteus mirabilis, showed the highest inhibition of 18mm with the concentration 10%. Whereas, aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum has no antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis.

Intestinal microbiocenosis and fodder digestibility in broiler chickens when using probiotics

Abstract. Research objective was to study the intestinal microbiocenosis in broiler chickens. Laboratory test was conducted at Research and Development Center for Agriculture of the North-Western Branch of Tyumen Research Center of SB RAS. Methods. Cobb 500 chickens breed was used. The main part of experiment began at the age of 14 days. By this time, chickens had reached an average body weight of 365 grams. The control group of chickens was fed basic diet, consisting of total mixed ration fodder and pure water. Chickens of the 1st experimental group during the main stage of experiment were fed with “Vetom 2” probiotic additive in drinking water at 50 mg / 1 kg of poultry weight, whereas chickens of the 2nd experimental group were fed “Lactobifadol” added to their fodder at the rate of 0.2 g per 1 kg of poultry weight. Research results have showed that prior to feeding probiotic formulations no pathogenic microflora was observed in the microbiocenosis of the droppings of broiler chickens. Conditionally pathogenic bacteria, such as Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus were present. Bacillis spp. was present in all of the samples. After feeding the formulations, no pathogenic microflora was detected in the droppings of chickens in experiment groups. Conditionally pathogenic bacteria Proteus mirabilis were present in the droppings of control group chickens, the 1st experimental group, 2nd experimental group. Concentrations of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacteria in chickens’ droppings fed with “Lactobifadol” were significantly higher than in the rest of the groups. Bacillus spp. was present in all samples of the 1st experimental group fed with “Vetom 2”. It was also present in the droppings of chickens in other groups. Scientific novelty. Laboratory experiment involving broiler chickens aimed at researching intestinal microbiocenosis and its effect on digestibility of mixed fodder was conducted in Northern Trans-Urals conditions for the first time.

Endophytic Streptomyces rochei BpR-2 GER (ON142045) from Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken with Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential

Objectives: To explore the endophytic actinobacteria from the root tissue of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken and its assessment for antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against human pathogens. Methods: Surface sterilized root tissues of B. pinnatum have been seeded in different isolation media, to obtain colonies of endophytic actinobacteria. A polyphasic approach has been used to identify the isolate. Cross streak and disc diffusion methods have been used to perform the antimicrobial activity. However, the crystal violet assay assessed the antibiofilm activity, and its visualization was done under the light and fluorescent microscope. Findings: By polyphasic approach, Actinobacteria strain BpR-2 GER has been confirmed to be the member of genus Streptomyces, further through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain has been identified as Streptomyces rochei that has 100% sequence similarity with Streptomyces rochei NRRL B-2410 (MUMD01000370). The isolate has exhibited extensive antagonistic interaction with Clinical and MTCC (Microbial Type Culture Collection) pathogens ranging from 9.750.71 to 19.381.30 mm. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded against Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis (MTCC-441) of 19.381.30 mm and Gram-negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis (Clinical) of 16.250.71 mm. The strain has also exhibited significant antibiofilm potential against the MTCC-7443 (85.130.003 to 88.280.003%) and Clinical (85.130.003 to 88.280.003%) strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Novelty: This is the first report of S. rochei BpR-2 GER, a root endophyte of B. pinnatum with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and a significant antibiofilm property. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Antibiofilm activity; Bryophyllum pinnatum; Endophytic Actinobacteria; Streptomyces rochei

Molecular detection of some genes virulent bacteria Proteus mirabilis isolated from kidney stones

The current study Included the collection of samples (68) grit kidneys of patients undergoing surgery for lifting gravel in hospitals in the city of Tikrit and for the period from the month of April 2012 to the month of May 2013. The results of the study that people with the proportion of males (64.71%) while she was infected with the proportion of females (35.29 %) outweigh any male female ratio (1.83:1), diagnostic results showed depending on the biochemical tests and API-20system showed that E.coli and Ps.aeruginosa were the most frequent among other bacterial species and by isolating (30.76%) and (21.22%), respectively, while the bacteria P.mirabilis has given isolate percentage (15.38%) Followed by bacteria and Kl.pneumoniae Citrobacter.freundii by insolation (9.6%) and (5.67%) respectively, while giving the rest of the bacterial species (Staph.aureus,, Acinetobacter. freundii, E.faecalis Serratia .marscenes) isolation rate equal (3.84%), while isolating the bacteria Staph.epidermidis did not exceed (1.92%).The results of the investigation of the presence of genes,( mrpA, zapA, ureC) using polymerase chain reaction DNA (PCR) , Revealed that all isolates bacteria of P.mirabilis owning genes ( mrpA, zapA, ureC) encoding virulence factors (urease, protease, the ability to produce pili (mrp).

Identify some virulence factors of bacteria Proteus mirabilis isolated from people with otitis

This study was carried out during the period from 5/4/ to 13/11/2016, collected (50) then swab from patients with acute and chronic otitis reviewers to Advisory clinic ear nose and throat Division at Baquba General Hospital, The aim of this current study was to isolate and diagnose proteus mirabilis and detection of some of its virulence factors. Smear incubated culture media and diffrentation, and then subjected to microscopic, biochemical tests germ farms for the purpose of diagnosing the variable spores. Test investigation of dynamic membrane configuration outside the living body run by using the variable germ isolated Congo-red dye. 10 (20%) (streak of Proteus mirabilis, type either wipes which showed the volatile race not pathogen growth was 30, (60 %), while negative smears for bacterial 10 (20%) .The results of a study showed virulence factors of bacteria the variable to 10 (100 %) isolation of her ability to produce swarming movement, 9 (90%) isolation possesses the ability to analyses human red blood cells, while 9 (90%) isolation of dynamic membrane configuration capability

PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION, FT-IR PROFILING AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF PAPAYA (VAR. RED LADY) PEEL- A RICH SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE CHEMICALS

Fruit wastes are produced in huge quantities which constitute a source of pesterer in the environment due to their highbiodegradability. To explore the potential of fruit waste as natural resources of bioactive compounds the present studyinvestigate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals, FT- IR fingerprinting and antimicrobial activity ofpetroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water extracts of papaya peel collected from variety red lady. The qualitativephytochemical investigation of papaya peel extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins,saponins, terpenoids and steroids, whereas in the estimation, total amount of phenols was high when compared toflavonoids. The FT-IR spectroscopic investigation showed the presence of characteristic peak values with different usefulmixtures of functional groups such as hydroxy group, aliphatic, carbonyl, alcohols, phenols, alkanes, ketones, carboxylicacids, amine and aromatics. Among the four extracts evaluated, ethyl acetate fraction showed more numbers offunctional groups. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extract displayed increased antibacterial activity in all tested bacterialstrains and found as better solvents for the isolation of the bioactive compounds from papaya peel. Highest zone ofinhibition (20mm) was showed by Gram negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis against synthetic antibiotic tetracycline(24mm).