Isolation Rate Of Bacteria Research Articles

Detection of FOX-AmpC-β-lactamase gene and antibiogram of AmpC-beta-lactamase-producing pathogens isolated from chronic suppurative otitis media patients in Nigeria.

AmpC-producing Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) pathogens are distributed worldwide, especially in clinical settings. This study aimed to determine the antibiogram and the type of AmpC-β-lactamase gene harboured by GNB pathogens implicated in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) cases. Ear swab samples (300) collected from patients with active CSOM were analysed using standard microbiological techniques. Phenotypic and molecular detection of AmpC β-lactamase production was done by cefoxitin/cloxacillin double-disk synergy test and PCR respectively. Antibiogram was determined by disk diffusion technique. Among the GNB pathogens isolated from CSOM patients, P. aeruginosa was the most predominant (36.3%); followed by K. pneumoniae (22.3%), and E. coli (13.7%). Patients with active CSOM showed increased bacteria isolation rate from bilateral ear discharges than unilateral ear discharges. E. coli and P. aeruginosa were more prevalent among patients with duration of discharge >2 weeks; recording 9.0% and 20.3% respectively. AmpC β-lactamase producers accounted for 14.0%; they were highly resistant (60%-100%) to cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline, but very susceptible (70.4%-100%) to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and amikacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices of isolates ranged from 0.7-0.8. FOX-AmpC-β-lactamase gene was detected in 3.9% of the isolates. The detection of AmpC β-lactamase-producing multidrug-resistant GNB pathogens harbouring FOX-AmpC-β-lactamase gene among patients with CSOM infections in our study is a serious public health problem which needs urgent intervention.

Profiles of Bacteria Isolates and their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern among Housemaids Working in Communal Living Residences in Jimma City, Ethiopia

Background: Bacterial pathogens continued to be the major causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans and remained public health important pathogens across the globe. As regards, housemaids operating inside a kitchen could be the source of infection and may transmit disease-inflicting pathogens through infected hands. Profiles of bacteria isolates and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among housemaids employed in dwellings in Ethiopia; particularly in the study area haven’t been underexplored yet. Objective: A study aimed to assess the profiles of bacteria isolates and antimicrobial resistance patterns among housemaids working in communal living residences in Jimma City, Ethiopia. Methods: Laboratory-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 230 housemaids from April-June 2022. Hand swabs samples from the dominant hand of the study participants were collected under sterile conditions for the segregation of commensal microbes following standard operating procedures. Then in the laboratory, the swabs were inoculated aseptically using streak-plating methods on mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, Salmonella-shigella agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Then inoculated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours for bacterial isolation. In addition, a set of biochemical tests was applied to examine bacterial species. Data was entered into Epidata version 3.1. All statistics were performed using SPSS® statistics version 26. Descriptive analyses were summarized using frequency and percentage. Results: The response rate of respondents was 97.8%. The prevalence of bacterial contaminants in the hands of housemaids who tested positive was 72% (95%CI: 66.2-77.8%). The isolated bacterial were Staphylococcus aureus (31.8%), Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (0.9%), Escherichia coli (21.5%), Salmonella (1.3%), Shigella (6.7%), Klebsiella species (23.3%) and Proteus species (14.8%). The isolation rate of bacteria was significantly associated with the removal watch, ring, and bracelet during hand washing. Most isolated bacteria were sensitive to Chloramphenicol while the majority of them were resistant to Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Vancomycin, and Ceftazidime. Conclusion: Hands of housemaids are important potential sources of disease-causing bacterial pathogens that would result in the potential risk of foodborne diseases. Most isolated bacteria were resistant to tested antimicrobial drugs. Everybody responsible should work practice of good hand hygiene.

Conjunctival bacterial flora and their antibiotic sensitivity among patients scheduled for cataract surgery in a tertiary hospital in south-east Nigeria.

To determine the pre-operative conjunctival bacteria flora and their antibiotic susceptibility among patients scheduled for cataract surgery. A descriptive, cross-sectional, hospital-based study design was adopted. It involved 104 consecutive, consented patients scheduled for cataract surgery at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu, from June to September 2017. The participants' socio-demographic characteristics, medical, and social history were obtained through interviewer-administered questionnaire. Conjunctival swab was obtained from the inferior fornix of the eye scheduled for cataract surgery using sterile swab stick and transported to medical laboratory for analysis. Susceptibility tests were carried out on the representatives of different groups of available antibiotics. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 23. The participants were mainly females (64.4%), married, and farmers, with at least primary school education and a mean age of 64 ± 2SD years. The conjunctival swab bacteria isolation rate was 36.5%. Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 73.7% of the total isolates. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (34.2%) was the most frequently isolated bacteria. Gentamicin, ofloxacin, and polymycin B (76%) were the most efficacious antibiotics followed by moxifloxacin and tobramycin (68%) on all the isolates. Ofloxacin (82%) was the most sensitive to Gram positive while gentamicin (90%) was for Gram-negative bacteria. In Enugu, the most common pre-operative conjunctival bacteria isolated were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus with varied antibiotic sensitivity. Routine prophylaxis with gentamicin and ofloxacin is therefore advised to forestall the dreaded post-operative endophthalmitis.

Recent Trends in Bacteriology of Adult Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

This study aimed to identify trends in bacteria isolated from Korean adults with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Enrolled were CRS patients who underwent sinus bacterial culture during endoscopic sinus surgery between 2007–2008, 2011–2012, and 2017–2018 (n = 510). Patients’ clinical characteristics, bacterial culture results, and antibiotic resistance were reviewed. The bacteria isolation rate was 76.3% (73.9% for CRS with nasal polyps and 82.8% for CRS without nasal polyps; p = 0.038). In total, 650 strains were isolated, the most common was Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) (28.0%), followed by Streptococcus species (12.2%), Propionibacterium species (8.0%), Corynebacterium species (7.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.2%), Haemophilus species (5.7%), Klebsiella species (5.1%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.2%). Furthermore, an analysis of the bacterial trends in the three groups showed significant increases over time for the isolation of CNS (p = 0.006), Klebsiella (p = 0.002), and P. aeruginosa (p = 0.007) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella (p < 0.001) and Enterobacter (p = 0.007) species in terms of antibiotics resistance. This study demonstrates that the frequency of CNS, Klebsiella, and P. aeruginosa in CRS patients and the ESBL-producing Klebsiella and Enterobacter species has significantly increased in CRS patients over the last decade.

Investigation on the status of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria induced by occupational exposure among medical staff in ICU

Objective: To understand the natural carriage status of multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria in ICU medical personmel and control growp of 69 hospitals in Tianjin. Methods: From April 2007 to October 2016, 2902 samples of nasal vestibule and hand swabs were collected from 1296 ICU medical personmel and 155 non medical personmel (control group) , and 14 kinds of antimicrobial agents were used to test the sensitivity of gram-negative bacilli. Results: 332 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from medical personmel, of which 139 were multidrug resistant; 70 gram-negative bacteria were isolated from control group, and 20 of which were multidrug resistant. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the incidence of nasal vestibular colonization between medical personmel group (231/1296) and control group (32/155) . The control group (38/155) had a higher rate of hand bacteria carriage than medical staff group (101/1296) (P<0.01) . The proportion of multidrug resistant gram-negative bacteria was 28.57% (20/70) in control group, which was significantly lower than medical personmel group (41.87%, 139/332) (P<0.05) . Conclusion: For the nasal vestibule, the medical personnel and control guoup have the same gram-negative bacteria carrying rate, but the multidrug resistant bacteria isolation rate from the medical staff group are significantly higher which may due to vocational contamination of pathogen in ICU; while the gram-negative bacteria in the hands of the medical staff group are significantly lower than those of the control group, which might attribute to the difference of hand sanitation technique of two groups.

Phenotypic Characterization and Serotypes Identification of CSF isolates in Acute Bacterial Meningitis

Background and Aim: Bacterial meningitis is a fatal disabling disease which needs prompt antibiotic management. As it causes a significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, every developing country should have accurate information regarding the common etiological agents in bacterial meningitis cases. In the present study, we have serotyped the obtained agents in order to predict the usefulness of existing vaccines against bacterial meningitis. Materials and Methods: Two thousand nineteen cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained prospectively from suspected meningitis from January 2011 to July 2013 out of which 76 cases were approved by cytological, microbiological, molecular, and biochemical analysis as per the standard techniques. The isolated bacteria were serotyped to determine the predominant strain. Results: On the whole, 2019 CSF samples were collected, and bacterial etiology was isolated in 76 cases; S. pneumoniae in 31.5%, N. meningitides in 18.4%, and H. influenza in 10.5% of culture positive samples. Gram stained smears were positive in 63 samples. Among pneumococcal meningitis the most common serotype was 1, (29 %), followed by 19F, (25%), 18F, (8.3%), 6, (16.6%), 14, (12.5%), and 20 (8.3%). Out of the N. meningitidis positive CSF samples, 35.7%, 21.4%, and 35.7%, belonged to serogroups A, C, and W-135, respectively, and one non-groupable isolate were involved as S. pneumoniae meningitis. In the H. influenzae group only serotype b (87.5%), and untypable, 1, (7.5%) cases have been identified. Only 17, (0.8%) soluble antigens were detected from culture negative CSF samples. High protein and low sugar levels associated well with the features of ABM. The mean sugar and protein level in the CSF samples were 22.3 ± 9.8 mg/dl, 85.3 ± 51.29 mg/dl, respectively. Conclusions: The isolation rate of bacteria causing meningitis is 3.8%. Out of the total pneumococcal serotypes three of them were not included in the current vaccine in Ethiopia. Unusual findings and high a proportion of serogroup W-135 meningococci are observed in our study area The role of clinical presentations, routine CSF analysis in the rapid diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in cases of negative gram stained smears and a good knowledge of the bacterial epidemiology of meningitis can serve as a guide to start a rapid treatment as early as possible. Recommendation: the result of this study can be used to improve the existing vaccines to cover the detected serotypes and consequently reduce the incidence of bacterial meningitis.

Impact of antifungal therapy in mechanically ventilated patients with Candida spp. colonization in lower respiratory tract

Objective: To explore the impact of antifungal therapy in mechanically ventilated patients with Candida spp. colonization in lower respiratory tract. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients required mechanical ventilation with pulmonary Candida spp. colonization admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU) between July 2012 and June 2016 were included. The patients were divided into the treatment group and control group according to whether or not they received antifungal therapy. The isolation rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, total length of hospital stay, the 28-day mortality and the overall mortality were compared between the two groups. Results: Totally, 101 patients were studied. The number of cases in treatment group was 56 and the control group was 45. The treatment group had a lower incidence of MDR bacteria isolation rate and VAP compared with the control group (16.1% vs 33.3%, 5.4% vs 17.8% respectively, both P<0.05). There were significant differences in the duration of mechanical ventilation [(17.3±5.7) days vs (22.5±7.2) days, P<0.05], length of ICU stay [(23.3±5.6) days vs (28.7 ±4.8) days, P<0.05] and the average length of hospital stay [(36.2±8.7) days vs (43.6±9.0) days, P<0.05)] in the treatment group compared with the control group. There were no statistical difference between the two groups in the 28-day mortality and the overall mortality. Conclusion: Treatment of respiratory Candida spp. colonization in mechanically ventilated patients may reduce isolation rate of MDR bacteria, the incidence of VAP, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay and total length of hospital stay.

Potential Role of Migratory Quail in Spreading of Some Zoonotic Pathogens in Egypt

This study aimed to illustrate the potential role of wild migratory quails in the epidemiology of some zoonotic pathogens in Egypt. Ninety four apparently healthy migratory quails were collected from public markets after being trapped during hunting season from the North Sinai. Oral, cloaca and organs (liver, lung and heart) swabs were collected for bacteriological and viral examination. Bacteriological examination revealed high percentage of lactose fermenter bacteria (48.9%) including E. coli spp. (37.2%) and Salmonella spp. (24.4%). Three out of 12 (25%) of Salmonella spp. Isolates were S. enterica subspecies typhimurium. Other bacteria isolation rate was differed such as Staphylococcusaureus spp. (19.1%), Proteus spp. (7.4%), Listeria spp. (4.2%) and Klepsila spp. (3.1%). E. coli spp. and Salmonella spp. isolates were further examined by API20and PCR techniques. Antibiogram testing against 32 E. coli spp. and 12 Salmonella spp. isolates, revealed multi-drug resistance pattern and high sensitivity to enrofloxacin, nitrofuranation and ofloxacine. Parasitological examination revealed that 35 (37.2%) quails were infected with chewing lice (Phithiraptera spp.). Intestinal infection with Heterakis spp. and/or Ascarida spp. Was detected in 27 (28.7%) quails. All quails were negative for avian influenza virus by direct detection by Rt-PCR for oral and cloaca swabs followed by inoculation in embryonated chicken eggs. In conclusion, the migratory quails might play a potential role in dispersion of zoonosis in Egypt.

IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL FLORA ISOLATED FROM APPARENTLY HEALTHY WATER BIRDS OF DHAKA ZOO OF BANGLADESH

A total of 72 samples (Oral swab, cloacal swab and faeccal sample) were aseptically collected from different species (Purple Heron, Demoiselle Crane Pond Heron (adult), Pond Heron (young), Cattle Egret, Night Heron (adult), Night Heron (young) and Little Cormorant) of apparently healthy water birds of Dhaka Zoo of Bangladesh for The isolation and identification of bacterial flora. All the collected samples were inoculated in different bacteriological media for the study of their cultural properties. Gram’s staining, motility test and biochemical tests were also performed for the proper diagnosis of the isolated bacteria. Slide agglutination test was also performed to confirm the suspected Salmonella. Five types of bacteria were isolated and identified. The antibiogram of five randomly selected isolated bacteria of each genus were also studied. Among the isolated bacteria the isolation rate of E. coli was 54.16 % followed by Salmonella spp.31.94 %, Staphylococcus spp. 27.78%, Bacillus spp. 26.38 % and Proteus spp. 8.33%. Among the isolates, E.coli was found to be most prevalent bacteria. Among the samples the isolation rate of bacteria was higher in cloacal swab 54.16%, followed by oral swab 51.38% and faecal sample 43.05%. There was marked variation in the antibiotic sensitivity and resistant patterns of the isolated bacteria to the antibiotics available in the markets. It was found that most of the isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Ampicillin and furazolidone could not affect the growth of any isolated bacteria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15642

Comparison of bacterial examinations between eosinophilic and neutrophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps

Conclusion: We found no significant differences in the bacterial features of the maxillary sinuses between eosinophilic and neutrophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps. Objectives: Since neutrophilic CRS is often influenced by a predisposition to bacterial infection, and eosinophilic CRS is likely to be developed by allergic antigens, differences in the microbiology between the two pathologies of CRS can be expected. The present study was designed to investigate the bacterial findings from the maxillary sinus in eosinophilic and neutrophilic CRS. Methods: Seventy patients with CRS with nasal polyps were divided into eosinophilic and neutrophilic types based on histopathological observations of the nasal polyps. The specimens for bacterial culture were obtained from the maxillary sinus during endoscopic sinus surgery. Results: In all, 29 and 41 patients were classified as having eosinophilic and neutrophilic CRS with nasal polyps, respectively. The isolation rate of bacteria showed no significant difference between eosinophilic (90%) and neutrophilic CRS (98%). Aerobic bacteria were found in 25 patients (86%) with eosinophilic CRS, which was not significantly different from that in neutrophilic CRS (40 patients, 98%). The isolation rate for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria showed no significant differences.

Comparison of Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Mini-Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients

Background: Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is commonly used to help diagnose and characterize pneumonia in these patients. Mini-BAL is a less-invasive, less-costly and less-cumbersome diagnostic tool than BAL. Objectives: In this study, we compared the diagnostic value of BAL and mini-BAL in the evaluation of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients with respiratory failure. Methods: Sixty-four respiratory samples were collected from 32 immunocompromised patients admitted to our respiratory intensive care unit with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia and respiratory failure requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. A single BAL sample and a single mini-BAL sample were collected from each patient. Samples were examined for bacteriologic, mycologic, mycobacteriologic, and viral organisms. Results: The mean age of the patients was 56.0 ± 14.4 years. Of the 32 BAL samples, bacterial isolates were detected in 11 patients (34.4%) and on the other hand bacterial isolates were detected in 10 patients (31.3%) of the mini-BAL samples. Fungal isolates were detected in 11 patients (34.4%) from BAL samples and 13 patients (40.6%) from mini-BAL samples. Our analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between the results of BAL and mini-BAL testing (r = 0.850 and r = 0.821, respectively). Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated a strong correlation between the isolation rates of bacteria and fungi in BAL and mini-BAL samples obtained from immunocompromised patients with pneumonia and respiratory failure. The data strongly support the use of mini-BAL sampling in such patients as a less-invasive, less-costly and simpler alternative to traditional BAL.

Multihospital Surveillance of Pneumonia Burden among Children Aged &lt;5 Years Hospitalized for Pneumonia in Bangladesh

Pneumonia contributes substantially to childhood mortality in Bangladesh. We conducted a study to characterize the disease severity and risk factors for mortality among children hospitalized for pneumonia in Bangladesh. We analyzed data on hospitalization, patient characteristics, and mortality collected by a multicenter hospital-based surveillance of pneumonia in Bangladesh. From May 2004 through April 2007, 4155 children aged 2-59 months who met a pneumonia case definition adopted by GAVI's Pneumococcal Vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan-sponsored surveillance networks were enrolled after blood culture specimens were obtained. The mean duration (+/-SD) from illness onset to hospital admission was 6+/- days; 1842 children (44%) received antimicrobial treatment before hospitalization, and an additional 924 (22%) received antimicrobial treatment after admission to the hospital. Bacteria were isolated from 161 (4%) of the 4155 specimens, including 10 (6%) Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates and 5 (3%) Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates. The case-fatality rate for pneumonia in the hospital was 4% (150 deaths), and the children who died did so after a median of 2 days of hospitalization (range, 0-24 days). Infancy was highly associated with death due to pneumonia (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-3.2), as were very severe pneumonia (OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 5.6-11.2), a blood culture positive for bacteria (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.0-5.8), severe malnutrition (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 2.9-7.4), and delayed admission (mean [+/-SD] duration from illness onset to admission, 6+/-6 days, compared with 5+/-4 days for survivors; P< .04). The prevalence of pneumonia among children aged <5 years in hospitals in Bangladesh is high. However, the isolation rate of bacteria is low, possibly because of the high (68%) background use of antibiotics. Multiple risk factors associated with pneumonia case fatality suggest multiple strategies, including vaccines, to reduce pneumonia-related and overall child mortality in Bangladesh.

The role of adenoids in pediatric rhinosinusitis

To evaluate adenoids' importance in pediatric rhinosinusitis as a cause of mechanical blockage or as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria. A retrospective chart review of prospectively collected data was performed, which included 410 children under the age of 14 who underwent adenoidectomy in the study. Adenoid bacteriology was evaluated with adenoid tissue culture, and sinusitis grade and adenoid size were determined using preoperative PNS X-ray. A potential correlation between these factors was then analyzed. The overall adenoid bacteria isolation rate was 79.3%. The most common bacteria were Haemophilus influenza (28.5%), Streptococcus pneumonia (21.7%), Streptococcus pyogenes (21.0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (15.6%), and bacterial isolation rate increased significantly according to sinusitis grade (p=0.000). This was especially true of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumonia, whose isolation rates increased significantly (p=0.011, p=0.001 each). There was no statistically significant difference in sinusitis grade or bacterial isolation rate according to adenoid size. Based on these results, adenoids contain many potentially pathogenic bacteria. We suggest that in pediatric rhinosinusitis, adenoids act as a reservoir for pathogenic bacteria rather than as a barrier causing mechanical obstruction.

An Audit Report on Bacterial Meningintis among Children Admitted at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Background: This is a preliminary report of the ongoing paediatric bacterial meningitis surveillance at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The World Health Organization (WHO AFRO) introduced this initiative to countries in the African region. The report covers the period beginning October 2001 up to December 2004. Methodology: All patients suspected to have acute bacterial meningitis were registered and a sample of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was taken from each patient and subjected to standard laboratory investigations. Results: A total of 16350 children were admitted during this period and, out of these, 1529 (9.6%) were suspected to have bacterial meningitis. CSF was collected from 84% of the children suspected of suffering from bacterial meningitis. While Bacteria were isolated from 5.6% of these samples, bacteria isolation rate from turbid CSF(96 samples) was 72.9%. The commonest isolates were Klebsiella species (26%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (22%), Haemophilus influenzae (13%), Salmonella species (9.1%) and E. coli (6.5%). N. meningitidis was not isolated during the three year period. Of all children with suspected bacterial meningitis, 61% were in the first 12 months of life while 3.8% of them were aged 36 months and above. H. influenzae was not observed to cause disease after the age of three years while Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to cause disease up to the age of 60 months (5years). Whereas Klebsiela spp, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae contributed to 22.5% death rate each to the total meningitis death burden, H. influenzae had the highest microbial agent-specific mortality rate (90%), followed by E. coli (80%), and Salmonella spp. (66%). About 52.5% of the deaths occurred in the first 5 months of life and the overall disease case mortality rate was 51.9%. Conclusion: The low bacteria isolation rate could be attributed to the prior use of antibiotics and the use of human blood agar instead of sheep's blood agar for the isolation of H. influenzae. The high frequency of Klebsiella spp causing meningitis has not been frequently reported in Africa. The results of this study further confirm that there is no consistent pattern of microorganisms causing meningitis in tropical Africa. Recommendation: The high mortality rate observed in this study supports the need to introduce the H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae vaccines in our routine immunization schedules. There is a necessity of looking for factors contributing to this high death rate. Tanzania Medical Journal Vol. 22 (1) 2007: pp. 5-8

The Association of Delta Neutrophil with Severity of Sepsis.

Background: The entrance of microbes into blood stream results in rapid spreading of infection through circulation system progressing to sepsis with accompanying fever, leukocytosis and circulatory collapse necessitating prompt recognition and treatment. We calculated the difference between white blood cell counts measured in myeloperoxidase and basophil channel, designated as “delta neutrophil”, and found that the value correlates the progression of sepsis.Methods: We categorized patients who were referred for automatic blood cell analysis according to the calculated value of delta neutrophil and analyzed positive rate of blood culture, mortality and laboratory data including hemoglobin, platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation product, D-dimer, ESR, CRP. Delta neutrophil values were calculated as above mentioned from measured values from automatic blood cell analyzer, ADVIA® 120 automated Hematology System (Bayer Diagnostics, New York, USA). Among 1781 patients selected, those with delta neutrophil value less then 5 were categorized as group I, 5 to 10 as group II, 10 to 20 group III, 20 to 30 group IV, 30 to 40 group V, 40 to 50 group VI and greater than 50 as group VII, arbitrarily. Patients with hematologic malignancy or with Gynecologic malignancy were excluded in this study.Results: The mortality and blood culture rate in group VII were 75.0% and 57.1% and in group VI 76% and 46.7%, group V 46.2% and 37.9%, respectively. On the contrary for group I the mortality and isolation rate were 3.3% and 17.1%. (The means of hemoglobin concentration for group I and II were 13.2 g/dL and 12.1 g/dL compared with 10.5 g/dL and 10.2 g/dL in group VI and VII.) With regard to consumptive coagulopathy, the means of platelet count were 263,700/mL and 259,200/mL in group I and II while those for group VI and VII were 107,200/mL and 112,600/mL. Antithrombin activities were 5.20 % and 7.98% in group VII and VI in contrast to 66.6% and 75.8% for group I and II.Conclusion: The categorization by delta neutrophil value correlated with the isolation rate of bacteria from blood culture and mortality. The delta neutrophil value is expected to provide useful information for following up progression of sepsis.

해산물식품 중 식중독원인균의 오염패턴 및 저감화 방안

The contamination frequency of major foodborne pathogenic bacteria was investigated from 213 seafood samples including sliced raw fish and shellfish in Busan and CyeongNam province area. Tested microorganisms were Salmonella spp. Staphyloroccus aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Bncillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni. The frequency of isolated microorganisms was V. parahaemolyticus (), B. cereus (), S. aureus () and other pathogenic bacteria (). from July to October, total isolation rates were greater than and V. parahaemolyticus was dominant among the microorganisms isolated. The bacteria isolation rate () in raw seafoods including shellfishes was higher than one () in sliced raw fish. V. parahaemelyticus isolates were resistant to ampicillin (), amikacin () and tetracycline (), and B. cereus isolates were resistant to ampicillin (), Penicillin G (), rifampicin () and tetracycline (). The growth of V. parahaemolyticus and B. rereus was greatly inhibited below , but increased at ambient temperature. Washing seafood with tap water showed to reduce total count of remaining V. parahaemolyticus. Thus temperature control under , sufficient washing and prompt eating appeared to reduce the risk of food poisoning by these bacteria in seafoods.

こう合性外傷の歯周ポケット内細菌叢

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between the frequency of Gram-negative anaerobic black-pigmented rods and periodontal disease-inducing occlusal trauma. The occlusal trauma group had a markedly higher level of gingival exudates and higher numbers of bacteria in gingival exudates than the normal control group. The rate of total numbers of bacteria against a definite amount of gingival exudates were found remarkably higher in all subjects with occlusal trauma than normal controls. Facultative anaerobes showed the highest frequency, in which the Gram-positive coccamount isolation rate of bacteria was predominant in all subjects. The frequency of obligate anaerobes increased in the group with occlusal trauma. The frequency of obligate anaerobic Gram-negative rods was observed to have no significant difference between occlusal trauma and normal control groups. All obligate anaerobic Gram-negative black-pigmented rods in the periodontal pockets isolated from patients with occlusal trauma and normal controls were identified with Prevotella intermedia by a biochemical test. Prevalence of obligate anaerobic Gram-negative black-pigmented rods isolated from occlusal trauma maintained a low level throughout the experimental period. These results indicate that alveolar bone loss in occlusal trauma may have no relation to obligate anaerobic Gram-negative black-pigmented rods.

Antimicrobial activity of topical anaesthetic preparations.

Eight commercial topical anaesthetic preparations were tested for their ability to inhibit microbial growth in vitro by incubating serial dilutions with each of 4 micro-organisms. In addition corneas of mice were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and the effect of the anaesthetics on isolation rates of bacteria was investigated. The preparations were shown to have a wide range of antimicrobial activity, correlating both with the active agents and the preservatives. We suggest that some preparations are unsuitable for use prior to collection of specimens from human corneal ulcers.