Bacterial Blight Of Pomegranate Research Articles

Impact of Plant Extracts and Chemicals against Bacterial Blight of Pomegranate

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. puniceae, is devastating disease causing huge losses to the production especially in pakistan last few years. It is caused by a bacterium Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. puniceae which damage the crop severely in favorable environment conditions. Current research was conducted to evaluate four chemicals; Streptomycin, Copper oxy-chloride, kasugmicine, Oxy-tetracycline and four plant extracts; Citrullus colocynths, Calotropis gigantea, Accica nelotica, and Moringa oleifera against Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. puniceae.. In Laboratory conditions result showed that maximum inhibition zone of bacterial growth was expressed by streptomycin sulphate (38mm) followed by copper oxycholoride (38mm), kasugmicine (34mmm), and oxy-tetracycline (24mm) respectively at 3% concentration after 72 hours' time interval. In plant extracts, maximum inhibition was expressed by Moringa olifera (27.6mm) followed by Accica nelotica (26.3mm), Citrullus colocynths (16.6mm), and Calotropis gigantea (19.3mm) at 25%, 35% and 45% concentration. In laboratory conditions significant results shown by chemical (copper oxycholoride) and plant extract (Moringa olifera) Copper oxycholoride were applied in greenhouse. The copper oxychloride shows lowest disease severity (23%) while Moringa olifera 36% as compared to positive and negative control.

Elucidating the physiological and molecular characteristics of bacterial blight incitant Xanthomonas auxonopodis pv. punicae; a life threatening phytopathogen of pomegranate (Punica granatum. L) and assessment of H2O2 accumulation during host-pathogen interaction

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas auxonopodis pv.punicae (Xap) threaten the existence of a group of farmers for the past few decades who rely on pomegranate cultivation for their livelihood since it will cause huge yield loss. The primary focus of this study was to conduct a thorough analysis of the characterization of this blight incitant Xap. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of six phytopathogenic strains of Xap, designated as PBF1 (PBF: Pomegranate Blight Fruit), PBF2, PBF3, PBF4, PBF5, and PBF6, isolated from the infected fruits were examined. Bacterial colonies were featured as gram-negative, yellow-pigmented circular with a glistening appearance. An attempt to determine the best culture medium, favouring bacterial proliferation was successfully done with four distinct medium, Nutrient Glucose Agar (NGA), Nutrient sucrose Agar (NSA), Yeast Dextrose Calcium Carbonate Agar (YDCA) and Yeast Glucose Calcium Carbonate Agar (YGCA) and comparatively, significant growth was found in NGA (66.66%) followed by YDCA (33%). According to the antibiotic susceptibility results, both ampicillin and streptomycin were determined as potentially effective drugs in preventing the proliferation of Xap (P 0.05). The reactive oxygen species-mediated plant immune response during host-pathogen interaction was confirmed by accessing the presence of H2O2 accumulation in infected leaves via 3,3 - diaminobenzidine (DAB) -staining technique. Bacterial isolates from this study were confirmed by two universal constitutive genes such as gyrB and 16S rRNA. From the BLAST analysis, the isolates were identified as Xap with base pair lengths of 1408bp, 1180bp, and 1159bp, which correspond to PBF1, PBF2, and PBF3, respectively. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree study explaining a strong phylogenetic relationship between the query sequence and closely related bacterial species.

Screening of Actinomycetes effects against Pathogen causing Bacterial Blight of Pomegranate

Pomegranate is called ‘fruit of paradise’ due to its versatile uses. Its fruit, leaves, stem all have nutritional as well as medicinal uses. However, pomegranate yield is adversely affected by infection of plant by various plant pathogens. One of the major harmful diseases is bacterial blight of pomegranate [commonly known as ‘telya disease’] caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis PV punicae. The pathogen affects the fruit, leaves as well as stem. A variety of approaches have been tried to control the disease including cultivation methods, use of botanicals, use of antibiotics, use of chemicals etc. However, no single therapy has been found to be a sure shot control method. The current research work has been designed to achieve the control of disease using biological agent. Here, specifically actinomycetes were isolated from healthy pomegranate cultivated soils. During this research, 24 different actinomycete cultures were isolated and purified. All these cultures were tested for antagonistic activity against bacterial blight pathogen by giant colony technique. The antagonistic activity was determined by calculating inhibition ratio. The inhibition ratio is the ratio of total length of inhibitory area to the total length of streak line. Some actinomycete isolates showed promising antagonistic activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis. Further work is in progress.

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae in Iran

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. punicae in Iran

Antibacterial activity of plant extracts against Xanthomon asaxonopodis Pv. Punicae causing Bacterial blight of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

Pomegranate ( Punicagranatum L.) is the important fruit crop cultivated throughout the world. It is famous for its refreshing fruits. The crop is affected by ‘bacterial blight’ caused by Xanthomonasaxonopodispv. punicae , which is responsible for the failure of crop. It results in the dropping of leaves as well as fruits. It is very hard to manage the disease with chemicals as well as antibiotics and farmers suffer from heavy economic losses. In the present study, aqueous, ethyl alcoholandacetone extracts of ten medicinally useful plants were used against Xanthomonasaxonopodispv. punicaein vitro . The plant extracts showed antibacterial activity and caused inhibition of growth of Xanthomonasaxonopodispv. Punicae . Among them, Menthaspicata, MurrayaKoeninngi, Allium sativum and Tridaxprocumbens caused maximum inhibition of the test bacterium.

In vitro Analysis of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae and Comparative Study of Protein Profiling under Biotic Stress

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by X. axonopodis pv. Punicae (XAP) assumed epidemic form and resulted in economic burden on farmers. In the current study the pathogen infected samples were collected and the isolated XAP was identity and confirmed through the morphological, biochemical characterization and Pathogenicity test. Bacterium was reisolated from infected plant to prove Koch’s postulates. Efficacy of different chemicals and oils were tested by disc diffusion assay and turbidometrically. Bronopol 3000 ppm (25.6±1.6 mm) and Clove oil (18.0±0.7 mm) formed highest zone of inhibition Turbidometri showed the highest O.D. (0.908 nm) by Copper oxy chloride and Neem oil showed maximum inhibition of growth with O.D. (0.842 nm). Biotic stress (pathogen) induced protein response was studies by using SDS-PAGE method after protein extraction from XAP, healthy P. granatum L. and infected P. granatum L. The protein band pattern showed the unique band no. 2 (Mol.Wt.66000 Da) in infected P. granatum L. as compared to the banding pattern of XAP and healthy P. granatum L. The over expressed protein due to biotic stress could be useful as a marker for detection of the disease at the early stage and for control of the diseases after knowing the biochemical significance of the protein.

Relationship between extracellular polysaccharides production and aggressiveness of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing bacterial blight of pomegranate

Relationship between extracellular polysaccharides production and aggressiveness of <i>Xanthomonas axonopodis</i> pv. <i>punicae</i> causing bacterial blight of pomegranate

A new bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Pseudomonas sp. in Maharashtra, India

In the past few decades, pomegranate production in India has greatly suffered from a highly catastrophic bacterial blight disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae. Various management strategies have failed to control the disease. During surveys carried out in Maharashtra, India in 2010–2015, an unusual yellow pigmented bacterium was consistently associated with pomegranate showing blight symptoms. Based on morphological, biochemical, 16S rRNA and gyrase B gene sequencing, the bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas sp. Pathogenicity was assessed both by a detached leaf assay method (in vitro) and in pomegranate plantlets (in vivo). To the best of our knowledge, we report Pseudomonas sp. as a cause of new bacterial blight disease of pomegranate in Maharashtra, India in addition to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae.

Antibacterial activity of commercially available chemicals against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing Bacterial blight of pomegranate under in vivo conditions

Antibacterial activity of commercially available chemicals against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae causing Bacterial blight of pomegranate under in vivo conditions

An overview of bacterial blight disease: A serious threat to pomegranate production

Bacterial blight of pomegranate is among the most devastating natural calamity that inflicted huge losses to pomegranate crop productivity especially in India during the last 24 years. The dilemma of bacterial blight is still under discussion among the researchers since its appearance in 1952. Symptoms of the disease manifested as numerous, small, segregated, depressed, discoloured and typically water-soaked spots. The epidemiology of the disease remains prevalent in mild to moderate form throughout the year at higher temperature ranged between 20.0–43.0° C during April-July and become severe under highly humid conditions (>80%) and moderate temperature (25–35° C) during rainy season. None of the genotypes exhibited resistant against bacterial blight. Some genotypes found moderately susceptible against bacterial blight of pomegranate. Management of the disease is only by various chemicals.

Effect of Agro-chemicals on Severity of Bacterial Blight and Fruit Quality in Pomegranate

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae is a wide spread disease affecting pomegranate production and quality of fruit in Punjab. In-vitro evaluation of agrochemicals indicated that blitox at 3000 ppm followed by kodde 2500 ppm successfully managed the disease. A field experiment was also conducted for its management at New orchard, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during, 2013. Three sprays of the agro-chemicals were done at 15 days interval starting from end June to end July on Mridula variety of pomegranate. Among the various treatments, blitox (0.3%) + streptocycline (250 ppm) proved most effective in reducing per cent disease index, per cent fruit cracking and providing maximum disease control. Quality parameters viz., TSS, acidity, weight, pulp colour, juice weight etc. were also studied. Maximum TSS, fruit weight, juice weight, pulp weight, 100 grain weight and total grain weight were observed in blitox (0.3%) + streptocycline (250 ppm) followed by kodde (0.25%) + streptocycline (250 ppm) sprayed fruits.

Mycorrhizae colonizing actinomycetes promote plant growth and control bacterial blight disease of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv Bhagwa)

The bacterial blight of pomegranate (Punica grantum L.) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv punicae (Xap) is an important disease in India affecting severely the crop and bringing down domestic and export production drastically. The actinomycetes isolated from Glomus mosseae spores and characterized molecularly were tested on pomegranate seedling growth. All the actinomycetes strains improved shoot and root growth increasing biomass by 68–277% in 3 months period which may be attributed to production of varying levels of growth hormones. Streptomyces canus produced the highest amount of IAA (10.1 μg ml−1) and GA3 (12.0 μg ml−1). The strains were also tested for antibacterial activity against Xap by agar diffusion method. Streptomyces fradiae recorded the highest zone of inhibition (2.41 cm dia) followed by Streptomyces avermitilis (2.31 cm), Streptomyces cinnamonensis (2.22 cm), S. canus (2.0 cm) and Non-Streptomyces actinomycetes (NSA) Leifsonia poae (1.83 cm). Detached leaf assay revealed that S. fradiae, S. avermitilis, S. cinnamonensis and S. canus effectively reduced the infection caused by Xap in pomegranate leaves under in vitro conditions. In whole plant bioassay also the Xap infection was significantly reduced by actinomycetes treatment. The findings from this study clearly indicated the possibilities of using mycorrhizae associated actinomycetes as bioinoculant for growth promotion and for control of bacterial blight in pomegranate cultivation.

Investigation of the antibacterial properties of nanocopper against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, the incitant of pomegranate bacterial blight

Bacterial blight of pomegranate (Punica granatum) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) is a major disease of pomegranate in India. Here we report the efficacy of nanocopper in suppression of growth as well as in the watersoaked lesions induced by Xap. The nanocopper suppressed Xap growth at 0.2 ppm, i.e., >10,000 times lower than that usually recommended for Cu-oxychloride. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed cell wall degradation in nanocopper-treated bacterial cells that failed to colonize plant tissues as well as to produce the characteristic intense water soaking. This study suggests that nanocopper could be employed as an environmentally friendly strategy for the management of pomegranate bacterial blight.

MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF POMEGRANATE THROUGH CHEMICALS/ ANTIBIOTICS

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Hingorani and Singh) Dye has become an increasingly serious threat to pomegranate growers in the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh in India. The present investigation was carried out during 2005 and 2006, respectively and revealed that sprays with streptocycline (500 ppm) + copper oxychloride (2000 ppm) were found very effective in reducing the mean disease incidence (25.5%) followed by Bromopal (500 ppm) + copper oxychloride (2000 ppm) (33.3%), when compared with control (78.5%) after the 8 th spray. The maximum mean yield of 9.3 tons/ha was recorded in streptocycline (500 ppm) + copper oxychloride (2000 ppm) followed by 8.50 tons/ha in Bromopal (500 ppm) + copper oxychloride (2000 ppm. The untreated check yielded 2.95 tons/ha.

PRESENT STATUS OF POMEGRANATE BACTERIAL BLIGHT CAUSED BY XANTHOMONAS AXONOPODIS PV. PUNICAE AND ITS MANAGEMENT

Bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, of late, has become a major constraint in important pomegranate producing states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh of India. In view of enormous losses which may extend up to 60-80% in unmanaged orchards under epidemic conditions, the present investigations were undertaken with the objective to ascertain the actual damage due to disease, disease epidemiology and to develop an effective disease management schedule. Surveys of important pomegranate growing states conducted during 2006 to 2008 revealed disease prevalence in different districts of Maharashtra viz., Solapur, Sangli, Pune, Nashik, Osmanabad, Aurangabad, Latur and Jalna in mild to severe form. Ahmednagar district, which was free from blight until 2007, also revealed severe blight infections in a few orchards of Sangamner taluka during July 2008. Satara and Dhule districts of the state, however, were found free from bacterial blight. In Andhra Pradesh disease was prevalent in mild to severe form in most pomegranate growing areas of Ananthpur district, whereas in Karnataka disease was prevalent in mild to moderate form in Bijapur, Gadag, Koppal and Bagalkot districts. All pomegranate cultivars grown in the region viz., ‘Bhagwa’, ‘Ganesh’, ‘Mridula’ and ‘Arakta’ were susceptible to the blight pathogen. Studies on disease epidemiology at Solapur revealed that though disease existed throughout the year at a temperature range of 9.0-43.0°C and varying humidities (30.0->80.0%), disease development was rapid during the summer rainy months from July to September due to free water and high humidity. The Mrig bahar crop regulated in June-July (summer rainy season) revealed more disease pressure due to higher infection rate (0.2/unit/day) as compared to the Hastha bahar crop regulated in September-October (autumn season) which had an infection rate of 0.08/unit/day, thereby, indicating the brisk spread of the disease in the rainy season. Studies on pathogen’s survivability revealed that Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae was able to survive in naturally infected leaves collected from the diseased orchard for one year under laboratory conditions (25.0-38.0°C). A field trial for the management of bacterial blight was conducted in an orchard having six-year-old ‘Bhagwa’ during 2007-2008. Adoption of an integrated disease management schedule which included practices like orchard sanitation, avoidance of rainy season crop (Mrig bahar) and regulating the Hastha bahar crop, judicious sprays of antibiotic Streptocycline (500 ppm) in combination with fungicides like carbendazim (0.15%)/mancozeb (0.2%)/ copper oxychloride (0.25%) at 15 days interval resulted in 82.2% disease control and gave yield of 16 t/ha. In separate trials antibiotic Bactronol (2-Bromo, 2-Nitropropane, 1-3 diol) at 750-1000 ppm concentrations was also found effective in managing bacterial blight.

PRESENT STATUS OF POMEGRANATE BACTERIAL BLIGHT AND ITS MANAGEMENT

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) regarded as a “Fruit of Paradise” is one among the major fruit crops of arid zones. The crop is mainly grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In Karnataka, it is extensively cultivated in the northern districts viz., Bijapur, Bagalkot, Bellary and Koppal. It was a dollar earning and boom commercial fruit crop for farmers since 2002. From the year 2002, growers are in dire straits due to severe outbreak of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, which was once deemed as a minor important disease and became a serious threat for pomegranate production resulting in severe yield losses both in terms of quality and quantity. A survey report revealed 20-90% of disease severity in Bijapur and Bagalkot district. Similarly 71.14% severity was reported in Bellary district. Recent reports revealed the highest severity of trees was 74.80% in Bagalkot district and minimum severity (6.73%) in Bellary district. The disease is characterized by the appearance of one to several small water soaked, dark colored irregular spots on leaves resulting in premature defoliation under severe cases. The pathogen also infects stem and branches causing girdling and cracking symptoms. Spots on fruits were dark brown irregular slightly raised with oily appearance, which split open with L-shaped cracks under severe cases. Screening of different botanicals and bactericides by in vitro method revealed the superior efficacy of bactrinashak at 0.05% (20 mm inhibition zone) followed by streptocycline (0.05%). Garlic extract 5% was found the next best effective treatment. Field evaluation over the seasons showed that bactrinashak, streptocycline or bacteri¬mycin at 0.05% concentration in combination with COC 0.25% were equally effective in reducing the disease severity. Integrated disease management practices like selection of disease free seedlings, use of organics, proper spacing, pruning time, method of pruning, sanitation, sufficient rest after harvest and use of antibiotics with copper fungicides have proven well in reducing the severity of bacterial blight of pomegranate. Since it is an airborne disease, a mass eradication program will be beneficial.