Bacteriological State Research Articles

Assessment of the sanitary and microbiological state of the habitating environment of water biological resources in the northern part of the Caspian sea

Both the habitat of aquatic biological resources and almost all ecological and trophic groups of biocenoses are subject to the negative impact of anthropogenic activities in the coastal zone and in the Caspian Sea. Anthropogenic eutrophication caused by domestic and industrial wastewater, fertilizers, disrupts the balance in the structure of biocenoses. Toxic technogenic emissions lead to changes in the state of natural aquatic ecosystems. In order to maintain balance in the face of anthropogenic changes, it is necessary to assess the state of these ecosystems. Оne of the indicators in assessing the quality of the habitat of aquatic biological resources is the sanitary condition of the reservoirs of the Volga-Caspian region. The sanitary and bacteriological state of the northern part of the Caspian Sea was studied as a fishery reservoir and habitat for aquatic biological resources. Based on the results obtained, the degree of pollution of the reservoir and the anthropogenic impact on the studied reservoir. In 2021 seasonal changes in the number of saprotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria in sea water and soil were noted in the waters of the Northern Caspian. In summer, water quality was classified as “clean” water (category 1), while in autumn it deteriorated and was assessed as “polluted” water (category 2). High values of the coli index and the presence of lactose-positive E. coli testified to the presence of household, including fecal, pollution in the coastal zone of the Northern Caspian Sea. At the same time, conditionally pathogenic bacteria (aeromonads, pseudomonads) were not isolated in the studied water samples. The obtained microbiological data indicate a slight anthropogenic impact on the study area.

Biotechnological principles for improving the ecological state of natural springs in the city of Lviv

A large number of water sources were found on the territory of Ukraine. Water sometimes has healing properties, but spring water's quality and “purity” cannot be guaranteed. It depends not only on people's daily activities but also on the location of the source. On the territory of the city of Lviv, there are several springs, the water used by the city's residents. An important problem is the removal of nitrites, nitrates, and sulfates that enter the water due to metabolic processes and disinfection using chlorammonization. The article examines the current ecological, microbiological and bacteriological state of natural sources in Lviv and characterizes water bodies' physical and chemical indicators. An analysis of literary data on the main characteristics of spring waters and their purification methods was carried out. The necessity, and therefore the relevance, of the analysis and detailed assessment of the water quality of springs in the territory of Lviv, is shown, namely: spring No. 1 in the park “Zalizna Voda” (Lviv, Ternopilska St.); spring No. 2 in the park “Zalizna Voda” (Lviv, Myshugy Street); spring No. 3 in Stryi Park (Lviv, Stryiska St.). Based on the obtained results, biotechnological methods and possible ways of solving the issues of ecologically safe use of spring waters of the city of Lviv are proposed. The results of the analysis were compared with the MPC (limit-permissible concentrations) of harmful substances in water bodies following Order No. 400 dated 12.05.2010 on the approval of the State sanitary standards and rules “Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption” (DSanPiN 2.2. 4-171-10). Some problems were identified, which are solved by involving associations of microorganisms. Increased exploitation of biological processes for drinking water purification is the best way to ensure safe water in the city. According to the research results, it was determined that effective methods of water purification could be achieved when applying the proposed biotechnological methods.

Microbiological assessment of drinking water quality at different stages of water treatment

The object of research is the quality of sources of centralized water supply according to epidemiological indications and the technology of their disinfection at different stages of water treatment using the example of the «Zhytomyrvodokanal» utility company (UC) (Ukraine). The object of research is evaluated and it is found that studying the bacteriological state of water bodies that are sources of centralized water supply is currently one of the most important tasks. Especially, given the significant impact of human activities on surface waters and the insufficient pace of modernization of water treatment equipment. It is determined that widespread disinfection methods using ultraviolet and chemicals (chlorination and ozonation) have their strengths and weaknesses. The paper presents the results of analyzes of water from sources of centralized water supply at different stages of water treatment accordi"ng to microbiological indicators during 2019: total microbial number (TMN) and total number of coliphages. The unsatisfactory condition of water bodies has been established; it is a source of water supply in the city. It is proved that the existing technology of disinfecting water from centralized water sources, which is carried out in two stages using soluble chlorine and sodium hypochlorite, is effective in neutralizing bacteria of the Escherichia coli group. As a research result, the dependence of the concentration of microorganisms in water sources of centralized water supply on weather conditions is revealed (in total, microbial pollution is observed from May to October). A moderate level of water pollution (ranging from 1.1 to 7.5 units) has been proven by the epidemiological criterion in the «Denyshi» and «Vidsychne» reservoirs (Zhytomyr Region, Ukraine). It has been established that the epidemiological criterion is an acceptable level in clean water tanks. It can be argued that the water in the tanks is suitable for drinking water use by the local population. Thus, the research results show that the technology of water disinfection (involves the introduction of two stages of water treatment) used at the «Zhytomyrvodokanal» UC is effective. Accordingly, this technology may be interesting for other settlements, in the absence of significant funds for the modernization of equipment and in the face of climate change, accompanied by an annual increase in temperature and an increase in the number of microorganisms in water sources.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Study of the Three Sites in Ain Sebaa-Zenata Region after the Installation of the Anti-pollution Station of the East Coast of Grand Casablanca

The Moroccan coastline has been subjected exceptionally to the growth of urban agglomerations as well as to the negative effect of various industrial activities, together with the contributions of watersheds, wadis and streams that dump their sewage and the waste generated by cities and their periphery.
 Aim: First of all, we carry out an evaluation of the Physicochemical, bacteriological state of the bathing water sample of the beaches of Ain Sebaâ-Zenata through the search of the bacteriological and chemical contaminants in three sites by reinforcing them to the national norms and standards which govern the quality of the bathing water, on the other hand, we compare these results with those found before the inauguration of the anti-pollution station East of Greater Casablanca.
 Study Design: Study of the seawater quality of three swimming beaches.
 Place and Duration of Study: Seawater was collected on 15/04/2017 from 3 sites in the Ain Sebaa- Zenata (Douar Abdellah Belhaj Beach, El Nahla Beach, Zenata Beach) region of the city of Casablanca after the installation of the anti-pollution station.
 Methodology: Our job articulates on two axes: On the one hand, the study and the analysis of the physicochemical, bacteriological quality of the seawater after the installation of EST Casablanca anti-pollution station at the level of three sites (Douar Abdellah Belhaj Beach, El Nahla Beach, Zenata Beach). On the other hand, the comparison of these results with others already carried out before the development of this station via the same characteristics: Physico-chemical, bacteriological.
 Results: In the light of the acquired results, a correlation was pointed out between the Physicochemical and bacteriological examination in comparison with the standards in the three studied sites, which were previously recognized as heavily contaminated bathing areas before the installation of the station. It supports the conclusion that this anti-pollution system has a beneficial and advantageous effect and confirms its cleansing role.
 Conclusion: The current physico-chemical and bacteriological results of seawater in the Ain Sebaaa - Zenata region after the installation of the anti-pollution station show a significant improvement in the quality of this bathing area as well as the beneficial effect of this plant, which performs a very considerable purification function.

The Influence of Admixtures Accelerating the Pine Bark Composting Process on Variation in the Bacteriological State of Composts

The focus of the study was on the dynamics of the variation in the population of copiotrophic and oligotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria as well as the level of acid and alkaline phosphatase activities taking place during pine bark composting, depending on the application of different organic admixtures and the Effective Microorganisms microbiological preparation as well as variation in pH values and temperature. Above all, the trend in the variation in the population of microorganisms under analysis and enzymatic activity depended on the type of admixture applied to the composted pine bark. Apart from that, the course of microbiological activity was also infl uenced by temperature variation, which resulted from the course of the composting process. The results obtained in the experiment proved that the admixture of PGM (plant green matter) to the composted prisms had stimulating infl uence on the microbiological indexes under analysis.

Examination of bacteriological status of surface fresh waters using direct and cultivation methods

The number of bacteria in surface waters reflects the current state of waters and their trophicity, and it is the first parameter that is affected by the anthropogenic contamination. Traditionally, quantification of bacteria in waters is performed using the cultivation methods. However, all these methods detect only cultivable bacteria; the results depend on the incubation conditions, and the results are obtained after several days. These deficiencies are solved by using direct methods. This work is the first bacteriological examination of the reservoir Celije and its tributaries by using a direct method of quantification. Total of 343 samples of water from the reservoir and its tributaries were processed. In each sample, the count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria was determined using cultivation method was involving involved inoculation of samples on high-nutrient PCA medium and on low-nutrient R2A medium, and incubation for 7 days at room temperature. The total number of bacteria was determined by epifluorescence microscopy technique after filtration of samples previously stained with acridine orange. Using the cultivation methods, the highest number of bacteria was recorded in the river of Blatasnica on R2A medium (56,535 CFU/ml), and lowest in the basin Vodozahvat on PCA medium (1,364 CFU/ml). According to the results from R2A, water belonged to the class of water of poorer quality compared to the results from the PCA. The results obtained by the direct method were correlated with cultivation methods. The significantly highest number of bacteria was obtained by epifluorescence microscopy, and the lowest on PCA medium. If the application of direct method for some reason is not possible, the real results of bacteriological state of surface waters can be obtained by inoculation of samples on R2A medium with adequate incubation conditions.

The bacteriological state of mink's kittening houses in perinatal period

Summary. Reducing the number of young minks falls is a resultant of many factors among which a high standard of hygiene maintenance in the premises plays an important role, as indicated by differences in morbidity and mortality of young minks, depending on the farm. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological status of the mink houses environment in the perinatal period. Studying the microbiological properties of litter collected in two treatment periods, significant differences in the number of mesophilic bacteria were found. The presence of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacilli on the body surface and in the intestines of young minks, from the mothers of both weigh groups were observed. Own research, which showed abundant growth of pure bacterial cultures from both the litter and dead bodies of y oung minks, may indicate a significant effect of bacterial factors on the health and survival of young minks in the perinatal period of these animals.

The Bacteriological and Sanitary State of Sewage in an On-site Willow Wastewater Treatment Facility

The Bacteriological and Sanitary State of Sewage in an On-site Willow Wastewater Treatment Facility

Effect of taurolidine on the normal eyelid and conjunctival flora

Purpose. The effectiveness of the topical taurolidine was evaluated in eradicating or reducing microorganisms in the normal flora of human eyes in a randomized controlled study and analyzed also the irritating effects of taurolidine on the ocular surface. Methods. One hundred and twenty eyes of 110 patients awaiting cataract surgery were randomly divided into four groups consisting of 30 eyes each. The first group received 0.05% taurolidine, the second received 0.3% gentamicin, the third received vehicle eyedrops and the fourth received saline to the preoperative eye four times daily for two days. Cultures were obtained from the eyelids and conjunctivas of all subjects prior to the therapy and again at the end of 48 hours. Micro-biological identification and colony counts were performed by standard laboratory methods, and the results were compared. The patients were clinically evaluated for symptoms and signs at the end of therapies. Results. Taurolidine and gentamicin produced a significant decrease from the basal bacteriological state: the number of colonies (p < 0.01 for taurolidine, p < 0.01 for gentamicin) was reduced by both agents. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common microorganism isolated before therapy, and the number of its colonies was significantly reduced in taurolidine-treated (p < 0.001) and gentamicin-treated (p < 0.01) subjects. There was no significant difference in terms of the irritating effects for all therapies tested (p > 0.05). Conclusions. Taurolidine solution with its unique properties is an effective antimicrobial agent for reducing the number of bacteria in the flora of the eye. Taurolidine appears to be well tolerated and offers promise as a potential new antimicrobial drug.

Impact de la desinfection de l'effluent d'une station depuration en zone cotiere mediterraneenne - The Impact of Disinfection of the Effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant on the Mediterranean Coast

The removal of microorganisms from the wastewater of municipal treatment plants is more and more in demand in order to comply with the effluents standards required for the ecotoxicological protection of the receiving water, especially to levels of seaside resorts and shellfish breeding marine areas. Therefore, in these sensitive coastal areas close to seaside resorts, the study of the bacteriological pollution of the effluents has become a priority because of the inefficiency of the traditional wastewater treatment processes for microbic contamination. The bacterial concentration levels of the effluents are usually about 106 germs per 100 ml. The aim of a disinfection unit is to reduce these germ counts to under 2000 germs per 100 ml to comply with the natural receiving water bacterial levels and in particular where the quality of the water is required for sea-bathing. Chlorination is commonly used in the disinfection of wastewater effluents, but it does present disadvantages such as the bactericide efficiency (global bacteria elimination rate and specific species resistivity rate) which is limited. The use and storage of chemical reagents is an operating constraint. The UV disinfection seems to be valid and efficient without any risk of toxicity in the effluent. This technique which does not require reagents is simple to maintain at low and medium flows; it is easily automated and continuously monitored. Firstly, this paper describes comparative results for the reduction rate of bacterial concentrations using the above mentioned two disinfection techniques : chlorination and UV. A full-scale chlorination unit has been installed at the wastewater treatment plant of Canet-en-Roussillon where the received pollution corresponds to 50000 population equivalents in summer. Two UV pilot-scale units have also been installed on site. The effluents are discharged into the river Têt, the plant is located a few hundred meters from the outfall into the Mediterranean Sea downstream from a great urban center and close to a famous seaside resort. Secondly, a survey of the impact of wastewater disinfection on the coastal area is carried out following, in particular, the bacteriological state of the beaches. If the first step of this study is to determine the efficiency of the disinfection to improve the quality of the effluent and to obtain the levels required for a seaside resort, it is also essential, in a second step, to extend the investigation to evaluate the relative impact of the disinfection on the global quality of the natural coastal water.

Bacteriological State of the Urine in Symptom‐free Adult Males

Mid-stream urine specimens from 120 symptom-free males aged between 15 and 60 years were examined for cells and bacteria. Only 3 specimens showed pyuria, all of which yielded fastidious organisms. No specimen yielded a pure growth of an aerobe. Fastidious organisms in pure or mixed growth were isolated from 26% of the specimens, none in a count greater than 10(8)/l and the majority in counts less than 10(7)/l. It was concluded that pure growths of aerobes in any count in patients with symptoms are indicative of infection. Fastidious organisms should be sought in the urine of patients with symptoms or pyuria before more intensive and expensive investigations are pursued.

Variations in Measures of Udder Health within a Short Period of Time

Foremilk quarter samples were collected at morning and evening milkings on 6 dates during a 9 day period. At the end of the period teat puncture samples were drawn. Mastitis diagnoses based on bacteriological and cytological examinations were established for all 13 sets of samples from 45 cows (180 quarters). The effect of a fixed cell count (SCC) treshold value on mastitis diagnoses was studied as was the effect of variations in bacteriological state. The majority of shifts in diagnoses occurred only at few quarters due to the fact, that variation in the SCC–based diagnoses almost inevitably occurred in quarters with a SCC level close to the threshold. The future bacteriological state depended on both the previous and present bacteriological states in such a way, that changes in the future state seldom occurred when both the previous and present bacteriological states were the same. In conclusion, the quarter health state appeared to be fairly stable during a short period of time and the probability of changing mastitis diagnosis depended not only on the present diagnosis, but also on the actual somatic cell count and the previous bacteriological state.

Layered shaving of venous leg ulcers

A method for the quick preparation of refractory venous ulcer beds for autografting is described. Irrespective of their clinical or bacteriological state, ulcer granulations and other products of frustrated healing are shaved in layers down to an even and surgically clean base using an ordinary skin grafting knife. Our experience with 32 consecutive patients (58 ulcers) is reported. The mean duration of hospital stay, the patient being completely healed on discharge, was 18.3 days. This represents a decrease of more than 3 weeks when compared to a previously used standard method. No investigation into the question of recurrence was carried out as available evidence, which is critically reviewed, indicates no significant relation between the method of grafting and the incidence of recurrence.

COMPARISON OF URINE BAG-CHANGING REGIMENS IN ELDERLY CATHETERISED PATIENTS

Daily and weekly bag-changing regimens were compared in 12 elderly catheterised patients with reference to their clinical condition, leakage or blockage of the catheters, and the bacteriological state of the urine. Latex Foley catheters were used for the first 3 months and silastic catheters for the second 3 months of the study. All patients had bacteriuria throughout the study, and the average number of bacterial species isolated from each specimen was 3·8. There were no significant clinical or bacteriological differences between the patients on daily and those on weekly bag change. Although significantly more episodes of pyrexia were recorded during latex than during silastic catheterisation there was no correlation between these episodes and the bacteriological state of the urine. Of the 9 courses of antibacterial treatment given during the 6 months, 7 were for indications other than urinary tract infection. There were no episodes of acute pyelonephritis. There were 148 episodes of pyrexia unrelated to any clinical symptoms or signs. Only 2 were treated with antibiotics; the remainder subsided without treatment.

Observations on the value of a swab technique for determining the bacteriological state of milking equipment surfaces.

The reproducibility and efficacy of a swab technique for milking equipment in normal use was studied. Reproducibility was satisfactory when swabbing was done by trained personnel. It was confirmed that swabs pick up only a proportion of the microorganisms present on a surface; this proportion varies with the consistency of the contaminating material, but not with the type of surface on which it occurs. It is concluded that swabs allow the estimation of the maximum ability of a surface to contaminate the milk.Rigid smooth surfaces of the milking machine are recontaminated by microorganisms originating from joints and complex parts of the machine during rinsing after cleaning. A procedure to evaluate the efficacy of cleaning these surfaces is proposed.

Microbial load in tannery and textile effluents and their receiving rivers of Dhaka

The present study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of some selected microorganisms in industrial effluents and in the river Buriganga and Karnatoli, which receive the industrial effluents directly from industries, with a view to evaluate the effect of industrial effluents on river. The total viable bacterial count (TVBC) in both tannery and textile effluents were slightly higher in dry season than those of rainy and summer. The TVBC in Buriganga River ranged from 3.4 × 105 to 9.6 × 105, 2.2 × 104 to 1.2 × 105 and 7.2 × 104 to 4.5 × 105 cfu/ml in dry, rainy and summer seasons, respectively, and the TVBC in Karnatoli River ranged from 4.9 × 105 to 5.4 ×106, 1.2 × 105 to 1.0 × 105 and 5.3 × 104 to 3.8 × 105 cfu/ml in dry, rainy and summer seasons, respectively. Pseudomonas spp. in effluents and river water were also slightly higher in dry season than that of rainy and summer seasons due to increase in water level. The total coliform and fecal coliform counts of the industrial effluents and discharge point in the river were always very high, which was &gt;2.4 × 103cfu/100 ml in all seasons as measured by the MPN method. Salmonella, Vibrio and Staphylococcus were frequently isolated from all the sampling points throughout the year with a few exceptions. This study indicates that the water of the river Buriganga and Karnatoli is heavily contaminated with both industrial wastes and domestic sewage materials. The bacteriological state of the water of the rivers is comparable to that of the effluents. The presence of pathogenic organisms may pose health hazards to the users of the river water and also poses risks for the aquatic organisms especially fish of the water bodies. Key words: Microbial load; Tannery; Textile effluents; Receiving rivers DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i1.8946 DUJBS 2010; 19(1): 73-81

Sweden's Nacka Hospital Food System Centralizes Preparation and Distribution

This report was presented before the 14th In ternational Hospital Congress, held in Stock holm in June 1965, by Allan Bjorkman, assistant professor at the University of Stockholm, and K. A. Delphin, at that time superintendent of Stockholm's Nacka Hospital and who now heads AB Kostekonomi, a food service consulting com pany. The institutional food service administrator, particularly one who operates his own central commissary, will find this article of timely inter est. This type of food service should take into consideration all major systems of holding and reconstituting frozen foods (freezing, freeze- drying), dehydrated and canned foods. This article's contentions are most impressive: the safe bacteriological state of the finished product, preparation by ordinary culinary methods and usual recipes, the palatability life of the stored products, the variety of items included, to name a few. The possibility of reconstituting frozen products without the thermal trauma often ex perienced appears to be the principal benefit in the Nacka System. -Cdr. Leslie E. Bond (U.S.N. Ret'd), School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University.

The Occurrence of Clostridia on Bacon Slaughter Lines

Safety in the production of canned meat products depends on the numbers of heat resistant clostridia in the product before processing, as the effect of heat processing is limited. For this reason, the numbers of clostridia in the raw materials are of great importance, and any method which may reduce these numbers is of value.This investigation has shown that clostridia are present on the rind side of pig carcases at various stages during slaughter operations, the numbers depending on the bacteriological state of the slaughtering equipment. In addition, frozen sections have indicated the presence of clostridia in the deeper layers of the skin. Washing the carcases with hot water besides lowering the aerobic count also reduces the numbers of clostridia.

Prolonged out-patient chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis in West Africans following short-term hospital treatment

Summary An investigation has been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of out-patient chemotherapy (using isoniazid and PAS) following a short period of hospital treatment (using streptomycin combined with isoniazid, or streptomycin combined with isoniazid and PAS). The combinations used were reasonably effective in improving clinical condition and radiographic appearances, and in clearing tubercle bacilli from the sputum. In respect of bacteriological state and the behaviour of cavities, those commencing treatment with a triple drug combination improved to a greater extent in the early months. Reasons are given for the belief that there are serious and possibly dangerous limitations to the usefulness of oral chemotherapy of out-patients, when applied over a prolonged period, under existing conditions in West Africa.

Tuberculosis in immigrants in Birmingham, 1956-1957.

Until quite recently the only numerically import ant migration into Great Britain was from Ireland, and the two papers (Hess and Macdonald, 1954; Brett, 1958) published since 1945 on tuberculosis in immigrants dealt mainly with tuberculosis in Irish immigrants to one section of London. The City of Birmingham, with a population of just over 1,100,000 has many inhabitants who are not natives of the city; most have come from other parts of England, but there has also been for many years a steady immigration of Irish, and for a rather shorter period a number of Indians and Pakistanis and a consider able influx of West Indians. With this varied popula tion and a unified tuberculosis service, it seemed appropriate to undertake at least a preliminary study of tuberculosis in immigrants in Birmingham. It was accordingly arranged that tuberculosis visitors should routinely ascertain the place of birth of every person notified as suffering from tuberculosis in Birmingham on and after January 1, 1956. From the information so obtained it has been possible to tabulate the place of birth, age, and sex of persons notified during the years 1956-57. It was apparent from a preliminary tabulation of the 1956 notifications that two immigrant groups, Irish and Asian born, were large enough to justify further study. The case-records of as many as possible of these patients were therefore studied to extract further information concerning date of entry to this country, type of disease, and bacteriological state. Although the cases of tuberculosis among West Indians were not numerous their records were similarly analysed, using both 1956 and 1957 cases to increase the size of the group. Place of birth was selected as the criterion for study because the Census reports give sub-divisions of population by place of birth, and the census information is used as the basis for estimating the Irish born population of Birmingham, and for one estimate of the Asian born. For a second estimate of the Asian population and the only available estimate of the West Indian born population, we are indebted to Mr. A. Gibbs, Liaison Officer for Coloured People, City of Birmingham.