Backward Thinking Research Articles

PREFER: Prompt Ensemble Learning via Feedback-Reflect-Refine

As an effective tool for eliciting the power of Large Language Models (LLMs), prompting has recently demonstrated unprecedented abilities across a variety of complex tasks. To further improve the performance, prompt ensemble has attracted substantial interest for tackling the hallucination and instability of LLMs. However, existing methods usually adopt a two-stage paradigm, which requires a pre-prepared set of prompts with substantial manual effort, and is unable to perform directed optimization for different weak learners. In this paper, we propose a simple, universal, and automatic method named PREFER (Prompt Ensemble learning via Feedback-Reflect-Refine) to address the stated limitations. Specifically, given the fact that weak learners are supposed to focus on hard examples during boosting, PREFER builds a feedback mechanism for reflecting on the inadequacies of existing weak learners. Based on this, the LLM is required to automatically synthesize new prompts for iterative refinement. Moreover, to enhance stability of the prompt effect evaluation, we propose a novel prompt bagging method involving forward and backward thinking, which is superior to majority voting and is beneficial for both feedback and weight calculation in boosting. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our PREFER achieves state-of-the-art performance in multiple types of tasks by a significant margin. We have made our code publicly available.

Research on the Status Quo of Educational Inequity in China

In light of Chinas ongoing economic expansion, the problem of educational inequality in China is becoming more and more worrisome. Through the method of literature analysis, this paper analyzes the main existing problems and their causes from four aspects. The common problems raised by previous researchers find that the unequal development of urban and rural development seriously inhibits the development of educational equity, which further leads to regional educational inequality and the low education rate caused by backward thinking in urban and rural locations. From the four aspects, the issue with household registration is to blame for the growing divide between rural and urban development and the uneven distribution of resources has led to too many kinds of educational resources. In economically developed areas, the natural geographical environment has also restricted the development of some areas, resulting in a worrying educational environment. Rural womens rights and interests are still unable to be protected and even difficult to receive education. Therefore, in the end, this paper also puts forward the corresponding solutions to these problems and the expectations for future development.

Characteristics of Mathematical Reversible Thinking in Junior High School Students

Reversible thinking is a mathematical competency that influences students' success in solving problems. Problem-solving is the core of mathematics education. This research aims to identify the characteristics of students' thinking in solving problems that require reversible thinking ability. A qualitative method with a case study approach was used in this research. The study used tests and interviews on 44 eighth-grade students in West Java, Indonesia. In-depth interviews were conducted with representative students whose answers were representative of the other students. All students' answers were analyzed using the thematic analysis software ATLAS.ti. According to the characteristic indicators of reversible thinking. This study found that junior high school students' ability in reversible thinking is not optimal. Some students who successfully solve problems are limited to using backward thinking processes rather than invertible ones. The other students still have difficulties constructing answers due to the limited context when students first learn the concept (problems with forward-thinking). Thus, this ability needs to be understood by students as one factor that supports the success of the problem-solving process.

The Enhancement of Prospective Teachers’ Competence and Awareness in the Understanding by Design

In this study, a group of participants found the process of designing backward thinking distressing. Furthermore, the lack of practical strategies in schools and the absence of resources related to planning can lead to inadequacy in teachers' planning skills. This research aimed to enhance prospective teachers' competence and awareness of Understanding by Design. A case study was conducted with the participation of 17 teacher candidates from Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Education in Türkiye. The selection of candidates was voluntary. A 30-hour course on the theory and stages of backward design used in Understanding by Design was implemented from May 16th to 19th, 2022. This qualitative research employed data collection tools such as pre- and post-study open-ended questionnaires and performance tasks assessing lesson designs. The Understanding by Design template lesson plan and thought process were used to teach backward design in planning the training activity. The evaluation revealed that the pre-service teachers effectively utilized critical concepts associated with Understanding by Design, expressing their intention to incorporate understanding-based design into their future lessons and projects. The participants also emphasized the importance of all teachers adopting this instructional approach. Ultimately, the research suggests that the participants' competence and awareness of understanding-based design significantly improved throughout the course.

Grasp the Trend of Distance Education and Push the Development of Rural English Learning

The research is about online English education in rural areas, which constitutes a relatively new area that has emerged from online education. Due to the superiority of urban regionality over rural areas, the inequality of English education, teacher resource shortage, and the backward thinking of people living in rural areas, rural English education lags behind. However, online education is a new trend in the education industry, and it is also a new opportunity for rural English education. Intuitively, Internet connection solves difficulties for that student who lives in remote areas without roads or funds to pay for tuition to attend a school far away. Therefore, this appears a more straightforward problem is how online English education reshapes rural English education. Aiming to understand this problem, this study principally conducts a research methodology of literature review and contrastive analysis. There has been less previous evidence for online English education. So this research aims at finding a solution to online English classes for this challenging problem of backward rural English education. Finally, the main achievements, including contributions to the field, can be summarized as follows: helping rural students to receive quality English education and promoting the equality of English education in urban and rural areas. On this basis, the concept of social distance should be taken into account when bridging rural online English classes.

Artificial Intelligence in the Protection and Inheritance of Cultural Landscape Heritage in Traditional Village

To continue to protect and inherit the cultural landscape heritage of traditional villages, starting from the perspective of artificial intelligence (AI), literature review methods are used, and related theories are collected. Then, Wuyuan County in Jiangxi Province in the traditional villages is taken as the research object. By analyzing the tourism income of this place from 2016 to 2020, the overall income of this county is relatively good. In fact, due to the weak protection of traditional villages in Wuyuan County, the lack of supervision awareness, the implementation of the “immigrant and relocation” policy, and the backward thinking of residents, the cultural landscape of traditional villages has collapsed and destroyed. Up to now, there are 113 ancient ancestral temples, 28 ancient mansion houses, 36 ancient private houses, 187 ancient bridges, and only 12 ancient villages. Finally, AI technology is applied to the cultural landscape of traditional villages. Through image restoration technology, traditional villages can be restored to a certain extent. Intelligent positioning and radio frequency (RF) technology can also realize real-time monitoring of traditional villages from the perspective of weather and service life to achieve the purpose of protecting cultural landscape heritage. Therefore, AI technology is applied in the protection and inheritance of traditional village cultural landscape heritage, which has great reference significance for the management of various historical and cultural heritage.

Review on the Application of Information Technology in Physical Education Curriculum and Teaching

The importance of information technology guiding the development of physical education is reflected in every field of physical education curriculum and teaching. However, due to China's late start in this field, the relevant literature is relatively confusion, lack of systematic arrangement and summary, which is not conducive to future research. The purpose of this study was to provide reference for further research in this field, and to lay a theoretical foundation for improving the level of physical education curriculum and teaching in our schools and the formation of students' good physical and mental health. In this scoping review study, we used the following keywords: “information technology”, AND “physical education curriculum” AND “physical education teaching” AND/OR “applications” for the literature search via the CNKI. Through the method of literature and content analysis, this paper mainly analyzes the current situation and problems of the application of information technology in physical education curriculum and teaching. At present, especially in rural areas, the construction of extracurricular exercise information platform in schools in China still has great limitations and imperfections. In addition, part of the physical exercise APP is not perfect, people in the physical exercise is easy to be misled, resulting in sports injury. China's physical education teaching management covers a lot of content, the lack of school talents, the implementation is relatively difficult. The integration of information technology and physical education teaching methods has been a hot topic since the 1980s today. However, schools in China have not shown good results in the implementation, and teachers' teaching ideas, teaching creativity and professional knowledge are the main restraining factors. The mainly factors that affect the construction of online physical education curriculum and teaching resources in China include low utilization rate of the platform, weak computer ability of teachers, weak innovation ability, backward thinking, and unclear objectives of the platform construction. The development of information technology accelerates the reform of physical education. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the nature and goal of physical education curriculum, and give full play to the role of information technology in curriculum construction and teaching under the guidance of advanced educational science theory. At the same time, the government, schools and society should coordinate efforts to address these problems.

Is ecoregional scale precise enough for lake nutrient criteria? Insights from a novel relationship-based clustering approach

While the ecoregional lake nutrient criteria have been widely used in the past two decades, the overconfidence on their applicability may mislead the pollution management decisions, considering the spatial heterogeneity within the ecoregion. The exploration of applicability is thereby important, but is hindered by the difficulty in recognizing reliable relationship patterns between the nutrient and management endpoint. We propose a novel relationship-based clustering approach (RCA) to explore whether the ecoregional scale is precise enough for nutrient criteria. The approach (a) simulates relationships using Bayesian Linear Models, (b) clusters lakes according to relationship similarities via relationship mapping and hierarchical clustering, and (c) identifies reliable relationship patterns based on the leave-one-out cross-validation. The RCA is then employed to explore Chlorophyll a-total phosphorus relationships of 34 lakes in four Ecological Drainage Units (EDUs) in the U.S. Long-term water quality data is from a newly established database (LAGOS-NE). The results show that multiple relationship patterns exist in all the EDUs. The ecoregional relationships misestimate the nutrient effect in over a half of lakes. Therefore, we determine that the ecoregional scale is not precise enough for nutrient criteria and the sub-ecoregional scale is then recommended. Besides, the RCA provides a backward thinking for determining the spatial scale and can be used in some other fields where relationship-based clustering is needed.

Kebebasan Berserikat dan Keamanan Negara: Analisa Biopolitik Transformasi Kebebasan Serikat Buruh di Indonesia

In general, there are two assumptions often associated with the Indonesian labor movement in the Reformation Era: (1) the labor movement inhibits the production process and the investment climate by conducting demonstrations and/or strikes and (2) the labor movement constantly makes unreasonable demands, generally attributed to wage increases demands. This paper attempts to position these assumptions as irrelevant and also potentially lead to backward thinking in seeing how the labor movement struggles to achieve prosperity for all Indonesian workers. Through biopolitical analysis, this paper tries to explain that giving workers the right to association will not threaten national security, as long as freedom of association can be regulated and directed to ensure the survival of labor, the condusive social relations of production and the improvement of the living conditions of society in order to sustain the economic system. The analysis in this paper has led to the finding that the demands provided by the labor movement are part of the corrective mechanisms of the production system in Indonesia, and the freedom of labor to associate is an essential factor that can guarantee the economic and political security as well as the sovereignty of the Indonesian state.

Building a Proposed Educational Program Based on the Skills of Close and Backward Thinking in the Creative Writing of the Fifth Literary Students

Building a Proposed Educational Program Based on the Skills of Close and Backward Thinking in the Creative Writing of the Fifth Literary Students

Conscience Ecologique Et Developpement Durable: Constat Et Défis

The efficient environmental management is a real problem for sustainable development in our countries. From observations, it appears that the destruction of environmental cover is linked to economic growth and a backward thinking that harm the environmental health. To remedy this, an awareness and a profound reform based on an ecological education is needed. This reflection aims at making a contribution to the understanding and promotion of a real policy on environmental health following the development by Edgar Morin.

Enlivening Management Practice Through Aesthetic Engagement: Vico, Baumgarten and Kant

Organisational aesthetics is a burgeoning field with a growing community of scholars engaged in arts-based and aesthetic approaches to research. Recent developments in this field can be traced back to the works of early Enlightenment writers such as Vico, Baumgarten and Kant. This paper examines the contributions of these three philosophers. In particular it focuses on Vico’s treatment of history and myth; Baumgarten’s notion of sensation and its relationship to rationality; and Kant’s investigations into form and content. An exploration of an artistic organisation in change demonstrates how the conduct of an aesthetically aware manager can be informed by qualities such as an alert imagination and intuition, comfort with the chaotic, backward thinking, and attention to inner sensations and perceptions, all working together to provide a coherent view of the organisation.

Of Books, Bombs, and Backward Thinking: Jean Dutourd's Reactionary Literary History

Of Books, Bombs, and Backward Thinking: Jean Dutourd's Reactionary Literary History

Of Books, Bombs, and Backward Thinking: Jean Dutourd's Reactionary Literary History

Against the backdrop of the Cold War and its bitter politicization of Parisian artistic circles, author and columnist Jean Dutourd complained in 1973 that rival acolytes no longer settled their quarrels through mocking battles of wit: "Jadis, on disait que le ridicule tuait... Aujourd'hui, ce sont les cocktails molotovs lancés par des sauvages hirsutes, fanatiques et analphabètes" (CE 20). He was to receive unwarranted evidence of this trend a few years later (though apparently the extremists were literate after all). On November 13, 1977, a small incendiary device was ignited in front of his building, causing minor damage to a local business. Unfortunately, during the July holidays of 1978, events took a much more serious turn. Dutourd returned to Paris to discover that his apartment had been blown up. This second attack consisted of a 54-lb. bomb detonated just outside his door. The blast propelled the elevator cage through the wall and across his bedroom, leaving little more than rubble in its wake.

Differential Access Hypothesis: The Effects of Task and Informatior Type on the Validity of Knowledge Acquisition Methods

The types of knowledge captured using three knowledge acquisition (KA) methods, conceptual graphs, backward thinking, and sorting tasks, were examined. One hundred and forty-four participants were assigned to one of four conditions: (a) procedural-spatial, (b) procedural-verbal, (c) declarative-spatial, and (d) declarative-verbal. Participants in procedural conditions learned a virtual environment's layout before performing one of three KA tasks. Participants in declarative conditions received a tutorial about McCune-Albright Syndrome before completing a KA task. The procedural and declarative information was presented either spatially or verbally, depending on the condition. The predictive validity of each KA method for each information type (procedural vs. declarative), task type (i.e., spatial vs. verbal), and combinations of information and task types was evaluated by comparing the accuracy of the knowledge depicted by KA methods to various performance measures. Findings indicated that both task type and information type affect the validity of KA methods for capturing knowledge structures.

Love and Work: A Response to Vicki Schultz's "Life's Work"

Professor Ertman engages Vicki Schultz's critique of proposals to remunerate homemaking labor on two fronts. First she questions the way Professor Schultz seems to assume a rigid barrier between love and work, suggesting instead that legal feminists need not choose between work for love and work for wages as the cornerstone of feminist legal reform. Second she challenges Schultz's suggestion that proposals to remunerate homemaking labor are backward thinking. Since wage labor is not the only route to citizenship, Professor Ertman contends, proposals to remunerate homemaking labor can buttress many women's citizenship claims. In particular, she explains, they have the potential to effect both positive change by getting cash to many economically marginalized women and normative change by reconstructing gender and sexual orientation.

Planning Forward by Looking Backward: Retrospective Thinking in Strategic Decision Making

Retrospective thinking occurs whenever one remembers something from the past, but one can also think retrospectively about hypothetical future events, by imagining that the event has already transpired and then working backward in the mind from the future toward the present. Designers, artists, planners, and other creative individuals utilize retrospective thinking when they mentally envision the object they wish to create and then thinkabout how it might be constructed. Some theorists and some previous research have suggested that forward and backward thinking are different cognitive processes, but there has been little investigation on the nature of these differences. This article examines the literature and describes a laboratory study designed to investigate retrospective thinking as a technique for increased idea generation. Subjects (n=64) were professional planners and managers with an average business experience of over 20 years. In a planning task, significantly more ideas were generated in the retrospective thinking mode than in the prospective mode, but the ideas were not found to be of greater quality. Evidence emerged that a subset of subjects were better able to make use of the retrospective technique, suggesting that selection along with training may be appropriate for the technique's mosteffective use.

How to Help Parents Overcome Their Fear of Offending Others

I have two cousins whose work is particularly good. But they have one shortcoming in common: they do not dare to against the backward-thinking heads of their families. For example, once they disclosed an incident of personal profit at the expense of the collective, and met with a scolding from their parents. Although they clearly knew that their parents' fear of offending others was not right, since they felt that their parents were the older generation, they didn't dare struggle with their parents' backward thinking. How should youth deal with the backward thinking of the heads of their families?