Background Din Research Articles

Komunikasi Efektif pada Anak Usia Dini dalam Pengenalan Ajaran Agama Hindu

<p>The process of communication can occur anywhere such as home, office, hospital, and school. Effective communication is the flow of information or messages in two directions between the communicator and the communicant as well as the information is equally addressed in accordance with the expectations of both actors (communicator and communicant). From the description above, the writer wants to conduct research on “Effective Communication In Early childhood In the Introduction of the Hindu Religion”. Based on the description of the background din above, the writer can formulate the following problem formulation: 1) How personal communication in the introduction of the teachings of Hinduism? 2) How Effective Communication In Early Childhood In The Introduction Of The Teachings Of Hinduism? 3) How the impact of Effective Communication caused in early childhood in the introduction of the Teachings of the Teachings of Hinduism?</p><p> To dissect the problems in this study used 3 kinds of theories, namely 1) the Theory of interaction patterns of the relationship to determine the personal communication in the introduction of the teachings of Hinduism, 2) Theory of Effective Communication to determine the effectiveness of communication in early childhood in the introduction of the teachings of the Hindu Religion, 3) the Theory of Expectation Value to determine the impact of the introduction of the teachings of Hinduism in early childhood.</p><p>After getting the accurate data, followed by analyzing the data obtained using the technique of data analysis, inter-personal communication is a form of communication between teachers and students, students with fellow students, teachers with parents of students as well as students with parents that happens to the equation of perception in penyemapian knowledge. Effective communication gives an overview of the objectives and results to be achieved by the school maupaun teaching teachers in the classroom Impact the internal is the ability to understand themselves and responsible for his own life. External impact is the result of the processing of the knowledge process in each individual that arises through the action.</p>

Swapping senses to avoid the din

Sensory Biology![Figure][1] Fringe-lipped bats can swap senses to hunt frogs. PHOTO: MERLIN D. TUTTLE/SCIENCE SOURCE Species that use sound for foraging or movement are at a disadvantage in our increasingly noisy world. However, some species have the capacity to operate despite background din. Fringe-lipped bats typically hunt frogs by listening for their breeding calls. In noisy environments, Gomes et al. found that the bats shift from passive acoustic reception of the frogs' sounds to using echolocation to detect the calling frogs' expanding throat sacs. Science , this issue p. [1277][2] [1]: pending:yes [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaf7934

ONE PEAK OR TWO?

As anyone who has ever heard a frog chorus can testify, the cacophony of trills, peeps, croaks and whistles make it difficult for us to distinguish individual frogs from the background din. Female frogs, though, have two inner ear organs that are relatively more sensitive to the range of frequencies that their males produce, which helps the females find them. Because different frog calls have different sound properties, Carl Gerhardt and colleagues wanted to know how this affected females' preferences for different calls in four closely related species of American treefrog(p. 2990).Three of the treefrog species – two species of grey treefrog and the canyon treefrog – all produce calls with two distinct sound peaks at different frequencies. The fourth species, the bird-voiced treefrog, has a single high-frequency peak in its song. The team wanted to test two competing hypotheses for how frogs recognise sounds. The matched-filter hypothesis predicts that the nervous system is more sensitive to the specific frequencies in a male's call, so if a call has two sound peaks, a signal with both peaks is preferred over a call with just one of the peaks. The pre-existing-bias hypothesis takes into account that there is sometimes a mismatch between female preference and the calls that males produce, which could lead to sexual selection on male calls.Using simplified electronic signals which accurately mimicked a natural call, the team tested females' responses in sound-proof rooms to calls played out of one of two speakers 2 m apart. If a female preferred a call, she would move towards the speaker producing it. Comparing the preferences of the four species to the number of sound peaks in a call, they found that grey and canyon treefrogs with double-peaked calls preferred this type of call over a call with only one of the frequency peaks. The bird-voiced treefrog preferred the calls with single high-frequency peaks, not two, just like the males'natural calls. This finding was consistent with the matched-filter hypothesis,and not the pre-existing-bias hypothesis.Knowing that the higher-frequency peak in the call stimulated one inner ear organ, while the lower frequency peak stimulated the other, the team tested which peak the frogs preferred when given a choice between a two- or one-peaked call. The bird-voiced treefrogs, as expected, overwhelmingly chose the single high-frequency peak. They found that the other frogs responded differently, however: some populations of grey treefrogs, for example,preferred the high-frequency peak much more than grey treefrogs from another population in another part of the country. This suggests that there is probably a bias towards certain frequencies in the nervous system of different frogs, and that different populations could evolve to prefer and produce different calls.So did female grey treefrogs prefer high- or low-frequency peaks? The team found that preference depended on sound intensity: both species of grey treefrog preferred lower frequencies, which stimulate one ear organ, at 65–75 dB. At 85–90 dB, however, one species preferred higher frequencies, which stimulate the other ear organ, while the other had no preference. This means that females' frequency preference differs depending on how intense the sound is: in other words, how close she is to a male. With this in mind, researchers will have to be very careful when designing future experiments.

Observations of biological choruses in the Southern California Bight: A chorus at midfrequencies

This paper describes the characteristics of an underwater biological chorus recorded in the midfrequency band (1-10 kHz) in the Southern California Bight. The recordings were made in July, 2002 by a large-vertical-aperture, 131-element, 2D billboard array. The chorus, observed predominantly on two consecutive nights during the 8-day experiment, is composed of two bands of energy centered around 1.5 kHz and between 4 and 5 kHz. It causes a complete reversal in the vertical directional characteristics of the mid-frequency ambient sound field between day and nighttime periods; whereas the vertical structure during the day shows a notch in the horizontal direction with levels more than 10 dB below those at higher angles, the nighttime levels in the horizontal can exceed those at other vertical angles by more than 10 dB. These nighttime sounds also are strongly anisotropic in azimuth; they appear to come mainly from a popular Southern California fishing spot where the water depths exceed 75 m. Vertical beam-to-beam coherence squared estimates suggest the chorus source region exists on spatial scales greater than the multipath interference wavelengths of this environment. Individual sounds comprising the chorus, although difficult to separate from the background din, have a fluttering, rasping character.

Export of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in a Partially Cultivated Subtropical Mountainous Watershed in Taiwan

A spatial and temporal investigation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; NO3, NO2 and NH4) was conducted under various water discharge conditions in Lanyang-Hsi, a subtropical mountainous stream, which drains through distinct degrees of agriculture-influenced sub-watersheds. In both the cultivated and non-cultivated sub-watersheds, NO3 was the most abundant species accounting for >80% of total DIN, while NH4 and NO2 accounted for <15% and 5% of DIN, respectively. Agricultural activities along the riverbank led to significantly higher NO3 concentrations (13–246 μM) and DIN yields (1300–3800 kg N km−2 yr−1) in main channel when compared to those of non-cultivated tributaries (9–38 μM for NO3 and 550–740 kg N km−2 yr−1 for yield). The much lower and less variable DIN yields observed in tributary stations (mean = 660 ± 120 kg N km−2 yr−1) are considered as the present day background of DIN yield, which is significantly higher than those of most natural watersheds in other regions. Elevated atmospheric DIN deposition is likely the cause for the high background DIN yield. Human activity within the watershed results in additional DIN yield, which accounted for 49% of total N export. However, the reported atmospheric DIN input in northern Taiwan (∼1800 kg N km−2 yr−1) is much higher than the background DIN yield implying that a major fraction (70%) of atmospheric inputs are retained or processed within the watershed. A dilution pattern occurred in the main channel where high NO3 concentrations from the upstream sources decreased significantly in downstream direction due to inputs of NO3-diluted water from non-cultivated areas. We adopted a two-source mixing model to predict the NO3 dilution pattern. This model revealed a third yet not recognized N source in the lower part of watershed. Model results also indicated the importance of water discharge rate in regulating the relative contribution to total DIN export among these sources.

PICKING UP THE VIBES

Listening to a gently babbling brook might be restful if you're on the bank, but spare a thought for the riverlife beneath the surface. Fish that live in the noisy water detect the water's movements with sensory organs distributed on the skin. But when fish are hunting, can they distinguish the tiny vibrations produced by prey from the constant roar of flowing water? Knowing that there are two different types of sensory receptors in the fish's lateral line flow detection system, Max Kanter and Sheryl Coombs at the Loyola University of Chicago predicted that Lake Michigan mottled sculpin would still orient in the direction of an artificial prey, even when the current was as high as 8 cm s-1. The team analysed mottled sculpins' responses when they increased the flow through a tank, and how the fish reacted when they generated vibrations to simulate prey. As the current increased the fish oriented in the upstream direction, but could they still respond to the weak vibrations of an artificial prey at their side? Amazingly they could! The fish were filtering out the low frequency noise of the rushing water, to pick out the tiny prey vibrations above the background din (p. 59).

Are rocky shore ecosystems affected by nutrient-enriched seawater? Some preliminary results from a mesocosm experiment

The response of rocky shore ecosystems to increased nutrient availability was examined in eight land-based mesocosms designed for hard-bottom littoral communities built at Marine Research Station Solbergstrand (Norway). The average seawater volume in each basin was 9 m3 with an average water residence time of about 2 h. A tidal regime resembling that in the fjord was maintained in the basins, and waves were generated regularly. NH4NO3 and H3PO4, at a constant molar NP ratio of 16:1, was added into 6 basins at concentrations 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 μM DIN above the background DIN concentration during 1 1/2 years. Two mesocosms were kept as control treatment. Marine communities were introduced into the basins two years prior to the start of nutrient dosage. The effects of nutrient enrichment were few and only marginal during the first year of nutrient addition, while some effects became more obvious during the second year. The growth rate of the periphyton and fast-growing macroalgae communities was stimulated by nutrient enrichment, while the response was less evident among the perennial fucoids. The structure of the macroalgal communities, however, did not change during 16 months' measurements. In contrast, growth on artificial rock substrates during the same period of time revealed intensive growth of the fast-growing Ulva lactuca in high-dosed basins compared with low-dosed and control basins, which were dominated by the fucoid Fucus serratus. The fauna communities exhibited only a minor response to nutrient treatment. The common periwinkle Littorina littorea, however, appeared with increased abundance in the high-dosed basins. The total system metabolism tended to increase slightly, but not significantly, with increased nutrient loading.

Pick out a penguin

King penguin chicks are fed by a parent who goes off to sea to forage. Colonies of these birds can be huge and noisy, meaning that there is potentially a problem for the chick in identifying the calls of the returning parent. Experiments involving playback of calls show that the chicks have remarkable abilities to pick out those of their parent against the background din.

Geoacoustic inversion using fish sounds

During a recent near-surf-zone experiment, the underwater acoustic noise field was dominated by biological sounds over the 50-Hz to 10-kHz band. At night, members of the croaker (Sciaenidae) family migrated from the surf zone out to the 20-m water, where two bottom hydrophone arrays were located. Often during the night, individual vocalizing fish came within several meters of an array element so that the fish’s sequence of 7–13 knocks, each with peak-to-peak source levels of about 160 dB re: 1 μPa @ 1 m, was clearly discernible above the background din. The arrivals from some of these knocks display low-frequency (around 60 Hz) oscillatory tails due to excitation of interface waves at the ocean bottom. These Scholte waves have phase velocities around 110 m/s and a group velocity near 30 m/s. Using adjacent array elements to locate the fish at each knock, its movement over the sequence creates a synthetic aperture that is used in inversion for the shear wave velocity in the uppermost part of the ocean bottom. [Work supported by ONR, Code 32.]

Characteristics and seasons of blue and finback whale sounds along the U.S. west coast as recorded at SOSUS stations

Blue whale sounds were doublets, each member lasting about 19 s. ‘‘A’’ sounds mostly occurred at 19.7 Hz; ‘‘B’’ at 22.2 with a short tail at 19.8. A few individual whales appeared to call for hours or perhaps days within hydrophone range with a constant background din of like signals. Sounds occurred in June–December, peaking as a high-level chorus in September–October and increasing ambient noise up to 20 dB. Interseasonal occurrence patterns at the same stations were remarkably similar. There was no clear evidence of longitudinal migration in the broad area, Mexico–Canada. These sounds, compared with subsequent blue whale recordings elsewhere, strongly suggest a dialect. Finback sounds mostly were doublets, each lasting about 1 s. The first member shifted downward (25.5–15.6 Hz) as did the second (34.6–17.5 Hz). Intervals between signals of a series varied from 9–21 s. Finback sounds were rare in summer, but numerous in the form of winter and spring choruses after nearly all blue whale sounds ceased. Localizations showed that the finbacks swam about 6 kn, and they had a source level of 183 dB re: 1 μPa, 1 m. Assuming even rough correlation between numbers of whales and sounds, SOSUS was able to reveal the seasonal occurrence and abundance of blue and finback whales over the entire western U.S. coastal region.