Backscattering Analysis Research Articles

Mechanical Properties of Cu70Fe30 (at%) Bulk Metastable Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering

The equilibrium‐insoluble Cu and Fe metals with a composition of Cu70Fe30 (at%) are mechanically milled for 20 h, resulting in a metastable single‐phase face‐centered cubic supersaturated solid solution (γS). The alloy powders are consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 0.6Tm (622 °C) and 0.7Tm (772 °C), where Tm is the melting point of Cu70Fe30 (1219 °C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and electron backscatter (EBSD) analyses are performed on mechanically alloyed powders and SPS bulk samples. Compressive stress–strain and hardness tests are also conducted on the bulk SPS samples to evaluate the mechanical properties. The metallographic study reveals that the γS phase decomposes into Cu‐rich γ and Fe‐rich α phases after SPS. The 0.6Tm sample exhibits a continuous γ‐network phase surrounding an ultrafine γ + α mixture, causing brittle behavior due to crack propagation during compressive testing. In contrast, the 0.7Tm sample features a discontinuous γ‐network phase, enhancing ductility and resulting in a bimodal grain structure. This sample demonstrates superior mechanical properties, combining excellent strength (1056 MPa) and ductility (23%) due to the coexistence of coarser γ‐network grains (1–2 μm) and ultrafine γ + α grains (200–500 nm).

Rayleigh Backscattering Analysis in POFs for High Spatial Resolution Distributed Sensing

Rayleigh Backscattering Analysis in POFs for High Spatial Resolution Distributed Sensing

Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum-Doped Nickel Oxide Thin Films for Optoelectronic Applications using the SILAR Method

Study’s Excerpt The effect of varying annealing times on 10% Aluminum-doped Nickel Oxide (ANO) thin films, deposited via the SILAR technique is presented. SEM and RBS analyses were used for detailed correlation between annealing time and the film's microstructural improvements. ANO thin films could be used for advanced technological applications. Full Abstract The effect of varying the annealing time of %10 aluminium-doped Nickel Oxide thin film was studied to understand the possible effect on the optical, structural, and electrical properties of %10 aluminium-doped Nickel Oxide (ANO) for possible application. The thin films were deposited on glass substrates using the successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) deposition technique. The samples formed were annealed at 3000C, and the annealing time varied at 1.35 hrs., 1.45 hrs., 1.55 hrs., and 2 hrs, respectively. The deposited films were characterized to obtain the optical, electrical, and structural characteristics and the compositional constituent of the film using the double beam photo spectrometer, Four-Point Probe, Scanned electron Microscope, Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffractometer. The films were observed to have low absorbance in the range of 0.1 to 0.01 and high % transmittance within the range of 80% - 98% in the visible region of the spectrum. The reflectance of the film was observed to decrease with an increase in annealing time in the range of 10% - 2.5%, all in the visible region of the spectrum. The crystallite size of the deposited films decreased with increased annealing time with the structural formation of simple cubic phase NiO thin film. SEM micrograph of the thin films reveals that an increase in annealing time improved the crystallinity of the films with the grain size evenly distributed. The EDS result of the deposited films revealed the presence of nickel, aluminum and Oxygen as the major constituent of the deposited films. The Ruther Ford Backscattering (RBS) analysis of the thickness of the films shows an increase in the thickness with an increase in annealing time. Clearer compositions of the films were also seen from the RBS analysis. Their electrical properties revealed that the films formed had low electrical resistivity and high conductivity, so they could be useful in making optoelectronics devices and corrosion resistance.

Pathogenesis of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, the fibrillar layer and individualized treatment

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is agenetic and age-associated corneal disease characterized by an accelerated loss of corneal endothelial cells and an increased subendothelial deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Clinically, advanced disease leads to corneal edema with subsequent reduction in visual acuity. In the majority of patients with advanced FECD, afibrillar layer (FL) appears on the posterior corneal surface. This FL is mostly localized in the inferotemporal corneal quadrant, marks areas with significantly reduced endothelial cell density and increased corneal thickness in the sense of edema and can be visualized and measured using Scheimpflug backscatter analysis due to increased backscatter. FECD is currently the most common indication for corneal transplantation worldwide, usually in the form of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK). New treatment approaches include variations of DMEK surgery such as hemi- or quarter DMEK with individualized and smaller grafts or Descemet membrane stripping only (DSO). In the future, clinical imaging of the FL as aparticularly affected endothelial area could be important for FECD progression assessment and planning of surgical interventions. This article provides an overview of the current state of research on the clinical aspects, pathogenesis, fibrillar layer and individualized treatment of FECD.

Urethral tissue characterization using multiparametric ultrasound imaging

A decrease in urethral closure pressure is one of the primary causes of stress urinary incontinence in women. Atrophy of the urethral muscles is a primary factor in the 15 % age-related decline in urethral closure pressure per decade. Incontinence not only affects the well-being of women but is also a leading cause of nursing home admission. The objective of this research was to develop a noninvasive test to assess urethral tissue microenvironmental changes using multiparametric ultrasound (mpUS) imaging technique. Transperineal B-scan ultrasound (US) data were captured using clinical scanners equipped with curvilinear or linear transducers. Imaging was performed on volunteers from our institution medical center (n = 15, 22 to 76 y.o.) during Valsalva maneuvers. After expert delineation of the region of interest in each frame, the central axis of the urethra was automatically defined to determine the angle between the urethra and the US beam for further analysis. By integrating angle-dependent backscatter with radiomic texture feature analysis, a mpUS technique was developed to identify biomarkers that reflect subtle microstructural changes expected within the urethral tissue. The process was repeated when the urethra and US beam were at a fixed angle. Texture selection was conducted for both angle-dependent and angle-independent results to remove redundancies. Ultimately, a distinct biomarker was derived using a random forest regression model to compute the urethra score based on features selected from both processes. Angle-dependent backscatter analysis shows that the calculated slope of US mean image intensity decreased by 0.89 (±0.31) % annually, consistent with the expected atrophic disorganization of urethral tissue structure and the associated reduction in urethral closure pressure with age. Additionally, textural analysis performed at a specific angle (i.e., 40 degrees) revealed changes in gray level nonuniformity, skewness, and correlation by 0.08 (±0.04) %, −2.16 (±1.14) %, and −0.32 (±0.35) % per year, respectively. The urethra score was ultimately determined by combining data selected from both angle-dependent and angle-independent analysis strategies using a random forest regression model with age, yielding an R2 value of 0.96 and a p-value less than 0.001. The proposed mpUS tissue characterization technique not only holds promise for guiding future urethral tissue characterization studies without the need for tissue biopsies or invasive functional testing but also aims to minimize observer-induced variability. By leveraging mpUS imaging strategies that account for angle dependence, it provides more accurate assessments. Notably, the urethra score, calculated from US images that reflect tissue microstructural changes, serves as a potential biomarker providing clinicians with deeper insight into urethral tissue function and may aid in diagnosing and managing related conditions while helping to determine the causes of incontinence.

3D UHR seismic and back-scattering analysis for seabed and ultra-shallow subsurface classification

AbstractRecently, the seabed classification method based on back-scattering data of multi-beam echo-sounder (MBES) is widely used to analyze the distribution of seabed sediment. Although various analysis methods for seabed classification using multi-spectral MBES have been developed, they are limited in securing penetration depth to consider the characteristics of the shallow subsurface structure. In this study, the seabed and ultra-shallow subsurface classification was performed by comparative analysis of box corer sampling, back-scattering, and 2D/3D ultra-high-resolution (UHR) seismic data obtained from Yeongil Bay, South Korea. We proposed a process for seismic ultra-shallow subsurface classification by the segmentation of the primary seabed reflection wavelet and the amplitude analysis. The seabed-reflected amplitude and back-scattering intensity showed similar mapping trends in the relatively homogeneous and thick surface sediment. On the other hand, it was confirmed that back-scattering data and seabed-reflected amplitude show different patterns when the subsurface structure is related to the seabed surface. It is presumed that because seismic data containing relatively low-frequency components have a deeper penetration depth than MBES, they contain more characteristics of the ultra-shallow subsurface than back-scattering data. These were determined that back-scattering has advantages in representing acoustic anomaly distribution by surface sediment type, and seabed-reflected amplitude is advantageous for representing sediment type by ultra-shallow subsurface. In particular, these results were well shown when the surface sediment thinly covered the rocky bottom. Therefore, it is necessary not only to analyze the back-scattering of MBES but also the ultra-shallow subsurface features through seismic data for valid seabed classification.

Evaluation of speckle filtering configurations on Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter analysis ready data (S1ARD) preparation framework on the google earth engine platform for supporting rice monitoring activities

Implementing the Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter analysis ready data (S1ARD) preparation framework to Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data in the Google Earth Engine platform potentially enhances the quality of SAR data, facilitating the advancement of wide-scale, large-impact, and continuous SAR-supported RS applications such those for rice monitoring activities. Nevertheless, there is a lack of published works assessing different speckle filtering configurations available within the S1ARD preparation framework, particularly those directly associated with rice monitoring activities. This study quantitatively evaluated the performance of available speckle filtering parameters on the S1ARD preparation framework, analyzed their derived backscatter values over a rice-growing cycle, and utilized produced datasets as inputs to classify distinct classes of rice transplanting periods in two study areas by applying the random forest classifier. The backscatter analysis demonstrated that the mono-temporal speckle filtering frameworks yielded elevated backscatter values compared to the unfiltered dataset, which exhibited higher values than those derived by the multi-temporal frameworks. Furthermore, filtered datasets increased classification accuracies ranging from 9.30 - 13.95% and 17.23 - 25.94% in study area 1 and between 4.69 - 15.63% and 9.28 - 29.75% in study area 2, for OA and Kappa, respectively, than those produced by unfiltered datasets. Overall, the multi-temporal speckle filtering framework with a Lee filter, 15 number-of-image, and a 7 x 7 window configuration was recommended to apply to the S1ARD preparation framework to assist SAR-supported RS-based rice monitoring activities. Finally, the findings of this work offer direct guidance and recommendations about the behavior and contributions of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR data applied with distinct speckle filtering configurations yielded by benefiting the S1ARD preparation framework for aiding SAR-supported RS-based rice monitoring activities.

Analysis of symbiotic backscatter empowered wireless sensors network with short-packet communications.

Recent progress studies in light of wireless communication systems mainly centred around two focuses: zero-energy consumption and ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). Among various cutting-edge areas, exploiting ambient backscatter communication (Backcom) has recently been devised as one of the foremost solutions for achieving zero energy consumption through the viability of ambient radio frequency. Meanwhile, using short-packet communication (SPC) is the cheapest way to reach the goal of URLLCs. Upon these benefits, we investigate the feasibility of Backcom and SPC for symbiotic wireless sensor networks by analyzing the system performance. Specifically, we provide a highly approximated mathematical framework for evaluating the block-error rate (BLER) performance, followed by some useful asymptotic results. These results provide insights into the level of diversity and coding gain, as well as how packet design impacts BLER performance. Numerical results confirm the efficacy of the developed framework and the correctness of key insights gleaned from the asymptotic analyses.

Spatial distribution of sandeel (Hyperoplus lanceolatus) and implications for monitoring marine protected sites

Increased human demand on the marine environment and associated biodiversity threatens sustainable delivery of ecosystem goods and services, particularly for shallow shelf-sea habitats. As a result, more attention is being paid to quantifying the geographical range and distribution of seabed habitats and keystone species vulnerable to human pressures. In this study, we develop a workflow based on unsupervised K-Means classification units and Generalized Linear Models built from multi-frequency backscatter analyses (95, 300 kHz), bathymetry and bathymetry derivatives (slope) to predict different levels of sandeel densities in Hempton's Turbot Bank Special Area of Conservation (SAC). For Hyperoplus lanceolatus densities, the performance of single frequency verses multi-frequency models is compared. Relatively high agreement between K-Means clustering outputs (from 95 kHz and multi-frequency models) and ground-truthed sandeel densities is noted. Moreover, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) values in this instance demonstrate that single-frequency models are favoured over the multi-frequency model in terms of predictive ability. This is mostly linked to the species strong affinity for sedimentary environments whose variability is better captured by the lower frequency system. Generally, these results provide important information about species-habitat relationships and pinpoint bedform features where sandeels are likely to be found and whose variability is potentially linked to the bathymetry domain. The workflow developed in this study also provides a proof of concept to support the design of a robust species-specific monitoring plan in marine protected areas. Most importantly, we highlight how decisions made during sampling, data handling, analysis could impact the final outputs and interpretation of Species Distribution Models and benthic habitat mapping.

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Pure titanium due to its high corrosion resistance, low stiffness and good mechanical properties is commonly used in medicine for orthopaedic applications. However, its material properties (especially in the case of α\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\upalpha }$$\\end{document}-titanium) require a further enhancement to fulfil its role. The thermoplastic deformation in mid-temperature is proposed as a method for microstructure improvement. Titanium samples were compressed in different temperatures and strain rates to determine the best conditions for grain fragmentation—the main factor responsible for strength and hardness increase. The thermoplastic stress–strain curves were registered. Then microstructure observations and electron backscatter analysis were performed on the chosen samples. Finally, mechanical response of the previously deformed material was obtained in room temperature compression tests. A significant grain fragmentation was recorded for the material deformed in 400 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }\\hbox {C}$$\\end{document}, at 0.1/s and 1/s strain rates. Desirable results were also noticed for the deformation performed at 500–600 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }\\hbox {C}$$\\end{document}. However, high temperatures (700–800 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^{\\circ }\\hbox {C}$$\\end{document}) and strain rates (10/s) resulted in dynamic recrystallization, causing undesirable grain growth. An increase in hardness was observed in all cases, with higher values recorded in lower deformation temperatures. Room temperature compression tests revealed slight increase of ductility.

Torsional fatigue behaviour and damage mechanisms of martensitic spring steel in the HCF regime

This study investigates the fatigue behaviour and damage mechanisms of the martensitic spring steel SAE 9254, with emphasis on short crack propagation. Shear stress-controlled torsional fatigue tests are performed at stress ratio R = -1 and test frequency f = 79 Hz using structure-sensitive measurement techniques to detect the relevant damage mechanisms. An in-situ torsional fatigue testing device is applied for shear-controlled fatigue tests at two amplitudes of the torsion angle using R = –1 and f = 5 Hz, and the microstructural-dependent short crack propagation path is documented by means of confocal laser microscopy and electron backscattering analysis. It is found that the early development of fatigue damage is characterised by the formation of slip bands, which serve as crack initiation sites. In this process, crack initiation occurs preferentially at or near prior austenite grain boundaries. Furthermore, prior austenite grain boundaries were identified as obstacles for the propagation of short cracks, because of the change of the crystallographic orientation leading to an oscillating propagation rate of short cracks. The short crack density ρCD, which is an important parameter for fatigue damage, is rapidly growing with increasing shear stress amplitude ΔτT/2 and reveals a stress type specific behaviour.

A critical investigation of the anisotropic behavior in the WAAM-fabricated structure

PurposeWire-arc-based additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a promising technology for the efficient and economical fabrication of medium-large components. However, the anisotropic behavior of the multilayered WAAM-fabricated components remains a challenging problem.Design/methodology/approachThe purpose of this paper is to conduct a comprehensive study of the grain morphology, crystallographic orientation and texture in three regions of the WAAM printed component. Furthermore, the interdependence of the grain morphology in different regions of the fabricated component with their mechanical and tribological properties was established.FindingsThe electron back-scattered diffraction analysis of the top and bottom regions revealed fine recrystallized grains, whereas the middle regions acquired columnar grains with an average size of approximately 8.980 µm. The analysis revealed a higher misorientation angle and an intense crystallographic texture in the upper and lower regions. The investigations found a higher microhardness value of 168.93 ± 1.71 HV with superior wear resistance in the bottom region. The quantitative evaluation of the residual stress detected higher compressive stress in the upper regions. Evidence for comparable ultimate tensile strength and greater elongation (%) compared to its wrought counterpart has been observed.Originality/valueThe study found a good correlation between the grain morphology in different regions of the WAAM-fabricated component and their mechanical and wear properties. The Hall–Petch relationship also established good agreement between the grain morphology and tensile test results. Improved ductility compared to its wrought counterpart was observed. The anisotropy exists with improved mechanical properties along the longitudinal direction. Moreover, cylindrical components have superior tribological properties compared with cuboidal components.

Detection of molecular backscattering with a tapered fiber amplifier based coherent heterodyne lidar

Fiber based coherent heterodyne lidars are highly valued and robust tools especially in sensing of wind speed and turbulence in the atmosphere. The magnitude of aerosol backscattering is also possible to be analysed from the data. However, the aerosol backscattering values cannot be calibrated without the data of molecular backscattering reference, which has not been available earlier due to power and bandwidth limitations. We present the detection of aerosol and molecular backscattering simultaneously with a fiber based coherent lidar instrument utilising a tapered fiber amplifier that yields to a pulse peak power of 1.9 kW at the wavelength of 1053 nm. Further, our receiver bandwidth of 1.5 GHz enables the spectral analysis of aerosol and molecular scattering spectra, which are recorded and analysed for multiple altitudes up to 1 km. The results demonstrate the potential of coherent heterodyne lidars to extend their capabilities toward backscattering and extinction analysis.

Nephrite from Xinjiang Qiemo Margou Deposit: Gemological and Geochemical Insights

The nephrite belt in the Altun Mountain–Western Kunlun Mountain region, which extends about 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest nephrite deposit in the world. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountains is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China, with demonstrated substantial prospects for future exploration. While existing research has extensively investigated secondary nephrite deposits in the Karakash River and native black nephrite deposits in Guangxi Dahua, a comprehensive investigation of black nephrite from original deposits in Xinjiang is lacking. Margou black-toned nephrite was recently found in primary deposits in Qiemo County, Xinjiang; this makes in-depth research on the characteristics of this mine necessary. A number of technical analytical methods such as polarizing microscopy, Ultra-Deep Three-Dimensional Microscope, electron microprobe, back-scattered electron image analysis, X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed for this research. An experimental test was conducted to elucidate the chemical and mineralogical composition, further clarifying the genetic types of the black and black cyan nephrite from the Margou deposit in Qiemo, Xinjiang. The results reveal that the nephrite is mainly composed of tremolite–actinolite, characterized by Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. Minor minerals include diopside, epidote, pargasite, apatite, zircon, pyrite, and magnetite. Bulk-rock rare earth element (REE) patterns exhibit distinctive features, such as negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.00–0.17), decreasing light REEs, a relatively flat distribution of heavy REEs, and low total REE concentrations (1.6–38.9 μg/g); furthermore, the Cr (6–21 μg/g) and Ni (2.5–4.5 μg/g) contents are remarkably low. The magmatic influence of granite appears to be a fundamental factor in the genesis of the magnesian skarn hosting Margou nephrite. The distinctive black and black cyan colors are attributed to heightened iron content, mainly associated with FeO (0.08~6.29 wt.%). Analyses of the chemical composition allow Margou nephrite to be classified as typical of magnesian skarn deposits.

The implementation of deep clustering for SuperDARN backscatter echoes

The collection of SuperDARN ionospheric echo data to make ionospheric convection maps is of great significance for Space Weather research. The ionospheric echoes for SuperDARN are generally mixed with scatter from the ground or sea surface, thus the clustering analysis of SuperDARN backscatter echoes is important. In this paper, the first implementation of deep clustering based on the graph automatic encoder network is efficiently realized for classifying the SuperDARN data. In addition, the model is compared with the traditional algorithm and machine learning clustering algorithms. Application of the model to sample data reveals that the deep clustering algorithm can capture the structural characteristics of the echoes and improve the accuracy of echo clustering and classifying.

Effects of forging deformation on variant selection and morphology of α in TiB/near α-Ti composites

The role of forging deformation on α-Ti in TiB/near α-Ti composites is still an unknown area. In the present work, the evolution of the variant selection and morphology of α-Ti was systematically investigated in as-sintered and as-forged TiB/near α-Ti composites through scanning electron microscope and electron back-scattering diffraction analysis. The results indicated that the α lamellae were refined, and their c-axes were either oriented at 45°or perpendicular to the Z-direction after hot forging. Six preferred orientation relationships (ORs) between TiB whiskers and α variants have been quantitatively identified using the misorientation axis-angle pair distribution maps. Compared to the as-sintered sample, the total length of the TiB/α phase boundary with six preferred ORs increased from 5.31% to 9.76% after hot forging. It was found that TiB contributed to the formation of the refined and equiaxed α variants that satisfied the preferred ORs with it. Moreover, an analysis of the reconstructed parent β grains revealed that the α variants heterogeneously nucleated from TiB, which did not satisfy the Burgers orientation relationship (BOR) with the parent β grains.

Sediment Freeze‐On and Transport Near the Onset of a Fast‐Flowing Glacier in East Antarctica

AbstractUnderstanding the material properties and physical conditions of basal ice is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of Antarctic ice‐sheet dynamics. Yet, direct data are sparse and difficult to acquire. Here, we employ ultra‐wideband radar to map high‐backscatter zones near the glacier bed within East Antarctica's Jutulstraumen drainage basin. Our backscatter analysis reveals that the basal ice in an area of ∼10,000 km2 is composed of along‐flow oriented sediment‐laden basal ice units connected to the basal substrate, extending up to several hundred meters thick. Three‐dimensional thermomechanical modeling supports that these units form via basal freeze‐on of subglacial water that originated from further upstream. Our findings suggest that basal freeze‐on, and the entrainment and transport of subglacial material play a significant role in an accurate representation of material, physical, and rheological properties of the Antarctic ice sheet's basal ice, ultimately enhancing the accuracy and reliability of ice‐sheet modeling.

The origin of {113}<361> grains and their impact on secondary recrystallization in producing ultra-thin grain-oriented electrical steel

Abstract Ultra-thin grain-oriented electrical steel with a thickness of 80 µm is produced by one-step-rolling with industrial grain-oriented electrical steel. The research employs electron back-scattering texture analysis technique to investigate the evolution of deformation and recrystallization textures in this specific steel. Emphasis is placed on examining the origin of {113}<361> grains and their consequential impact on secondary recrystallization. It is revealed that primary, secondary, and tertiary recrystallization phases are integral during the annealing process. The origin of surface {113}<361> grains were result of initial deviated Goss grains with specific shear deformation behavior in cold rolled ultra-thin strips. Additionally, the influence of these grains on texture evolution is predominantly evident during secondary recrystallization. These grains potentially undergo abnormal growth in secondary recrystallization, exploiting high-energy grain boundaries among Goss grains. This phenomenon consequently leads to the diminution of the sharp Goss texture formed during primary recrystallization. Given the magnetic properties and predominant applications of ultra-thin grain-oriented electrical steel in medium-frequency fields, it is recommended to prepare ultra-thin grain-oriented steel during primary recrystallization phase.

Mapping icebergs in sea ice: An analysis of seasonal SAR backscatter at C- and L-band

Icebergs in the Arctic can pose a threat to maritime traffic and offshore installations and influence the properties of the upper ocean layer. While icebergs in open water are regularly monitored using C-band SAR satellites, less attention has been paid to icebergs in regions with a high areal fraction of sea ice, where detection using traditional methods is more difficult. In this study, we compare the capability of C- and L-band SAR to detect icebergs in level and deformed fast sea ice across various seasons. To this end we use a timeseries of SAR images acquired at HH- and HV-polarization in 2019 and 2020, covering respectively 301 and 356 icebergs. As reference data for validation, we used iceberg polygons derived from Sentinel-2 images. Our results reveal that compared to C-band, L-band SAR is significantly better at separating the backscatter of icebergs and sea ice and thus is preferable for detecting icebergs in ocean regions with a high sea ice concentration. It is further shown that L-band SAR is less affected by melting conditions, suggesting that it can be used for iceberg detections in both summer and winter.

Effect of interpass temperature on austenite ferrite ratio of wire arc additive manufactured 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel

In this research work, a thin wall structure has been developed using 2507-grade Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS) using Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) with varied interpass temperatures to determine the effect of interpass temperature on the austenite-ferrite ratio of the SDSS WAAM structure. Studies such as X-ray diffraction and Electron back-scattered diffraction analysis reveal a balanced (38.1–61.9%) austenite-ferrite in the 150 ˚C interpass temperature, resulting in higher hardness and strength.