Background Of Struggle Research Articles

Antik Yunan Tapınaklarının Siyasi ve Ekonomik İlişkileri

Religion and belief concepts accompanied human in the adventure that they lived throughout history. The religion phenomenon within the culture, which was transferred to future generations by developing and accumulating, is quite important. Humankind built their first religious buildings in coordination with the need to shelter. These sanctuaries, which were generally defined as temples until the emergence of divine religions, were turned into central economic Powers with the compensations granted. Their economic powers and oracles activities they applied based on prophecy enabled their political effects to emerge at the same time together with religion. This system was seen to settle especially in Western Anatolia. In the background of struggles between Persian-Lydia and Persian-Greek, effects of temples on politics attract the attention. However, Ancient Greek temples never transformed into institutions above politics. Temples were rather purported as an advisory council.

Taking the Land into their Hands: The Landless Workers' Movement and the Brazilian State

Institution and constitution building are very much in evidence and continue to lie at the heart of contemporary international governance programmes. The paper explores the underlying limitations of legality and associated institutional frameworks in the light of one of the most significant and, apparently, successful transitions to democracy of recent times, that of Brazil. Against the background of struggles over land, the paper discusses the actions of two leading state institutions specifically charged with implementing the 1988 Constitution, and a social movement, the Landless Workers Movement, which uses mass direct action techniques to demand implementation. Although the study highlights the profound limitations of formal legal processes and institutions, and stresses their socially and politically embedded nature, it also affirms the historical and contemporary significance of the realm of legality in the construction and reproduction of social struggles.

Etiology and pathogenesis of obesity

Obesity results from a greater consumption of energy than is used by the body. As this energy is stored, fat cells enlarge, producing the characteristic pathology of obesity. The pathologic enlargement of fat cells, in turn, produces altered levels of many peptide and nutrient signals that are responsible for the disease we call “obesity”. The genetic makeup of human beings, which reflects a long history of relative scarcity of foodstuffs, has run into an age of surfeit, and many people cannot readily adapt. Thus, the increased intake of food does not signal satiety, and there is a gradual increase in energy stores as intake of energy outpaces need as we grow older. Against this background of struggle between nature and nurture, it is possible to identify an increasing number of defects or etiologies that produce obesity. For most patients, however, it is not possible to connect obesity to a specific cause. Leptin deficiency and defects in the leptin receptor both produce human obesity. Defects in the pro-opiomelanocortin receptor system, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y, the agouti-related peptide, and a few other rare genetic syndromes are also associated with human obesity. Of the genetic causes, Prader-Willi syndrome is the most common. Hypothalamic injury following craniopharyngioma is the most common neuroendocrine cause. Endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease, polycystic ovary disease, and growth-hormone deficiency can lead to increased body fat. In the modern world, exposure to a high fat diet predisposes many people to obesity, and this problem is compounded by the low levels of activity now required for daily living. Treatment strategies must be developed against this background.