Background Theme Research Articles

The Lived Experiences of Racial Microaggressions for Black Individuals While Seeking Orthopedic-Related Care: A Qualitative Study.

Race-based health disparities for racially and ethnically diverse people with orthopedic-related conditions are well documented and their experiences when seeking care deserve more attention. The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of racial microaggressions occurring when racially and ethnically diverse people seek health care services for orthopedic-related conditions. We used transcendental phenomenology to understand their lived experiences of racial microaggressions while receiving orthopedic-related health care services. All participants self-identified as Black, none as Hispanic. Nineteen final codes were organized into five patterns and then into five themes-two background and three figural themes. Background themes: discrimination can occur across a lifetime, and poor treatment of poor people fuels health inequity. Figural themes: racial discrimination can come at any time and in various forms; resistance is necessary in the face of racial discrimination; and despite discriminatory encounters, health care goals are achievable. Participants shared their lived experiences of racial microaggressions while seeking care for their orthopedic-related conditions (figural) through a lens shaped by their other past experiences with varied discrimination (background). Black individuals have a longstanding relationship with racial discrimination that has a negative impact on many aspects of their lives, including their health. The results highlight ways to promote equity by capitalizing on Black individuls' goals to actively pursue health.

Recasting the Religious Architecture of Islam

This most recent, and comprehensive compendium, on the subject of the architecture of Islam sheds light on the subject materials. New information on well-known historical examples, the inclusion of historical examples not usually (if ever covered) in such scholarship and an expansion of analysis with respect to modern and contemporary case studies of Islamic religious spaces all underscore the scholarly contribution of this two-volume set. By including such a range of buildings examined, by a large number of scholars from various backgrounds, the compendium effectively recasts the direction of scholarship in this field in a manner that is neither linear or hierarchical.This two-volume set includes 58 essays on a range of regionally-specific examples of architecture from the Islamic world. The first volume of The Religious Architecture of Islam focusses on Asia and Australia, and the second volume focusses on Africa, Europe and the Americas. The volumes are organized in a non-chronological manner, with essays grouped by geographical region covering materials directly related the understanding of religious architecture of Islam.In Volume I, there are four sections with a total of 32 essays written by 29 different scholars. The four sections are: Background themes, West and Central Asia, South and East Asia and Australia.In Volume II, there are four sections with a total of 26 essays written by 20 different scholars. The four sections are: Al-Andalus and the Maghrib, Africa and Sicily, Europe and the Americas.

Framing of poverty in TV reporting in Serbia

The paper analyzes how poverty is presented in the television discourse in Serbia. The theoretical-methodological framework of research relies on quantitative-qualitative content analysis and the concept of media framing in which the usage of patterns of selection, emphasis and exclusion result in the interpretation and assessment of certain events. The sample for analysis consisted of 35 central news programs broadcasted on five television stations on seven cyclically selected days in the period from 10 th October to 27 th October 2021. The goal of the research was to determine the dominant frames of the representation of poverty and to examine whether and to what extent used frames differ in comparison to the previous research. The results show that television framing of poverty is consistent with the general pattern of problematic media polarization in Serbia. Two frames are dominantly represented: general economic poverty and propaganda-populist frame. In the case of the first one, poverty is presented as a background theme in analytic reports on the political and macroeconomic issues. It is reduced to an impersonal approach that does not have the strength to indicate the seriousness of the multidimensional problem of poverty. The second frame is characterized by a blurred picture of poverty. It is distributed through reports on the promotional activities of the president ? the opening of factories and road infrastructure and explains the increasingly pronounced mutual connection between the ruling elite and journalists in the use of demagoga and propaganda matrices in conveying and setting frames as generally acceptable.

Towards 2030. Enhancing 21st century skills through educational robotics

Recent technological advances require new learning and teaching methods and a reform of traditional school curricula to promote STEM and 21st-century skills. Educational robotics is considered a powerful tool, not only to learn programing, but also to enhance soft and transversal skills, such as problem-solving, metacognition, divergent thinking, creativity, and collaboration. This contribution presents a one-year research project aimed at integrating maker education and educational robotics into the primary and lower secondary school curriculum. The project is developed through a multidisciplinary and longitudinal approach and adopts the Design-Based Implementation Research methodology. It involved 50 fourth and fifth grade Italian students until the following school year. As an integrating background theme, we chose the 17 Goals outlined by the UN in the 2030 Agenda. Each selected goal was addressed by solving challenges in groups. Educational robotics became a tool for learning many concepts, such as renewable energies, human body systems or states of matter, but especially for working on creativity and ability to design, build, collaborate, and revise. We investigated students’ attitude toward STEM and 21st-century skills and their perceived school self-efficacy administrating two questionnaires pre and post the two parts of the project. This paper discusses findings on students’ attitude toward 21st-century skills. In the post analyzes of both Part 1 and 2, this field showed the highest scores compared to STEM fields. The pre-post data show an improvement in organizational, interpersonal, and leadership skills from Part 1, but also a gradual increase in personal and management skills.

The Bell Experiment and the Limitations of Actors

The well known Bell experiment with two actors Alice and Bob is considered. First the simple deduction leading to the CHSH inequality under local realism is reviewed, and some arguments from the literature are recapitulated. Then I take up certain background themes before I enter a discussion of Alice’s analysis of the situation. An important point is that her mind is limited by the fact that her Hilbert space in this context is two-dimensional. General statements about a mind’s limitation during a decision process are derived from recent results on the reconstruction of quantum theory from conceptual variables. These results apply to any decision situation. Let all the data from the Bell experiment be handed over to a new actor Charlie, who performs a data analysis. But his mind is also limited: He has a four-dimensional Hilbert space in the context determined by the experiment. I show that this implies that neither Alice nor Charlie can have the argument leading to the CHSH inequality as a background for making decisions related to the experiment. Charlie may be any data analyst, and he may communicate with any person. It is argued that no rational person can be convinced by the CHSH argument when making empirical decisions on the Bell situation.

Russia's Capitalist Realism: Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov by Vadim Shneyder

Reviewed by: Russia's Capitalist Realism: Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov by Vadim Shneyder Jonathan Paine Russia's Capitalist Realism: Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Chekhov. By Vadim Shneyder. (Studies in Russian Literature and Theory) Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. 2021. xii+248 pp. $120. ISBN 978-0-81014-249-7. It is a pleasure to welcome another new face to the growing ranks of economic criticism. In this, his debut monograph, Vadim Shneyder asks a crucial question: how did Russian novelists deal with the growth of capitalism in the nineteenth century? His study is not just a model of close textual criticism; it illustrates how thoroughly economic awareness pervades the Russian nineteenth-century novel. Whereas Western European counterparts often embraced the representation of economic change as a dynamic force in shaping novelistic plot and character, Shneyder argues that Russian writers struggled to describe Russia's idiosyncratic absorption of an industrial revolution which other nations had experienced decades earlier. He concludes: 'the experience of capitalism forced Russian writers to [End Page 319] confront the limits of literary representation and [. . .] some of the greatest works of Russian realist literature incorporated these limits into their structure' (p. 173). In this wide-ranging study, he shows how even the most conventional emblems of industrialization, such as the factory, are treated as either un-narratable because monotonous and banal, or else incomprehensible because unfamiliar and chaotic. Tolstoi, he suggests, incorporates the intrusion of this new capitalist society into Anna Karenina by the device of opposing two couples: Anna and Vronskii, represented by chaotic images of railroads, urban society, and extravagant consumption, and Levin and Kitty, represented by the synchrony of mowing hay in a timeless rural idyll. Dostoevskii confronts the implications of new economic patterns more directly, in Shneyder's perceptive analysis. The Idiot illustrates the developing schism between traditional merchants, represented by Rogozhin, and the new generation of emerging capitalists, such as Totskii and Epanchin. The merchants belong to an essentially sterile economy in which cash, symbolized by the wad of notes with which Rogozhin tries to buy Nastasia Filippovna, is the only means of exchange and yet proves immutable and unproductive. Notes may pass from hand to hand but never yield anything; and the merchants exist as a separate, closed society, represented by Rogozhin's Gothic house. Capitalists, by contrast, exist only on the fringes of the novel. Although not a subject of narrative interest, they persist as a pervasive background theme. By the time The Brothers Karamazov appeared in 1881, the transactional theme of money has become both invasive and insistent, advancing to the foreground. The sum of 3000 roubles, at the core of the novel's plot, symbolizes not just the consistency but the arbitrariness of exchange value. Dostoevskii's representation of the capitalist economy undermines faith in the validity of any kind of equivalence—a corrosive perspective which may attack the moral basis of society itself. Shneyder's tour of the realist horizon ends with Chekhov. Once again, he contends, 'the progress of capitalism threaten[s] the intelligibility of the world' (p. 174). Representing factories and other processes of economic production may now be unavoidable, since they provide the backdrop to many of Chekhov's stories, but his protagonists still fail to understand them. The bored bourgeoisie coexists with its economic means of support while trying to ignore or suppress it. Shneyder is at his impressive best when he stays closest to the text. His chapter on The Idiot is a remarkable demonstration of how the application of a particular textual grille de lecture, in this case the focus on how money circulates through the text, can deliver genuinely original insights into the novel's construction as a response to contemporary economic trends. His broader conclusions reflect established lines of criticism, but his particular skill is to provide new evidence through his sensitivity to the text. This is a valuable and readable contribution—Shneyder writes well—to our assessment of how Russian realism reacted to the spread of Western economic disciplines. Shneyder concentrates on how nineteenth-century writers addressed the challenge of representing—or failing to represent—these changing economic frameworks in their texts. The other side of this coin...

The Bonds of Humanity: Cicero's Legacies in European Social and Political Thought, ca. 1100–ca. 1550 by Cary J. Nederman

Reviewed by: The Bonds of Humanity: Cicero's Legacies in European Social and Political Thought, ca. 1100–ca. 1550 by Cary J. Nederman Nathanael Lambert Nederman, Cary J., The Bonds of Humanity: Cicero's Legacies in European Social and Political Thought, ca. 1100–ca. 1550, University Park, PA, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2020; cloth; pp. xvii, 240; R.R.P. US $79.95; ISBN 9780271085005. This survey of Cicero's legacy across the Middle Ages (c. 1100–c. 550) constitutes a considerable feat of primary source scholarship alone. The Bonds of Humanity plumbs the chief works of social and political thought that radiate out from the influence of Marcus Tullius Cicero's texts directly, or owe something to the spirit of Ciceronianism, or come 'via intermediary sources' like Saint Augustine (p. 87). 'Cicero's legacies of social and political thought' (such is the author's subtitle), drawn from eighteen medieval and early modern authors, form the subject matter; Cary Nederman's goal is nothing less than 'to illuminate how elements of […] thought were transformed, recombined, and otherwise adapted in order to suit a vast range of intellectual pursuits' (p. 11). [End Page 241] In this Herculean endeavour, akin to Charles B. Schmitt's earlier work (Cicero Scepticus: A Study of the Influence of the Academica in the Renaissance, Martinus Nijhoff, 1972) to trace the reception of Aristotle through the same period, Nederman has certainly succeeded. It is an act of recovery, with his introduction decrying a scholarly neglect of Cicero's contribution amid medieval historians. As stated in Chapter 2, that neglect 'to the Twelfth-Century Renaissance "in the realms of social and political thought […] requires considerable reconsideration and revision"' (p. 41). While the debt to Cicero in the earlier Renaissance, or even in Italian 'civic' humanism, is commonly acknowledged, Nederman is recognizing Cicero and his twelfth-century adherents here in an unparalleled work in this field that will long remain standard to it. Unparalleled because Cicero's influence upon European thought over these centuries has not received the same attention as that of Aristotle. But the nature of Nederman's project and his chosen methodology (classical reception studies) leave him open to criticisms on points where 'Ciceronian' concepts conform more to the times of these authors, or the needs of their audiences, or cleave more closely to the work of other vaunted ancients, than to Cicero. Aware of a malleable potential to Cicero's thought, Nederman sets out the key background themes in his introduction—these themes, covering such topics as the origin of society, the uniting of wisdom with speech (eloquence), universal equality in humanity, natural reason leading to virtue, the divine (or natural) gift of 'right reason' (p. 20), and government building on natural association, course through the eight chapters like planetary bodies. The chronological ordering of the chapters means that Nederman pursues his quarry through a changing and ever more complicated world, so that the cloister of the twelfth century becomes the court of the fourteenth, enlarging into an age of conquest and imperial adventure abroad. Accordingly, the predictable effect is a diversity of fundamental political views. Chapters 2 and 3, for example, cover twelfth-century thinkers such as Thierry of Chartres and John of Salisbury, and works like the Moralium dogma philosophorum, although innovation on points among the thinkers is limited. Reflections upon the 'good of the many' (p. 54) or 'duties' (p. 55), as arising from ends that are 'natural' to human association and to justice, are prolific in these writings. John of Salisbury's key works are arguably more systematic, and thus Chapter 3 contains a discussion of the 'body politic' as analogous to 'the human organism' (pp. 68–71), an interesting return to the age-old usage. Where such writers share an 'organic naturalism' (p. 68) with Cicero's own, there is a complementary dovetailing of concepts on both sides. Nederman quotes as precursor A. J. Carlyle, who pares Cicero's philosophical thought on society down to 'three related conceptions of natural law, natural equality, and the natural society of men in the State' (p. 3). While organic growth between law, equality, and society at the level of society and government is...

Addressing Racial Injustice in Long-Term Care

Addressing Racial Injustice in Long-Term Care

The Credibility of Faith and Paranormal Phenomena

The aim of those deliberation is focused on answering the questions: Can paranormal phenomena be attributed to a function in an act of faith? In this study paranormal phenomena are investigated on the background themes of the credibility of Christian faith. The whole discussion involves three stages: characterization of paranormal phenomena (1), clarification of the motives of the Christian faith and their verification of the example of a miracle (2), as well as presentation along with analysis challenges from the side of paranormal phenomena for the credibility of Christian faith (3).

FILM YASMINE : STRATEGI FILM BRUNEI MENEMBUS PASAR INDONESIA

Yasmine was an experimental project of Brunei International movie. The movie premiere on 21 August 2014 release to 5 screens (as there are only 5 cinemas) in Brunei and 80 screens in Indonesia, so it was described as the renaissance of Brunei cinemas after 46 years of long sleep. Taking Silat martial arts as background theme for the story. Yasmine movie actually not entirely a trial attempt. There was faith in it, that this movie will be a success because it chose a very typical story. As it was done in Cinderella story that being adopted to Pretty Woman film (1990). Yasmine movie team must be fully aware that the choice of blending romance and martial arts together is always invites many audiences. Deliberately penetrate the Indonesian market was not without strategy, the goals was to brought back film industry as one of creative industry in Brunei along with brings Brunei image go international through Indonesia. Keywords: Yasmine Movie, Strategy, Brunei, Indonesia

Contextual Sentiment Topic Model for Adaptive Social Emotion Classification

Social emotion classification is important for numerous applications, such as public opinion measurement, corporate reputation estimation, and customer preference analysis. However, topics that evoke a certain emotion in the general public are often context-sensitive, making it difficult to train a universal classifier for all collections. A multilabeled sentiment topic model, namely, the contextual sentiment topic model (CSTM), can be used for adaptive social emotion classification. The CSTM distinguishes context-independent topics from both a background theme, which characterizes nondiscriminative information, and a contextual theme, which characterizes context-dependent information across different collections. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of this model for the adaptive classification of social emotions.

Donald Balloch, the ‘Treaty of Ardtornish-Westminster’ and the MacDonald raids of 1461-3

This article attempts a reassessment of Clan Donald's activities and their relations with the Scottish and English crowns in 1461–3. There are two objectives: first, to review the nature and significance of the MacDonald alliance with Yorkist England and the identities and roles of its leading advocates; and second, to establish how far, if at all, the raids conducted by the MacDonalds in these years can be linked with the development of this entente. The exercise necessitates a review of background themes, at first seemingly distinct from each other, but which coalesce in 1460–1 to create a dynamic out of which the alliance was born and, arguably, MacDonald military activity encouraged.

Reactive Flows in Deformable, Complex Media

Many processes of highest actuality in the real life are described through systems of equations posed in complex domains. Of particular interest is the situation when the domain is variable, undergoing deformations that depend on the unknown quantities of the model. Such kind of problems are encountered as mathematical models in the subsurface, or biological systems. Such models include various processes at different scales, and the key issue is to integrate the domain deformation in the multi-scale context. Having this as the background theme, this workshop focused on novel techniques and ideas in the analysis, the numerical discretization and the upscaling of such problems, as well as on applications of major societal relevance today.

An incremental probabilistic model for temporal theme analysis of landmarks

Social media sites (e.g., Flickr) generate a huge amount of landmark photos with temporal information in the real-world, such as the photos describing the events happening near landmarks, and those showing different seasonal sceneries. Analyzing this temporal information of landmarks can benefit various applications, such as landmark timeline construction and tour recommendation. In this paper, we propose a novel Incremental Spatio-Temporal Theme Model (ISTTM), which can incrementally mine temporal themes that characterize the temporal information of landmarks, by differentiating them from the other three kinds of themes, i.e., general themes shared by most of all landmarks, local themes related to certain landmarks and the background theme including non-informative content. ISTTM works in an online way and is capable of selectively processing the updates of the distributions on different types of themes. Based on the proposed ISTTM, we present a framework, namely Temporal Theme Analysis for Landmarks (TTAL), which enables both periodic theme detection from discovered temporal themes and temporal theme visualization by selecting the relevant photos. We have conducted experiments on a large-scale landmark dataset from Flickr. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ISTTM as well as the TTAL framework.

Controlling the HIV epidemic with antiretrovirals: moving from consensus to implementation.

The second Controlling the HIV With Antiretrovirals evidence summit was held 22-24 September 2013, in London, England. This preface summarizes the summit's background and key themes, and is an introduction to a series of articles written by select summit faculty and featured in this supplement. In many respects, the supplement can serve as a roadmap for how to move from general consensus around to wider scale implementation of a comprehensive menu of interventions to control the HIV epidemic.

Building Trust in Press Regulation: Obstacles and Opportunities

Although the question of trust in the press has been a background theme in the Leveson Inquiry, it has been overshadowed by the desire to provide practical solutions to the problem of encouraging the industry to comply with democratically acceptable objectives for journalists' behaviour and reporting. This paper argues that building trust between the press and its users is, however, a crucial pillar of political and constitutional recognition of freedom of the press. Rather than using only regulatory schemes that are basically coercive and are likely to inhibit the restoration of trust, it offers suggestions for a more positive approach to create structures that will encourage the development of public trust in the willingness of journalists to comply with expectations about high standards of reporting.

Parents of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes - Their Views on Information and Communication Needs and Internet Use. A Qualitative Study

BackgroundLittle is known about parents’ views on the use of online resources for information, education and support regarding childhood type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Considering the rapidly evolving new communication practices, parents’ perspectives need to be explored. The main purpose of this paper was to explore parents’ perceptions of their information-seeking, Internet use, and social networking online. This applied to their everyday life, including the contexts of T1DM and contact with peers. A second aim was to identify implications for future development of Internet use in this respect.Methodology/Principal FindingsTwenty-seven parents of 24 young persons aged 10–17 with T1DM participated in eight focus group interviews during their regular visits to a county hospital. Focus group discussions were video/audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis. Self-reported demographic and medical information was also collected. A main theme was Finding things out, including two sub-themes, Trust and Suitability. The latter were key factors affecting parents’ perceptions of online resources. Parents’ choice of information source was related to the situation, previous experiences and knowledge about sources and, most importantly, the level of trust in the source. A constantly present background theme was Life situation, including two sub-themes, Roles and functions and Emotions and needs. Parents’ information-seeking regarding T1DM varied greatly, and was closely associated with their life situation, the adolescents development phases and the disease trajectory.Conclusions/SignificanceHealth practitioners and system developers need to focus on creating trust and suitability for users’ needs. They should understand the children’s diverse needs, which depend on their life situation, on the children’s development, and on the disease trajectory. To enhance trust in online health information and support services, the participation of local practitioners is crucial.

Rethinking pragmatism: from William James to contemporary philosophy

Acknowledgments viii Bibliographic Key ix Introduction 1 Background Themes 9 1 The Place of Values in Inquiry (Lecture I) 15 2 The Pragmatic Maxim and Pragmatic Instrumentalism (Lecture II) 31 3 Substance and Other Metaphysical Claims (Lecture III) 52 4 Materialism, Physicalism, and Reduction (Lecture IV) 67 5 Ontological Commitment and the Nature of the Real (Lecture V) 78 6 Pragmatic Semantics and Pragmatic Truth (Lecture VI) 92 7 Worldmaking (Lecture VII) 124 8 Belief, Hope, and Conjecture (Lecture VIII) 140 Bibliography 157 Index 163

Empreendedorismo e formalização de atividades de turismo em ambientes naturais

This article aims to describe some aspects that entrepreneur initiatives in the tourism trade area encounter and deal with, in natural environment areas. For that purpose, the essay presents a short debate about the entrepreneurial definitions, besides addressing some legal issues that support the development ofbusinesses as a consequence of the increase of tourism activities in natural environments. In order to illustrate the background theme of the paper, the case study of an adventure tourism enterprise will be presented: Lagoa Aventuras, located at the Municipal Natural Park Catacumba in the city of Rio de Janeiro. DOI: 10.12660/oit.v7n4.11413 http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/oit.v7n4.11413

Empreendedorismo e formalização de atividades de turismo em ambientes naturais

This article aims to describe some aspects that entrepreneur initiatives in the tourism trade area encounter and deal with, in natural environment areas. For that purpose, the essay presents a short debate about the entrepreneurial definitions, besides addressing some legal issues that support the development ofbusinesses as a consequence of the increase of tourism activities in natural environments. In order to illustrate the background theme of the paper, the case study of an adventure tourism enterprise will be presented: Lagoa Aventuras, located at the Municipal Natural Park Catacumba in the city of Rio de Janeiro. DOI: 10.12660/oit.v7n4.11413 http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/oit.v7n4.11413