Bacopa Monnieri Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomes of Fortified Bacoside: A Rich Fraction from Bacopa Monnieri for Memory Enhancement

Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomes of Fortified Bacoside: A Rich Fraction from Bacopa Monnieri for Memory Enhancement

Pharmacological Approaches and Herbal Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: This comprehensive review extensively examines the utilization of herbal remedies and pharmacological techniques for managing Alzheimer's disease (AD). It delves deeply into the active constituents and modes of operation of diverse herbal medications such as Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, Ginkgo biloba, and Curcuma longa, emphasizing their qualities in reducing inflammation, acting as antioxidants, and safeguarding neural tissue. Additionally, it assesses conventional pharmaceuticals like cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, rivastigmine) and memantine, investigating their mechanisms of action and potential adverse effects. The study also encompasses non-pharmacological therapies like interventions aimed at cognition, physical exercise, and methods of stimulating the brain, all of which exhibit potential in enhancing cognitive capacity and neural adaptability. Furthermore, it delves into the amalgamation of therapies to tackle numerous facets of AD pathology. In essence, this review furnishes valuable insights into alternative strategies for managing AD, underscoring the potential of herbal interventions in enhancing cognitive function and addressing the underlying issues of AD. Additionally, it presents a fresh avenue for exploring the collaborative impacts of combining conventional pharmaceuticals with herbal remedies.

A Review on Endangered Medicinal Plants of Melghat Forest in Amravati District

The Melghat Forest, located in the Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, is known for its rich biodiversity including a variety of plant and animal species. However, like many other forested area, the Melghat Forest is facing threats from various anthropogenic activities, such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and the introduction of exotic species. (Sharma, 2015) To address these challenges, the state government has implemented various conservation measures, including the establishment of a threatened fauna management framework. Some of these endangered medicinal plants are Saussaureea lappa, Picorrhiza kurroa, Ginkgo Biloba, Swertia chirata,Gymnema sylvestre,Tinospora cordifolia,Salaca oblonga,Holostemma,Celastrus paniculata,Oroxylum indicum, Glycyrrhiza glabra,Typophora indica,Bacopa monnieri,Rauwolfia serpentine. The most important species in these forests is Teak(Tectona Grandis).Teak forests occupy over 11500 sq.km.area which is about 1/5 of the area under forest department.The present investigation of some of the plants which are more important to human healthcare and may be extinct in future.

Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of bacopa monniera for anti – anxiety activity

Anxiety, a common emotional response to stress, involves numerous brain regions and neurotransmitters, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and is partially by genetic, environmental, and biological factors. This study evaluates Bacopa monnieri, a herb known in Ayurvedic medicine for its cognitive-enhancing and adaptogenic properties, as a potential anti-anxiety agent. The plant's ethanolic extract revealed a variety of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Acute toxicity studies indicated a high safety margin with an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight. The anti-anxiety effects were assessed using three established models. In the Elevated Plus-Maze Test, Bacopa monnieri significantly reduced anxiety levels in mice, comparable to the standard anxiolytic benzodiazepine. The Hole-Board Test showed increased head-dipping and rearing behaviors, while reducing immobility, suggesting anxiolytic activity. The Light-Dark Exploration Test demonstrated the herb's ability to decrease anxiety-related behaviors, including a reduction in rearing in dark compartments and increased exploration of light areas. These findings provide scientific validation for Bacopa monnieri's traditional use in treating anxiety and support its potential as an effective and safe anti-anxiety agent in managing central nervous system disorders.

Standardization of Protocol for Production of Synthetic Seed of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) and Assessment of their Longevity under Differential Storage Condition

Brahmi [Bacopa monnieri (L) Pennel] is an important medicinal small succulent, medicinal herb belongs to the family ‘Scrophulariaceae’ which is commonly known as Jala Brahmi or Nira-Brahmi. National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), estimated an annual demand of Bacopa in 2004-2005 was 6621.8 tonnes, with a 7% annual growth rate. Micropropagation techniques and production of synthetic seeds can be a breakthrough to overcome the low availability of Brahmi propagating materials. So, the present study was conducted to standardize the protocol for preparation of synthetic seeds of Brahmi using nodal segment. The experiment was conducted with five treatments by using combinations of different concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride and preparing two types of synthetic seeds (single layer and double layer). Further the longevity of both single layer and double layered synthetic seeds was studied under two different storage temperatures at 25°C (ambient condition) and 4°C (refrigerator) up to 40 days by inoculating them in two different types of media. The result showed no significant effect of concentrations of gelling agent and complexing agent on the germination percentage of synthetic seeds. The number of shoots per synthetic seed varied from 22.00 to 29.35 with 100% germination and maximum shoots/synthetic seed and shoot length was obtained by using T5 (single layered with MS media, 3% sodium alginate and 2.5% calcium chloride). Maximum number of days of storage can be observed in the single layer synthetic seeds when stored at 4°C along with media followed by double layer synthetic seeds when stored at 4°C along with media. However, seeds stored on vermiculite got dried up in the initial days of storage. Germination was found to be higher in seeds stored at 4°C when compared to seeds stored at 25°C. The study as a whole elucidated the opportunity for the use of synthetic seed as an alternative to traditional propagation system for Brahmi.

Seasonal variation in morphological characteristics of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) germplasm accessions in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh

Seasonal variation in morphological characteristics of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) germplasm accessions in coastal regions of Andhra Pradesh

Bacopa monnieri confers neuroprotection by influencing signaling pathways associated with interleukin 4, 13 and extracellular matrix organization in Alzheimer's disease: A proteomics-based perspective

Alzheimer's disease, a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly, is characterized by the accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, triggering oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Current therapies focus on symptomatic treatment rather than targeting the underlying disease-modifying molecular mechanisms and are often associated with significant side effects. Bacopa monnieri, a traditional Indian herb with nootropic properties, has shown promise in neurological disorder treatment from ancient times. However, its mechanisms of action in Alzheimer's disease remain elusive. In this study, a cellular model for Alzheimer's disease was created by treating differentiated IMR-32 cells with beta-amyloid, 1–42 peptide (Aβ42). Additionally, a recovery model was established through co-treatment with Bacopa monnieri to explore its protective mechanism. Co-treatment with Bacopa monnieri extract recovered Aβ42 induced damage as evidenced by the decreased apoptosis and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis identified 21,674 peptides, corresponding to 3626 proteins from the Alzheimer's disease model. The proteins dysregulated by Aβ42 were implicated in cellular functions, such as negative regulation of cell proliferation and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. The enriched pathways include extracellular matrix organization and interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling. Bacopa monnieri co-treatment showed remarkable restoration of Aβ42 altered proteins, including FOSL1, and TDO2. The protein-protein interaction network analysis of Bacopa monnieri restored proteins identified the hub gene involved in Alzheimer's disease. The findings from this study may open up new avenues for creating innovative therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease.

A Brief Review on Neuropharmacological Evaluation of Different Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in The Management of Stress and Depression.

Numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative problems, such as anxiety, cerebrovascular problems, depression, seizures, Parkinson’s disease, and others. are currently dominating the scene as a result of their high-stress lifestyle. Treatment of these issues with postponed association of produced drugs will provoke serious coincidental impacts. In recent years, researchers have stood out sufficiently to be noticed in their investigation of phytochemicals as potential treatments for neurological issues. The unique phytochemicals found in various plants, such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids, contribute to the neuroprotective effects of nootropic flavors. Phytocompounds from restorative plants have a significant impact on maintaining the mind’s compound equilibrium by following up on the capability of receptors for the major inhibitory synapses. recovering plants, for example, Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been utilized broadly in various standard frameworks of treatment considering their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. The significance of phytochemicals’ system of action and beneficial potential in relation to neuroprotective capacity and other issues is the subject of this study.

Natural Neuroprotectors and their Role in Alzheimer’s Disease.

Medicinal herbs have garnered significant attention as possible healing go-betweens for Alzheimer’s illness due to their diverse bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. This review explores the efficacy of various medicinal herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Bacopa monnieri, in managing Alzheimer’s virus. These herbs contain compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and curcuminoids, which show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Through mechanisms like free radical scavenging, modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, and enhancement of synaptic plasticity, these herbs may offer promising adjunctive treatments to conventional therapies. The review highlights current research findings, discusses the mechanisms of action, and identifies future research directions to validate the clinical benefits of these herbal remedies in Alzheimer’s virus management.

Retraction Note: Genetic transformation of Bacopa monnieri by wild type strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes stimulates production of bacopa saponins in transformed calli and plants.

Retraction Note: Genetic transformation of Bacopa monnieri by wild type strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes stimulates production of bacopa saponins in transformed calli and plants.

Evaluation of nephroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri extract against alcohol induced oxidative stress in rats

Evaluation of nephroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri extract against alcohol induced oxidative stress in rats

Phytochemicals of Different Medicinal Herbs as Potential Inhibitors Against Dengue Serotype 2 Virus: A Computational Approach.

Dengue is one of the major mosquito-borne infectious diseases of the present century, reported to affect about 100-400 million people globally. The lack of effective therapeutic options has inspired several in vitro and in silico studies for the search of antivirals. Our previous study revealed the anti-dengue activity of different plant extracts from Plumeria alba, Bacopa monnieri, Vitex negundo, and Ancistrocladus heyneanus. Therefore, the current in silico study was designed to identify the phytochemicals present in the aforementioned plants, which are possibly responsible for the anti-dengue activity. Different plant databases as well as relevant literature were explored to find out the major compounds present in the above-stated plants followed by screening of the retrieved phytochemicals for the assessment of their binding affinity against different dengue viral proteins via molecular docking. The best poses of protein-ligand complexes obtained after molecular docking were selected for the calculation of binding free energy via MM-GBSA method. Based on the highest docking score and binding energy, six complexes were considered for further analysis. To analyze the stability of the complex, 100ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out using Desmond module in the Schrodinger suite. The MD simulation analysis showed that four compounds viz. liriodendrin, bacopaside VII, isoorientin, and cynaroside exhibited stability with viral targets including the RdRp, NS3 helicase, and E protein indicating their potential as novel anti-dengue antivirals.

Optimization and Development of Bacopa monnieri Infused Nutri-cereals Pizza Base

Background: Pizza, an Italian culinary delight, is relished by diverse groups of individuals. In this study, pizza base was innovatively crafted by substituting refined wheat flour (RWF) by combining with little millet flour (LMF) and proso millet flour (PMF) along with Bacopa monneri. Methods: A meticulous investigation was conducted to assess the impact of different quantities of RWF (20-40 g), LMF (20-40 g) and PMF (20-40 g) on the quality attributes of the pizza base, using a D-optimal design for optimization. Result: The findings revealed that an increased proportion of refined wheat flour (RWF) enhanced the overall acceptability of the pizzabase. Further more, the hardness of the pizzabase was influenced by higher RWF quantities and reduced levels of proso millet flour (PMF) and little millet flour (LMF). Similarly, an increase in the amount of PMF led to a significant increase in both protein and antioxidant content. The optimized proportions for RWF, LMF and PMF were determined to be 40 g, 33.3334 g and 26.6666 g, respectively. This optimization yielded the following outcomes: an overall acceptability score of 8.33, an antioxidant content of 92.2727%, a pizza base texture (hardness) of 2388.88 g and a protein content of 10.3131%. These results are in concurrence with the predictions made by the significantly (p less than 0.05) fitted quadratic models.

Indole-3-acetic acid-producing Pantoea strain MTP 17 and Glomus mosseae synergistically improve the growth, yield and bacoside content of Bacopa monnieri

The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of Indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacteria (IPB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in compatible form for early establishment and higher growth, yield, and secondary metabolite content of vegetatively propagated Bacopa monnieri plants. Four species of Glomus, viz., G. mosseae (Gm), G. aggregatum (Ga), G. fasciculatum (Gf), G. intraradices (Gi), and two Indole-3-acetic acid-producing bacteria (IPB), Bacillus mojavensis (Bm), and Pantoea sp. (Pt) were evaluated individually and in combinations in a pot experiment. Various plant growth parameters like height, biomass, NPK uptake, mycorrhizal colonization, bacterial population in the rhizosphere, phosphatase activity, and bacoside-A content were determined and found to vary with different treatments. Among all the treatments, plants inoculated with Gm + Pt performed better than any other treatment or un-inoculated control. The performance of the consortium of Gm + Pt was further validated in a field experiment on the same parameters. A clear synergistic interaction between Gm and Pt was observed as Pt enhanced rooting and subsequently improved the colonization and spore population of Gm. On the other hand, the presence of Gm improved the population of Pt in the rhizosphere. The presence of both microbes improved the bacoside-A yields in B. monnieri. The results of this experiment indicate the compatibility and synergy between G. mosseae and Pantoea sp. and suggest using this microbial consortium for plant propagation and growth enhancement while improving soil biological health.

Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Study Focusing on Neuroprotective Effect of Compounds Obtained from Bacopa monnieri Juice

Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Study Focusing on Neuroprotective Effect of Compounds Obtained from Bacopa monnieri Juice

Retraction Note: Use of the cryptogein gene to stimulate the accumulation of bacopa saponins in transgenic Bacopa monnieri plants.

Retraction Note: Use of the cryptogein gene to stimulate the accumulation of bacopa saponins in transgenic Bacopa monnieri plants.

Dose-dependent dynamics of densovirus infection in two nymphalid butterfly species utilizing native or exotic host plants

Insects are attacked by a diverse range of microbial pathogens in the wild. In herbivorous species, larval host plants frequently play a critical role in mediating susceptibility to infection. Characterizing such plant-mediated effects on herbivore-pathogen interactions can provide insight into patterns of infection across wild populations. In this study, we investigated the effects of host plant use by two North American butterflies, Euphydryas phaeton (Nymphalidae) and Anartia jatrophae (Nymphalidae), on entomopathogen infection across a range of three doses. Both of these herbivores recently incorporated the same exotic plant, Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae), into their host range and are naturally infected by the same entomopathogen, Junonia coenia densovirus (Parvoviridae), in wild populations. We performed two factorial experiments in which E. phaeton and A. jatrophae were reared on either P. lanceolata or a native host plant [Chelone glabra (Plantaginaceae) for E. phaeton; Bacopa monnieri (Plantaginaceae) for A. jatrophae] and inoculated with either a low, medium, or high dose of the virus. In E. phaeton, the outcomes of infection were highly dose-dependent, with inoculation with higher viral doses resulting in faster time to death and greater mortality. However, neither survival nor postmortem viral burdens varied depending upon the host plant that was consumed. In contrast, host plant use had a strong effect on viral burdens in A. jatrophae, with consumption of the exotic plant appearing to enhance host resistance to infection. Together, these results illustrate the variable influences of host plant use on herbivore resistance to infection, highlighting the importance of investigating plant-herbivore relationships within a tritrophic framework.

Enhancing the phytoremediation efficiency of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. using LED lights: a sustainable approach for heavy metal pollution control.

In this study, the impacts of LEDs on the phytoremediation of arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) by Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. were investigated, along with the examination of the biochemical characteristics of plants exposed to metal-induced toxicity. In vitro multiple and rapid plant propagations were successfully achieved by adding 1.0mg/L 6-Benzyl amino purine (BAP) to the Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal salt and vitamin culture medium. For plant-based remediation experiments, different concentrations of As (0-1.0mg/L) and Hg (0-0.2mg/L) were added to the water environment, and trials were conducted for four different application periods (1-21days). White, red, and blue LEDs, as well as white fluorescent light, were preferred as the light environment. The results revealed that LED lights were more effective for heavy metal accumulation, with red LED light significantly enhancing the plant's phytoremediation capacity compared to other LED applications. Moreover, when examining biochemical stress parameters such as levels of photosynthetic pigments, protein concentrations, and lipid peroxidation, plants under red LED light showed better results. Generally, the lowest results were obtained under white fluorescent light. These findings contribute to phytoremediation studies by highlighting the integration of LED lights, thereby enabling the development of a more effective, cost-efficient, and environmentally sustainable remediation system compared to other treatment methods.

APPLICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Ayurveda, an ancient Indian system of medicine, offers a rich repository of medicinal plants with therapeutic potential for various health conditions, including mental health disorders. This review aims to explore the application of Ayurvedic medicinal plants in mental health care. A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and Various Ayurvedic texts. Several Ayurvedic medicinal plants, such as Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi), and Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis), have demonstrated significant neuroprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and cognitive-enhancing properties in preclinical and clinical studies. The mechanisms of action of these plants involve modulation of neurotransmitter levels, antioxidant effects, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, Ayurvedic formulations, such as Sarasvata Churna, Smriti Sagar Ras, and Brahma Rasayana, have been traditionally used to improve memory, cognition, and overall mental well-being. Despite the promising evidence, further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action and establish the safety and efficacy of these plants in mental health disorders. In conclusion, Ayurvedic medicinal plants offer a valuable adjunctive or alternative approach to the management of mental health disorders. Integrating Ayurveda into mainstream mental health care could provide holistic and personalized treatment options for patients.

Differential Alterations in the Expression of AMPA Receptor and Its Trafficking Proteins in the Hippocampus Are Associated with Recognition Memory Impairment in the Rotenone-Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model: Neuroprotective Role of Bacopa monnieri Extract CDRI 08.

Parkinson's disease (PD), an age-associated neurodegenerative motor disorder, is associated with dementia and cognitive decline. However, the precise molecular insight into PD-induced cognitive decline is not fully understood. Here, we have investigated the possible alterations in the expression of glutamate receptor and its trafficking/scaffolding/regulatory proteins underlying the memory formation and neuroprotective effects of a specialized Bacopa monnieri extract, CDRI-08 (BME) in the hippocampus of the rotenone-induced PD mouse model. Our Western blotting and qRT-PCR data reveal that the PD-induced recognition memory decline is associated with significant upregulation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 and downregulation of GluR2 subunit genes in the hippocampus of rotenone-affected mice as compared to the vehicle control. Further, expressions of thetrafficking proteins are significantly upregulated in the hippocampus of rotenone-affected mice compared to the vehicle control. Our results also reveal that the above alterations in the hippocampus are associated with similar expression patterns of total CREB, pCREB, and BDNF. BME (CDRI-08, 200mg/kg BW) reverses the expression of AMPA receptor subunits, their trafficking proteins differentially, and the transcriptional modulatory proteins depending on whether the BME treatment was given before or after the rotenone treatment. Our data suggest that expression of the above genes is significantly reversed in the BME pre-treated mice subjected to rotenone treatment towards their levels in the control mice compared to its treatment after rotenone administration. Our results provide the possible molecular basis underlying the rotenone-induced recognition memory decline, conditions mimicking the PD symptoms in mouse model and neuroprotective action of bacoside A and bacoside B (58%)-enriched Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) in the hippocampus.