Bacterial Cellulose Composites Research Articles

Bacterial cellulose-turmeric powder composites as potential therapeutic wound dressings

Bacterial cellulose (BC) has emerged as a promising biomaterial for rapid wound healing and tissue regeneration due to its excellent liquid absorbing and biocompatible properties. However, its lack of therapeutic properties restricts its applicability as a wound dressing. The current study was undertaken to develop bacterial cellulose-turmeric powder (BC-TP) composite films as wound dressing materials that combine the therapeutic properties of turmeric powder (TP) with the unique structural, physicochemical, and biological properties of BC. FTIR and SEM showed that TP was successfully impregnated into BC films using an ex-situ approach. Swelling and water release rate studies revealed that the composite films produced had high-water uptake and retention capacities. Antibacterial investigations using gram-positive and -negative species demonstrated the significant antibacterial potential of TP when incorporated into a BC matrix. Toxicity testing confirmed the non-cytotoxic nature of BC-TP composite films, while biocompatibility investigations demonstrated that fibroblast cells attached and proliferated effectively on BC films treated with TP. Furthermore, BC-TP composites promoted tissue regeneration, hair growth, and wound healing. BC composites exhibited over 90% wound closure by the 7th day, whereas untreated wounds demonstrated only approximately 24% closure during the same period. The study shows that the manufactured BC-TP composite films offer starting points for the development of alternative standard wound dressing systems.

In‐Situ Fabrication Process of Bacterial Cellulose compositesfor Soft Robots

Bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by acetic acid bacteria is a promising biomaterial that exhibits exceptional mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In this study, we have successfully fabricated BC composites with various materials such as alumina fibers, zirconia particles, carbon nanotubes, and magnetic particles by adding each material to the culture medium. We also demonstrate the actuation of BC‐magnetic particle composites by a magnetic field. Furthermore, we have achieved the patterning of arbitrarily shaped patterns onto BC pellicles by placing templates in the culture medium. These findings suggest that BC composites have the potential to be applied in various fields such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Preparation and characterization of quaternary bacterial cellulose composites for antimicrobial oil‐absorbing materials

AbstractThe treatment of various types of oily wastewater is paramount for environmental protection. Bacterial cellulose (BC) stands out as a highly promising material for oil/water separation, owing to its exceptional mechanical properties and three‐dimensional porous structures. However, excessive hydroxyl groups on BC make it highly hydrophilic, reducing oil absorption and promoting bacterial growth, affecting its stability. To address these challenges, we developed a straightforward in situ polymerization method for the preparation of BC‐DMC composites. The innovation lies in the concurrent enhancement of BC's hydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties only through the addition of 2‐(Methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (DMC), considerably simplifying the synthesis of materials possessing oil‐absorbing and antimicrobial properties. Morphological and structural characterization results confirmed the successful combination of DMC onto BC while maintaining its porous structure. After process parameter optimization, the BC‐DMC composites exhibited a remarkable increase in contact angle (117.7° compared with pure BC's 19.5°). It also demonstrated excellent oil absorption performance, with maximum capacities exceeding 30 g/g for different oils, maintaining values above 20 g/g even after eight cycles. In addition, the BC‐DMC composites exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with rates of 82.4% against Escherichia coli and 97.5% against Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial mechanism of the BC‐DMC composites was also discussed. Our novel BC‐DMC composites provides excellent oil absorption and antibacterial properties, making it highly applicable in the field of oily wastewater treatment and serving as a valuable reference for other researchers.

Preparation and properties of heteroatom-doped bacterial cellulose-derived carbonaceous materials

In this study, nitrogen and sulfur heteroatom-doped bacterial cellulose (BC) derived carbon materials have been prepared by a simple, feasible, and environmentally friendly approach that can be easily scaled up for various applications.In the first step, BC was successfully fabricated with chitosan and carrageenan compounds by a layer-by-layer assembly technique without using any template. The resulting composites were then subjected to carbonization to enrich carbon content of the material while incorporation of nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms into the carbon structure without applying a chemical treatment.A wide variety of BC-derived N- and S-doped carbons were prepared using chitosan and different types of carrageenan precursors. The results showed that the dominant heteroatom on the BC composites was dependent on the last heteroatom precursor used in the layer-by-layer assembly process. The skeleton of the BC composites did not collapse after carbonization and the resulting materials were highly dense and porous having ribbon-like carbon structures. The use of iota-carrageenan as a sulfur precursor with combination of chitosan as a nitrogen precursor resulted in better heteroatom-doped carbons as compared to other carrageenan compounds studied.Synthesized carbons showed great potential as catalyst for hydrothermal conversion of glucose to hydrogen as tested in this study.

Application of antibacterial and antioxidant edible coating incorporating bacterial cellulose from sago liquid waste and garlic for preservation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

The present work aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of edible coatings derived from bacterial cellulose composites sourced from sago liquid waste and garlic, as well as their potential for preserving the quality of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experimental approach involved the preparation of edible coatings using a mixture of bacterial cellulose (BC) slurry and garlic extract. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities were determined using the disc diffusion and DPPH method, respectively. Subsequently, tomatoes were coated using the dipping method with different treatments, namely BC/glycerol/CMC/garlic (S1), BC/garlic (S3), beeswax (comparison), and uncoated tomatoes (control). The physicochemical properties of the tomatoes were assessed, including sensory aspects by ten untrained panellists, weight loss by gravimetric analysis, vitamin C content by titration method, and pH value on days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 during the shelf life study at room temperature. Results showed that garlic extract applied to BC coating possessed antibacterial and antioxidant properties. BC coating containing garlic demonstrated more impact on the physicochemical qualities of tomatoes as compared to uncoated ones. Among the various treatments, S1 exhibited the most effective preservation of tomato quality. Therefore, the addition of garlic extract proved beneficial in augmenting the antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of BC coating, thus leading to enhanced quality maintenance and extended shelf life of tomatoes.

Bacterial cellulose based three-dimensional porous composites with remarkable amphiphobic monolith properties for passive daytime radiative cooling

To tackle the daytime radiative cooling performance (DRCP) degradation of passive daytime radiative cooling materials (PDRCMs) due to contamination from aqueous or oily contaminants, modified three-dimensional porous composites of bacterial cellulose (BC) and barium sulfate (BaSO4) were fabricated by a unidirectional freeze-casting process and silanization modification. The modified BC/BaSO4 (M−BC/BaSO4) composites exhibited average reflectivity of 97.75%, average emissivity of 95.74%, and remarkable amphiphobic monolith properties with a water contact angle (WCA) and oily contact angle (OCA) of 154° and 145.5° for the surface and those of 153.5° and 143.5° for the internal section, respectively. They also exhibited insignificant changes in the DRCP before and after self-cleaning, achieving an average and maximum temperature drop of 10.40°C and 16.38°C before self-cleaning and those of 9.92°C and 16.40°C after self-cleaning, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for sustainable PDRCMs in practical applications.

Collagen incorporated functionalized bacterial cellulose composite: a macromolecular approach for successful tissue engineering applications

Collagen incorporated functionalized bacterial cellulose composite: a macromolecular approach for successful tissue engineering applications

Features of formation and structure of bacterial cellulose-carbon nanotube composites

This paper examines the features of formation and structure of bacterial cellulose (BC) composites with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We aim to study the influence of initial components on structure and crystallinity of BC composites. We use optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in order to investigate the surface morphology of BC composite films and X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystallographic structure of prepared samples. It is shown that CNT agglomerates in BC composite interact only with the surface layers of BC. CNTs and their bundles up to 50 nm in diameter are able to effectively penetrate into the BC network.

Biomimetic Synthesis and Mechanism of Hydroxyapatite Crystals by Biotemplate of Small Intestinal Submucosa and Bacterial Cellulose

AbstractHydroxyapatite (HAp) is coassembled with many organic molecular templates led by collagens in natural bone. In this study, it is presumed that small intestinal submucosa (SIS) with acetamide group chelates calcium ion and bacterial cellulose (BC) has strong intermolecular hydroxyl group and powerful attraction for calcium ion to initiate initial nucleation. Phosphate ions bind calcium ions to form seed crystal of calcium phosphate, which is further directionally grown under the mediation of the template structure and finally forms weakly crystalline HAp, providing an environment for the HAp formation. Besides, the samples are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope to unveil the phase structure, composition, and morphology, and a growth mechanism is proposed. HAp is successfully synthesized on SIS–BC biomineralization template. The results show morphology of samples from sheet‐lamellar‐like to flower‐like or porous‐spheroid‐like from 1 day to 7 days. The plate‐like HAp rods are polycrystal with c‐axis orientation. Interestingly, the HAp/SIS‐BC composites have the least relative mass of HAp on mineralization and the content of HAp (57%) is very close to the human bone tissue in structure (about 60%). Finally, the HAp mineralized films show good biocompatibility through MC3T3‐E1cells test for the potential biomaterials.

Bacterial cellulose composites (MXene@TOBC@PPy) for flexible supercapacitors with improved electrochemical performance

Bacterial cellulose composites (MXene@TOBC@PPy) for flexible supercapacitors with improved electrochemical performance

Preparation and antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles loaded into bacterial cellulose

Composite nanomaterials based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered promising antimicrobial agents due to their excellent antimicrobial activity. The aim of this work is to develop bacterial cellulose (BC) composites that act synergistically with AgNPs. BC@AgNPs composites were developed using an ex-situ composite development strategy and evaluated for their structural characteristics and antimicrobial activities. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed impregnation of AgNPs into the porous BC network. The composite formulation was also confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, which showed the presence of additional crystalline peaks along with those of the pure BC. Bactericidal tests of BC@AgNPs nanocomposites against common pathogens, including Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, showed a significant reduction in their growth compared to pure BC. These results suggest that the synthesized BC@AgNPs composites could be promising antibacterial materials for potential applications in a wide range of medical and environmental applications.

Fabrication of bacterial cellulose composites with antimicrobial properties by in situ modification utilizing the specific function-suspension containing water-insoluble magnolol

In situ modification is commonly employed for Bacterial cellulose (BC) functionalization. However, water-insoluble modifiers are usually deposited at the bottom of the medium, therefore cannot be used for in situ modification of BC. Herein, a novel strategy for in situ modification of insoluble modifiers after suspension by a suspending agent was proposed. The BC-producing strain Kosakonia oryzendophytica FY-07, not Gluconacetobacter xylinus, was selected to prepare BC products with antibacterial activity because of its tolerance to natural antibacterial products. The experimental results showed that xanthan gum as a suspending agent can uniformly and stably disperse water-insoluble plant extracts magnolol in the culture medium to prepare the in situ modified BC products. Characterization of the properties showed that the in situ modified BC products have reduced crystallinity, significantly increased swelling ratio and strong inhibition on Gram-positive bacteria and fungi and weak inhibition on Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the in situ modified BC products had no toxicity to cells. This study provided a feasible strategy for in situ modification of BC using water-insoluble modifiers to extend BC functionality and has significant implications for the biopolymer industry.

Free-Standing Carbon Nanofiber Composite Networks Derived from Bacterial Cellulose and Polypyrrole for Ultrastable Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Carbon materials derived from bacterial cellulose have been studied in lithium-ion batteries due to their low cost and flexible characteristics. However, they still face many intractable problems such as low specific capacity and poor electrical conductivity. Herein, bacterial cellulose is used as the carrier and skeleton to creatively realize the composite of polypyrrole on its nanofiber surface. After carbonization treatment, three-dimensional carbon network composites with a porous structure and short-range ordered carbon are obtained for potassium-ion batteries. The introduction of nitrogen doping from polypyrrole can increase the electrical conductivity of carbon composites and provide abundant active sites, improving the comprehensive performance of anode materials. The carbonized bacterial cellulose@polypyrrole (C-BC@PPy) anode exhibits a high capacity of 248 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 50 mA g-1 and a capacity retention of 176 mA h g-1 even over 2000 cycles at 500 mA g-1. Combined with density functional theory calculations, these results indicate that the capacity of C-BC@PPy is contributed by N-doped and defect carbon composite materials as well as pseudocapacitance. This study provides a guideline for the development of novel bacterial cellulose composites in the energy storage field.

Effects of the modification of bacterial cellulose as a template for the in situ enzyme-catalyzed polymerization of catechol

In this study, we investigated the effects of the modification of bacterial cellulose used as a template on the in situ polymerization of catechol by laccase. The bacterial cellulose was modified by sulfonation and the entrapment of carboxymethyl cellulose. The catechol polymerization was optimized at a pH of 5.5, catechol concentration of 50 mM, and synthesis time of 24 h. After the in situ polymerization, conductive and colored bacterial cellulose composites were obtained. The bacterial cellulose composites containing oligomers/polymers were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and color strength measurements, and the conductivity of the bacterial cellulose composites was evaluated using a four-probe method. The results revealed that the modification of bacterial cellulose as a template for catechol oxidation resulted in the production of fibers with enhanced coloration and conductive properties owing to the presence of the enzymatically-obtained polymers. The results suggest the promising potential of both sulfonated bacterial cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose-bacterial cellulose as templates for the formation of other functional polymers and composite materials.

Bacterial Cellulose-Based Materials as Dressings for Wound Healing.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is produced by several microorganisms as extracellular structures and can be modified by various physicochemical and biological strategies to produce different cellulosic formats. The main advantages of BC for biomedical applications can be summarized thus: easy moldability, purification, and scalability; high biocompatibility; and straightforward tailoring. The presence of a high amount of free hydroxyl residues, linked with water and nanoporous morphology, makes BC polymer an ideal candidate for wound healing. In this frame, acute and chronic wounds, associated with prevalent pathologies, were addressed to find adequate therapeutic strategies. Hence, the main characteristics of different BC structures-such as membranes and films, fibrous and spheroidal, nanocrystals and nanofibers, and different BC blends, as well as recent advances in BC composites with alginate, collagen, chitosan, silk sericin, and some miscellaneous blends-are reported in detail. Moreover, the development of novel antimicrobial BC and drug delivery systems are discussed.

Bacterial Cellulose-Carboxymethylcellulose Composite Loaded with Turmeric Extract for Antimicrobial Wound Dressing Applications.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer whose properties have been intensively studied, especially for biomedical applications. Since BC has no antimicrobial activity, it is necessary to use bioactive substances for developing wound healing applications. Another drawback of BC is the loss if its water retention capacity after dehydration. In order to overcome these problems, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and turmeric extract (TE) were selected for the preparation of BC composites. Citric acid (CA) was used as the crosslinking agent. These composites were tested as potential antimicrobial wound dressing materials. TE-loaded BC-CMC composites were characterized in terms of their morphology, crystallinity, and thermal behavior. Swelling tests and curcumin-release kinetic analysis were also performed. All the composites tested had high swelling degrees, which is an advantage for the exudate adsorption from chronic wounds. The antibacterial potential of such composites was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Candida albicans (C. albicans). The in vitro cytotoxicity toward L929 fibroblast cells was studied as well. The obtained results allow us to recommend these composites as good candidates for wound dressing applications.

A Mini-review for the Application of Bacterial Cellulose-based Composites

Countries are duly focusing more on biomass resources because of the increasing oil crisis. Owing to their excellent properties, such as natural characteristics, good mechanical performance, and outstanding chemical properties, cellulose-based materials are highly valued as promising bio-derived nanomaterials, especially bacterial cellulose (BC). The main advantage lies in eliminating the problem of removing lignin and hemicellulose from woody cellulose. Moreover, the use of BC reduces the consumption of wood, the excessive use of which aggravates global warming. Herein, we summarize the applications of BC composites in filter, medical, and conductive materials, and other fields. This review contributes to further expand the applications of this renewable polymer.

Employed Bacterial Species and Bacterial Cellulose (BC) Applications: The State of Play

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an uprising bio-polymer produced by various bacterial strains, which is infamous for its prominent biological properties and applications. Receiving ample attention due to those unique properties, various genus and bacterial strains have been used for BC biosynthesis and the studies of its production have been recorded throughout the years. Although a lot of research and implementation has been done on BC, studies in the search for low-cost, effective medium contributing to higher BC yields were still in continuation to this day. This review article overviews the employed bacterial strains and their recent advance, modified, and low-cost medium in the development of BC composites. Special emphasis is placed on the new-novel strains for BC production and BC applications. Compilations of literature were compiled to outline the sources and also findings by previous and recent researchers. It was found that numerous studies have attempted to enhance BC production, which includes the utilization of various bacterial strains to fulfill industrial needs. Hence, this review comprises bacterial genera and species, which are mainly used in the production of BC such as Komagataeibacter, Gluconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas.The recent studies enforced on BC focusing on higher production and the application of BC on an industrial scale will also be reviewed. 

Development of FexOy particle onto bacterial cellulose network by forced hydrolysis and its electrical conductivity

FexOy particle and bacterial cellulose composite sheet was successfully prepared by forced hydrolysis. The presence of Fe3+ ions in bacterial cellulose suspension significantly provided the positive charge due to electrostatic force as reported by Zeta potential. With the pH of 12 of bacterial cellulose suspension, particle was nucleated between bacterial cellulose networks. Fourier transform infrared exhibited Fe-O stretching. X-ray diffraction reported that the mixture of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 was existed onto bacterial cellulose composite. Scanning electron microscope reported that FexOy particle was randomly distributed in bacterial cellulose network. Intensity of Fe was qualitatively observed by energy dispersive analysis. With the existence of FexOy particle, the composite illustrated the inferiority of thermal stability of 150℃. Furthermore, it was noted that the resistivity was reduced with respect to increment of FexOy particle, suggesting that electrical conductivity was then enhanced. It was remarkable to note that FexOy particle and bacterial cellulose composite sheet prepared from forced hydrolysis showed the excellent properties as a candidate for flexible electrode.

Bacterial Cellulose Hybrid Composites with Calcium Phosphate for Bone Tissue Regeneration.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a unique microbial biopolymer with a huge number of significant applications in the biomedical field, including bone tissue engineering. The present study proposes to obtain and characterize BC hybrid composites with calcium phosphate as biocompatible and bioactive membranes for bone tissue engineering. BC precursor membranes were obtained in static culture fermentation, and after purification, were oxidized to obtain 2,3-dialdehyde bacterial cellulose (DABC). Calcium phosphate-BC oxidized membranes were produced by successive immersion in precursor solutions under ultrasonic irradiation. The samples were characterized for their physicochemical properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C NMR), and complex thermal analysis. In vitro cell studies were also performed to evaluate the influence of modified morphological characteristics on cell adhesion and proliferation. The results showed an increase in porosity and biodegradability for DABC hybrid composites compared with BC. In vitro cell studies have revealed that both hybrid composites favor cell adhesion to the surface. The new BC and DABC hybrid composites with calcium phosphate could be considered promising materials for bone tissue regeneration.