Bacterial Mastitis Research Articles

Mastectomy in ten mares: indications, surgical technique, complications, and long-term outcome.

To describe the indications for and surgical technique of mastectomy of mares and to describe the outcome of 10 mares that underwent mastectomy in a retrospective case series. 10 mares having disease of one or both mammary glands. Medical records (1995 to 2022) from 2 university teaching hospitals were searched to identify mares that had undergone unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Data regarding history, signalment, diagnostic tests, preoperative treatment, surgical procedure, and postoperative management were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained by interviewing the owners by telephone. One (n = 4 mares) or both mammary glands (6 mares) were excised for the following reasons: chronic bacterial mastitis (4), neoplasia (3), lymphangiectasia (1), pythiosis (1), and lymphoid hamartoma (1). None of the mares experienced intraoperative complications. The surgical site was closed primarily in 2 mares and left unsutured in 8 mares. Both sutured wounds developed a seroma, and 1 dehisced. The owners reported that the surgical wound, whether sutured or unsutured, was healed within 3 months. All mares returned to use for their intended purpose, but 3 mares were euthanized 2 to 4 years after surgery due to progression of disease. One mare drowned 1 year after discharge. Mastectomy can be an effective treatment for mares suffering from disease of one or both mammary glands when the mare is refractory to medical treatment.

Probio-M9, a breast milk-originated probiotic, alleviates mastitis and enhances antibiotic efficacy: Insights into the gut-mammary axis.

Breast milk naturally contains lactic acid bacteria, but their precise origin remains a subject of debate. In this study, we utilized a rat mastitis animal model to investigate the potential of a breast milk-derived probiotic strain, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9, in alleviating mastitis and enhancing the efficacy of antibiotic treatment. Through histopathological analysis of mammary tissue, we observed that Probio-M9 effectively relieved mastitis, mitigated inflammation, and improved the response to antibiotic treatment. Metagenomicanalysis further revealed that Probio-M9 enhanced interactions among gut microbes, accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and the regulation of specific genes and carbohydrate-active enzymes, subsequently impacting host immunity. Additionally, an intriguing finding was the translocation of live Probio-M9 from the gut to the mammary tissue only during bacterial mastitis and lactation, likely facilitated through lymphatic circulation. These findings advance our understanding of the intricate gut-mammary axis and provide valuable insights into the potential health benefits of probiotic interventions.

A Comparative Study of Drainage of Breast Abscesses by Conventional Incision and Drainage vs Ultrasound-Guided Needle Aspiration/Re-Aspiration in A Tertiary Health Care Centre.

Breast abscesses are localized purulent collections, often arising from bacterial mastitis, and pose significant health risks, especially for lactating women. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and outcomes of two different treatment approaches: Traditional incision and drainage (I&D) versus ultrasound (USG)-guided aspiration in breast abscess management. Fifty female patients with breast abscesses were enrolled and divided into two groups: Group A (n = 25, I&D) and group B (n = 25, USG-guided aspiration). Group A underwent I&D under general anaesthesia and group B underwent USG-guided aspiration under local anaesthesia. The patients were followed up for two weeks after the procedure. Patient demographics, abscess characteristics, treatment outcomes, and complications were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 36.4 and 31.8 in group A and B, respectively and the mean abscess size was 5.7 cm. The study found that USG-guided aspiration was associated with several advantages over I&D. Patients in group B experienced shorter healing times (5 days vs. 13 days, p = 0.001), lower rates of residual abscesses (12% vs. 36%, p = 0.047), and no recurrence after two weeks vs. 28% in group A (p = 0.012). Notably, the resumption of lactation was significantly greater in group B (91.67% vs. 20%). Importantly, patients in group B had no scarring, while 37% in group A healed with scars. These results highlight that USG-guided aspiration offers a minimally invasive and effective method for managing breast abscesses, leading to quicker recovery, better cosmetic outcomes, and higher patient satisfaction compared to the traditional I&D approach. Early diagnosis and intervention with USG-guided aspiration can prevent complications and reduce the need for open surgery. Based on these findings, USG-guided aspiration is a safer and more efficient method for treating breast abscesses, particularly when initiated promptly after diagnosis.

Point-of-need mastitis pathogen biosensing in bovine milk: From academic sample preparation novelty to industry prototype field testing

Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland, and it is the most common infectious disease in dairy cattle. Mastitis reduces milk yield and quality, costing dairy farmers millions of dollars each year. The aim of this study was to develop a point-of-need test for identifying mastitis pathogens that is field portable, cost-effective and can be used with minimal training. Using a proprietary polymer-based milk sample preparation method to rapidly extract pathogen DNA in milk samples, we demonstrated quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) assays for six common bovine bacterial mastitis pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Mycoplasma bovis and Escherichia coli. We also implemented this sample preparation method on a prototype point-of-need system in a proof-of-concept field trial to evaluate user experience. Importantly, the protype system enabled a sample-to-result turnaround time of within 70 min to quantitatively detect all six target pathogens. The key advantage of our point-of-need prototype system is being culture-independent yet providing automated milk sample preparation for molecular identification of key mastitis pathogens by non-expert users. Our point-of-need prototype system showed a good correlation to laboratory-based qPCR for target pathogen detection outcomes, thus potentially removing the need for milk samples to be transported off-site for laboratory testing. Above all, we successfully achieved our objective of developing a point-of-need biosensor technology for mastitis and increased its readiness level with industry partners towards technology commercialization.

Occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bovine mastitis bacteria in Sakon Nakhon, Thailand.

Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland of dairy cattle that causes economic losses due to poor quantity and quality of milk. The extensive or incorrect use of antibiotics has increased in the veterinary field, leading to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens worldwide. This study aimed to investigate bovine mastitis bacterial pathogens in Sakon Nakhon, Thailand. A total of 35 dairy farms were screened for clinical and subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test and clinical examination. Polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize bacterial species-induced mastitis (380 isolates) in cattle and antimicrobial resistance genes, and disk diffusion and broth microdilution were used to characterize antimicrobial susceptibility. The prevalence of Staphylococcus epidermidis (38.10%; 32/84)-induced mastitis in cattle was considerably high, followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (33.33%), Streptococcus uberis (25%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.33%), and Staphylococcus aureus (4.76%). In this study, Staphylococcus spp. isolates demonstrated 100% susceptibility to cefoxitin, and no antibiotic-resistance genes were identified. Tetracycline (TET) and macrolide-resistant genes of Streptococcus spp. revealed that tetM was predominant in 55.63% (79/142), followed by tetS + erm(B) (16.90%). Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the following resistance profiles to bacterial species: TET (85.92%), clindamycin (29.58%), erythromycin (15.49%), levofloxacin (14.08%), and penicillin (0%). Gram-negative bacterial isolates (K. pneumoniae [8.33%], Klebsiella variicola [2.38%], Klebsiella quasipneumoniae [1.19%], and Escherichia coli [1.19%]) were recovered and still susceptible to meropenem (100%), ceftazidime (97.06%), ceftriaxone (79.41%), and ciprofloxacin (79.41%). This result suggested that mastitis pathogens in this area were susceptible to most antimicrobials, with the exception of streptococci against TET. In this study, limited data were available including one from small-holder dairy farms and study only dairy farms in Sakon Nakhon, Thailand. So, more farms should be included in the future studies.

Regulation of Inflammatory Responses of Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells through MAPK Signaling Pathways of IL-17A Cytokines.

The aim of this study is to explore the mechanism of IL-17A infection in the development of bacterial mastitis in dairy cows. In this study, RT-qPCR and ELISA were used to measure the promoting effect of IL-17A on the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and chemokine (IL-8). In addition, Western blot (WB) was applied to measure the influences of IL-17A on the inflammation-related ERK and p38 proteins in the MAPK pathways. The results show that under the stimulation of LPS on cow mammary epithelial cells (CMECs), cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-17A will exhibit significantly increased expression levels (p < 0.05). With inhibited endogenous expression of IL-17A, cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α will present reduced genetic expression (p < 0.01), with reduced phosphorylation levels of ERK and p38 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathways (p < 0.001). Upon the exogenous addition of the IL-17A cytokine, the genetic expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α will increase (p < 0.05), with increased phosphorylation levels of the ERK and p38 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathways (p < 0.001). These results indicate that under the stimulation of CMECs with LPS, IL-17A can be expressed together with relevant inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, the inflammatory responses of mammary epithelial cells are directly proportional to the expression levels of IL-17A inhibited alone or exogenously added. In summary, this study shows that IL-17A could be used as an important indicator for assessing the bacterial infections of mammary glands, indicating that IL-17A could be regarded as one potential therapeutic target for mastitis.

Individual genomic loci, transcript level, and biochemical profile of immune and antioxidant markers associated with genetically identified bacterial mastitis in Shami goats in Egypt.

Mastitis in goats is unquestionably a grave concern, with far-reaching implications for both animal well-being and productivity, while also presenting a potential threat to public health. The study aimed to compare culture methods and multiplex PCR (m-PCR) in the detection of the most three common mastitis-causing pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus spp.) and investigate the gene expression, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), serum concentrations of immunological and antioxidant indicators linked to mastitis in Shami goats. One hundred Shami do (50 Shami goats with clinical mastitis and 50 normal goats taken as control group). The culture methods and m-PCR analysis were used to find the bacteria in the milk samples. Blood samples were obtained to assess some hemato-biochemical parameters, detect SNPs, and determine the expression of certain immunological and antioxidant indicators in the genes. The culture method detected the pathogens causing mastitis in 90% of the milk samples, but m-PCR detected them in 100% of the milk samples. SNPs linked to mastitis resistance/susceptibility in examined does were detected through DNA sequencing of immunological and antioxidant indicators. The magnitude of gene expression varied significantly between the resistant and mastitis-affected groups. Significant (P ˂ 0.05) elevations were noticed in WBCs count, mainly neutsrophils count, serum levels of BHB, NEFA, triglycerides, LDL-C, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, total protein, globulin, Ca, K, GPx, MDA, acute phase proteins, and cytokines in mastitis affected does as compared to control. While RBCs count, PCV%, lymphocytes count, serum concentration of glucose, cholesterol, HDL-C, albumin, Na, Cl, P, GSH, SOD, and catalase significantly (P ˂ 0.05) diminished in mastitis affected does compared to healthy ones. APPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines scored high sensitivities and NPVs but TNF-α and serum amyloid A (SAA) had the highest percentages of increase. The study confirmed that m-PCR is the most sensitive method for bacteria identification (S. aureus, E. coli, and Strept. spp.) while SNPs in antioxidant and immunological genes may be important genetic indicators for mastitis risk or resistance in Shami does. To establish an effective management plan and forecast the most sensitive risk time for illness onset, gene expression profiles of the tested genes may also be employed as proxy biomarkers. TNF-α and SAA may be precious indicators for the detection of caprine mastitis.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Topicals for Bacterial Mastitis Treatment and Prevention

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Topicals for Bacterial Mastitis Treatment and Prevention

Advances in Controlling Bacterial Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Advances in Controlling Bacterial Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bovine mastitis agents in western Türkiye.

Identifying bovine mastitis agents using molecular methods to reveal their phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance profiles is essential for developing up-to-date databases in mastitis cases that cause severe economic losses. This study examined bacterial mastitis agents in cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis observed in various dairy cattle farms to reveal their phylogenetic relationships and antibiotic resistance properties. Sixty-two clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis milk samples were collected from 15 dairy farms. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene regions of the bacteria. The 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from sequencing include the V4-V6 regions. The strains were compared using a similarity analysis method that produced phylogenetic trees using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis 11 program. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Sixty-three bacteria were isolated and identified in this study. The most isolated bacteria from all mastitis cases were Staphylococcus spp. (30.2%), Escherichia coli (25.4%), Streptococcus spp. (14.3%), and Aerococcus spp. (7.9%), respectively. The phylogenetic trees were drawn from the 16S rRNA sequences. Some of these bacteria showed resistance to different types of antibiotics at varying rates. The bacteria isolated in this study originated from environmental sources. Regular cleaning of barns and proper hygiene practices are essential. Regular screenings for mastitis should be conducted in herds instead of the random or empirical use of antibiotics.

Ultrashort lipo-tetrapeptide with potent antibacterial activity and local therapeutic effect against Staphylococcus aureus

Mastitis in dairy cows is a common infectious disease on dairy farms and a major danger to the dairy industry. The harmful bacteria with the greatest clinical isolation rate is Staphylococcus aureus. As a result, bacterial mastitis in dairy cows can lead to decreased milk output, quality, and costs. Traditional antibiotics are currently used to treat mastitis in dairy cows. Nonetheless, long-term usage of high doses of antibiotics increases the risk of the establishment of drug-resistant strains, and the problem of drug residues is becoming more prevalent. The antibacterial effects of varying molecular side chain length lipopeptides on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 and GS1311 were investigated using five tetrapeptide ultrashort lipopeptides developed and synthesized in this study. To evaluate the application value of the synthesized lipopeptides in the prevention and treatment of mastitis, the lipopeptides with the best antibacterial action were chosen for safety testing and a mouse mastitis model treatment test. The results revealed that three of the lipopeptides produced have strong antibacterial properties. Within the drug's safe concentration range, C16KGGK has an excellent antibacterial action and can have a therapeutic influence on mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. The findings of this study can be used to develop new antibacterial medications and their therapeutic application in the treatment of mastitis in dairy cows.

SENSITIVITY OF BACTERIAL STRAINS ISOLATED IN CASES OF COW MASTITIS TO ANTIBIOTICS AND ESSENTIAL OILS

Mastitis is an inflammatory reaction of the udder caused by microorganisms, chemical or mechanical injuries. Bacterial mastitis, caused by several types of bacteria, is divided into two main groups: contagious mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis and mastitis caused by the ubiquitous bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Proteus spp. Currently, instead of using antibiotics, new strategies are being sought to reduce this clinical health problem. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity of bacterial strains causing mastitis to antibiotics and essential oils of oregano (Origanum compactum, Origanum majorana) and thyme (Thymus serpyllum). Mammary gland secretion samples, obtained by mechanical and manual methods, from dairy cows from the Kalesija and Gradačac areas were used. A total of 200 samples from dairy cows in different periods of lactation and age were examined. Mastitis control included determining somatic cells count in milk with the California mastitis test, or counting somatic cells on the Fossomatik apparatus, after which all samples with an increased number of somatic cells were microbiologically tested. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that there are justified reasons why the use of essential oils should be considered as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in the therapy of animals suffering from mastitis.

Bacteriophages and their Endolysin: An Alternative Therapeutic Approach for Bovine Mastitis

Mastitis is one of the most prevalent and serious disease in bovines and led to high economic loss in the dairy industry. Mastitis dramatically reduces the reproduction abilities of cows. Despite significant progress in controlling and treating this disease, it is still frequent. Mastitis risks public health if milk from treated animals is taken by humans. Multiple factors are responsible for this disease, but bacterial mastitis is the most prevalent and threatening. The emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains makes mastitis untreatable. Misuse of antibiotics in animal therapy is responsible for this issue, which resulted in the creation of strains that are multidrug resistant. This antibiotic resistance among bacteria is alarming. There is a need for an alternative treatment to cure mastitis. Bacteriophages are viruses, which kill bacteria. The effectiveness of bacteriophages and their endolysin against different bacterial infections causing mastitis has been approved from the results of various studies. Phage therapy is used as both a treatment and preventive measure.

The antibacterial effect of bee venom on subclinical mastitis agents: an alternative for local treatment

ABSTRACT Subclinical mastitis is an important problem in terms of the dairy economy all over the world and due to the increasing antibiotic resistance day by day, there is a great need for new antibiotic alternatives and natural products. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of bee venom against bacterial mastitis agents. Methods, such as well diffusion, disc diffusion, microdilution and time-kill analyses, were applied to 12 bacteria species isolated from milk samples. Effective results were obtained in microdilution and time-kill analysis. MIC values were determined in the range of 12.5–50 µg/ml and time-kill times were observed in the range of 1–24 h. In addition, bacterial suspensions from 12 species were prepared and there were effective against mixed infection in vitro. As a result, bee venom, as an antibiotic alternative, can give satisfactory results in the treatment of subclinical mastitis and mixed infections. Field studies and treatment trials should be emphasized.

16S rDNA High Throughput Sequencing Bacterial Diversity Analysis of Cow Mastitis

Background: Bacterial mastitis in cows is a huge challenge to the dairy cattle breeding and production industry. This study examined the relationship between mastitis and bacterial diversity at different sampling sites in dairy farms. Methods: High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA V4 region was used to analyze the abundance and diversity of bacterial population sampled from seven different sites in a dairy farm, named healthy cow milk (N), cow milk from a mastitis cow (C), perimammary (T), milk collecting cup (B), turntable surface (P), feces (F) and bedding material (W). Result: In total, 2757356 reads were obtained from the sequencing results, which were annotated to 29 phyla, 67 classes, 166 orders, 295 families, 696 genera and 306 species. In all samples, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant microflora, while Oscillospira-UCG-005 and Atopostipes were the dominant genera in different proportions, indicating certain differences in bacterial flora structure among different samples. Furthermore, alpha diversity analysis revealed high richness and diversity among different samples.

Vaccination against Bacterial Mastitis in Sheep.

The objective of this review is to discuss the application of vaccination for the prevention of bacterial mastitis in ewes, performed within the frame of health management schemes in sheep flocks. Mastitis is a multi-faceted infection, caused most often by staphylococci; hence, special emphasis is given to staphylococcal mastitis, also given that most relevant studies refer to vaccinations against that infection. Studies regarding various vaccines have been performed; most studies refer to vaccination by using a vaccine making use of cell-free surface polysaccharides in various vehicles, bacterial unbound cells or bacterial cells embedded in their biofilm matrix. Vaccination against mastitis should be better performed during the final stage of pregnancy to allow protection of ewes from lambing and should be considered as one of many control measures for the prevention of the disease. The expected benefits of mastitis vaccination in sheep flocks include the following: (a) reduced incidence risk of clinical and subclinical mastitis, (b) reduced somatic cell counts, optimum chemical composition, absence of staphylococci in milk, (c) increased milk production, (d) reduced dissemination of mastitis-causing pathogens and (e) reduction of antibiotic use in flocks.

The anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects of EPO through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in MAC-T cells

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important inflammatory and infected factor of bacterial mastitis, which treated bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) in our previous studies, as mastitis cells model in vitro. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a well-known hematopoietic hormone with antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory roles. We hypothesized that EPO might regulate the apoptosis and autophagy to attenuate the inflammation of mastitis. Western blot, RT–PCR, transmission electron microscope analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI were used to evaluate the regulation of EPO on apoptosis and autophagy in inflammatory MAC-T cells. These results demonstrated that EPO promoted the proliferation of MAC-T cells. Meanwhile, EPO had a better anti-inflammatory effect in MAC-T cells with LPS treatment. Certainly, EPO also showed anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects. Interestingly, we found that the beneficial effect of EPO on inflammatory MAC-T cells depended on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which was involved in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Generally, this study provides an insight for EPO to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy of inflammatory MAC-T cells via PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Bacterial profile of bovine mastitis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundBovine mastitis is the commonest episode of infection in the dairy industry, which often occurs after damage of epithelial cells lining the teat duct. It is ranked as the second most important cause of milk production loss directly and a devastating disease with a higher incidence leading to the culling of dairy cows. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed to quantitatively estimate the current status of mastitis in general and bacterial mastitis particular in Ethiopia.MethodsA literature search was carried from major databases and indexing services including PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct. Also, local institution repositories were searched to retrieve unpublished MSc and PhD theses. All studies were included addressing the prevalence of mastitis and bacterial isolates conducted in Ethiopia. Microsoft Excel was used to extract data and was imported to R Studio for the analyses. The random-effects model at a 95% confidence level was used for pooled estimates of outcomes. The degree of heterogeneity was computed by Higgins’s I2 statistics. Publication bias was checked by using the funnel plots of standard error augmented by Begg’s and Egger’s tests.ResultsA total of 46 studies with 15,780 cows were included in this study. All studies have collected 18,478 suspected samples for bacterial isolation. While pooled prevalence estimate of mastitis was 47.6%, the bacterial isolates pooled prevalence was 33.1%. The bacterial mastitis was 6.5% in cows infected by clinical patients and was 28.3% subclinical patients. The common isolates were Staph aureus, Strep species, Staph epidermis, Escherchia coli, Corynebacterium bovis, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus and Klebsiella species. A univariate meta-regression analysis evidenced that the type of mastitis and management system was a possible source of heterogeneity (P-value = 0.001).ConclusionThe pooled prevalence of bacterial mastitis in Ethiopian dairy cattle was high. The analysis showed bacterial pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Staph epidermis, Strep species and Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus are majorly accounted for bovine mastitis in Ethiopia. Therefore, the highly prevalent and commonly isolated pathogens cause contagious mastitis which require immediate attention by dairy producers to put under control by devising robust mastitis prevention and control interventions.

Effect of multiplicity of infection on the evasion of neutrophil killing by Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from clinical mastitis bovine

Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) causes intramammary infection in dairy cows. Increased neutrophils and a high bacterial load are important characteristics of bovine bacterial mastitis. We hypothesized that the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of S. agalactiae in bovine mastitis plays an important role in bacterial pathogenicity by modulating the neutrophil response to promote bacterial survival. Neutrophils from BALB/c mice were infected with the bovine mastitis isolate of S. agalactiae SAG-FX17 at various MOIs, and neutrophil responses were investigated. Infecting neutrophils with SAG-FX17 at an MOI of 1 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. Bacteria at an MOI of 10 suppressed neutrophil responses, including ROS bursts, NET formation, and cell necrosis, which are conducive to bacterial multiplication within 30 min postinfection. In addition, neutrophils are destroyed by SAG-FX17 at an MOI of 100 or greater. This study identified the MOIs related to the ROS and NET suppression caused by SAG-FX17, and the findings suggested that interventions to decrease bacterial loads before the MOI of 10 could be necessary and effective to harness the power of innate immune response to eliminate pathogens.

Synergistic Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ocimum tenuiflorum Ethanolic Extract against Major Bacterial Mastitis Pathogens.

Mastitis is the most prevalent global illness affecting dairy cows. This bacterial infection damages and inflames the udder tissues. Several plant extracts have demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activities with standard drugs in mastitis treatment. Scant information exists on Ocimum tenuiflorum L. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of O. tenuiflorum extract and its interaction with antibacterial drugs against common mastitis pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS), Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. Anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells were also studied. The O. tenuiflorum extract exhibited antibacterial activities against S. aureus, CNS, and S. agalactiae with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 3.9 to 31.2 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranging from 15.6 to 500 µg/mL. Combinations of O. tenuiflorum with penicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid showed synergistic effects against all tested strains but an additive effect with cefazolin and gentamicin. Pretreatment of the extract significantly decreased the expression of inflammatory molecules (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2) generated by LPS in macrophages. Results suggested O. tenuiflorum effectiveness against various Gram-positive mastitis bacteria, with the potential to reduce antibacterial doses and combat inflammation.