Backbone Links Research Articles

A DDoS Tracking Scheme Utilizing Adaptive Beam Search with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Smart Grid

As IoT technology advances, the smart grid (SG) has become crucial to industrial infrastructure. However, SG faces security challenges, particularly from distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, due to inadequate security mechanisms for IoT devices. Moreover, the extensive deployment of SG exposes communication links to attacks, potentially disrupting communications and power supply. Link flooding attacks (LFAs) targeting congested backbone links have increasingly become a focal point of DDoS attacks. To address LFAs, we propose integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into the Smart Grid (SG) to offer a three-dimensional defense perspective. This strategy includes enhancing the speed and accuracy of attack path tracking as well as alleviating communication congestion. Therefore, our new DDoS tracking scheme leverages UAV mobility and employs beam search with adaptive beam width to reconstruct attack paths and pinpoint attack sources. This scheme features a threshold iterative update mechanism that refines the threshold each round based on prior results, improving attack path reconstruction accuracy. An adaptive beam width method evaluates the number of abnormal nodes based on the current threshold, enabling precise tracking of multiple attack paths and enhancing scheme automation. Additionally, our path-checking and merging method optimizes path reconstruction by merging overlapping paths and excluding previously searched nodes, thus avoiding redundant searches and infinite loops. Simulation results on the Keysight Ixia platform demonstrate a 98.89% attack path coverage with a minimal error tracking rate of 2.05%. Furthermore, simulations on the NS-3 platform show that drone integration not only bolsters security but also significantly enhances network performance, with communication effectiveness improving by 88.05% and recovering to 82.70% of normal levels under attack conditions.

A Reinforcement Learning-Based Traffic Engineering Algorithm for Enterprise Network Backbone Links

Large enterprise networks typically rely on expensive, high-speed backbone links to connect multiple campuses across diverse regions. As the volume of traffic traversing these backbone links increases, traffic engineering techniques are employed to filter or redirect traffic flows. Nevertheless, simple rerouting strategies can introduce business disruptions such as packet reordering, which significantly impact the user experience. To address this issue, we introduce an enhanced traffic scheduling algorithm named Critical Flow Rerouting with Weight- Reinforcement Learning(CFRW-RL), which builds upon the critical flow rerouting-reinforcement learning (CFR-RL) algorithm. CFRW-RL incorporates the principles of reinforcement learning, accounting for both the weights and classifications of data flows. This approach enables the algorithm to prioritize flows with lower weights for rerouting. The simulation results demonstrate that CFRW-RL significantly minimizes the rerouting of high-priority business flows and reduces business interference compared with the CFR-RL algorithm and that it maintains a similar computational complexity.

Reuse-based online joint routing and scheduling optimization mechanism in deterministic networks

Deterministic networks plan the entire network traffic and calculate the scheduling time to meet the critical traffic requirements of specific domains, enabling real-time and deterministic interaction of massive data. However, in dynamic industrial automation scenarios where devices undergo changes, existing mechanisms face challenges in quickly responding to dynamic transmission demand changes caused by rapid traffic migration. To address this issue, this paper proposes a reuse-based online scheduling mechanism that utilizes dynamic path planning of flows and coordinated scheduling of time slots to achieve deterministic transmission of dynamic flows. In the offline phase, the mechanism proposes a backbone link selection and a scalable intelligent routing strategy, constructs a set of routing and scheduling co-design constraints, and generates an offline scheduling table using an iterative scheduling algorithm. In the online scheduling phase, a reuse-based online scheduling algorithm is proposed to achieve rapid scheduling and deterministic transmission of dynamic real-time flows. It utilizes the offline scheduling results and the period offset of migrated flows. The reuse of offline scheduling results reduces computation time and expands the solution space. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism achieves a maximum increase in scheduling success rate of 37.3% and reduces time costs by up to 66.6% compared to existing online scheduling algorithms.

A robot-assisted adaptive communication recovery method in disaster scenarios

Communication recovery is necessary for rescue and reconstruction scenarios including earthquakes, typhoons, floods, etc. The rapid and stable communication link can provide efficient victims’ real-time information for the rescue process. However, traditional centralized communication links cannot traverse the further victims with information-sharing requirements. And the even communication link distribution leads to a load burden on the crowded victim area. Thus, we propose a three-layer architecture consisting of the emergency communication vehicle, backbone links, and branch links to rapidly recover communication via mobile robots. Then, considering victims’ distribution, an improved MaxMin distance algorithm is presented as the basis of robot dispatch. The relay probability of the link is also estimated with closed formulae. Finally, simulation results verify that our proposed algorithm can recover communication with lower delay and higher packet delivery ratio.

Protection Techniques using Resource Delayed Release for SDN-based OTN over WDM Networks

The availability and reliability of optical backbone links are very important to ensure the efficient operation of the Internet. To address the issue of data loss due to optical link failures, there is a need for an optimal recovery strategy so that the traffic can be rerouted on a backup path to the destination. This paper builds on top of our prior research efforts (Yavary Mehr et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2017) which introduced the concept of Resource Delayed Release (RDR) by adding a new state called ”idle state” which begins when the channel has completed carrying its services so that the next request can be carried immediately instead of waiting for a new channel to be established. While RDR improves the network performance by reducing the service provisioning time and blocking probability, it does not handle link failures which are quite common in optical networks. Therefore, enhancing RDR with protection strategies will make the network more reliable and thus we investigate this topic in this work.In this paper, we evaluate four different protection methods for single link failure recovery in WDM networks (Path Protection (PP), Partial Path Protection (PPP), Segment Protection (SegP) and Link Protection (LP)) with two different routing approaches namely Shortest Path (SPath) and Greedy (G) algorithm under uniform and non-uniform traffic generated using real traffic traces collected from a local Internet Service Provider (ISP). Special attention while evaluating these protection strategies was paid to the optimization of the amount of remaining bandwidth. The performance evaluation of the network under uniform and non-uniform traffic was done over the NSFNet and COST239 topologies by employing the metrics of link and network utilization, Blocking Probability (BP), Bandwidth Blocking Probability (BBP), Recovery Time (RT) and Service Provisioning Time (SPT). Our results show that the PPP method performs the best in terms of reducing BP, BBP, and SPT compared with PP, LP, and SegP in all three topologies while utilizing RDR.

Recombinant Multi-l-Arginyl-Poly-l-Aspartate (Cyanophycin) as an Emerging Biomaterial.

Multi-l-arginyl-poly-l-aspartate (MAPA) is a non-ribosomal polypeptide which synthesis is directed by cyanophycin synthetase, and its production can be achieved using recombinant microorganisms carrying the cphA gene. Along its poly-aspartate backbone, arginine or lysine links to each aspartate via an isopeptide bond. MAPA is a zwitterionic polyelectrolyte full of charged carboxylic, amine, and guanidino groups. In aqueous solution, MAPA exhibits dual thermal and pH responses similar to those stimuli-responsive polymers. Being biocompatible, the films containing MAPA can support cell proliferation and elicits minimal immune response in macrophages. Dipeptides from MAPA after enzymatic treatments can provide nutritional benefits. In light of the increasing interest in MAPA, this article focuses on the recent discovery of the function of cyanophycin synthetase and the potentials of MAPA as a biomaterial.

Controlled Coil Chilling As Backbone Link in Hot-Rolled Sheet and Plate Steel Production

Controlled Coil Chilling As Backbone Link in Hot-Rolled Sheet and Plate Steel Production

INVESTMENT POLICY OF A METALLURGICAL COMPANY IN THE CONTEXT OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE ECONOMY

In the context of unprecedented geopolitical sanctions against our state, the actualization of strategic goals and objectives for the restructuring of all economic relationships comes to the fore in the development of economic entities. This, first of all, refers to the investment policy of the backbone links of the domestic economy, including ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The article analyzes the economic essence of investment policy and its constituent elements. The authors propose to consider the investment policy as a key element of the economic strategy of metallurgical companies, focused on the continuous process of innovation. With the help of the extended marketing tool PESTEL-analysis, a study of the parameters of the external investment environment of PJSC «Severstal» was conducted. This made it possible to more accurately identify the existing limitations of the effective implementation of the company's investment policy. Using the SWOT analysis method made it possible to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the company's investment environment and determine their relationship. The obtained results of the analysis formed the basis of four protostrategies, which are characterized as preliminary versions of the existing strategic goals of PJSC «Severstal» and take into account the identified advantages and disadvantages of the investment environment. The proposed protostrategies are based on taking into account the influence of a combination of factors from the external and internal environment to minimize the negative effects of the identified threats. Currently, the metallurgical industry should develop due to the timely updating of investment policy in accordance with the strategy of the companies, which will not reduce investment activity despite the problems in attracting investment and restrictions on equipment imports.

Precise construction of weather-sensitive poly(ester-alt-thioesters) from phthalic thioanhydride and oxetane.

We report the selective ring opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of oxetane and phthalic thioanhydride by a heterobimetallic Cr(III)K catalyst precisely yielding semi-crystalline alternating poly(ester-alt-thioesters) which show improved degradability due to the thioester links in the polymer backbone.

КВАЛИМЕТРИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО КАК ПОДОТРАСЛЬ КОНДИЦИОННОГО ПРАВА (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ)

Introduction: qualimetry is a science of measurement and quantitative assessment of the quality of various things and processes, objects of the material and ideal world. Many sciences (natural, technical, humanities) use the term ‘quality’ and therefore effectively interact with qualimetry. Quality and methodology for measuring quality are also legal institutions. The legislation of the Republic of Belarus contains a whole range of legal norms (including norms of technical nature and standards) that regulate the qualimetry of various processes and social relations. The national qualimetric system has been formed, while the doctrinal institutionalization of qualimetric law has not yet taken place, which is explained by the lack of a doctrinal understanding of the nature and essence of qualimetric legal relations and qualimetric regulation, associated with the lack of a proper conceptual and categorical apparatus. Purpose: to substantiate the need for the institutionalization of qualimetric law as a sub-branch of conditional law in order to solve a large-scale scientific problem – the creation of an effective methodology for legal regulation of economic legal relations. Approach: since qualimetry is a specific field of scientific knowledge, a unique interdisciplinary structure in which natural science and humanities knowledge are inextricably integrated, the study was carried out based on the principle of interdisciplinarity as an idea, methodology, and mechanism that makes it possible to discover complex backbone links between related fields of expertise. Results: the paper shows qualimetry to be a complex field of scientific knowledge, a symbiosis of natural sciences and the humanities, and clarifies its subject matter. It is substantiated that qualimetric legal relations are a type of conditioned legal relations that develop with regard to qualimetric regulation; their essential features are identified, and a classification of qualimetric legal relations is provided. It is argued that qualimetric law is a subbranch of conditional law, its subject and system are defined. The expected positive effect that will result from the institutionalization of qualimetric law is predicted.

СТРУКТУРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ У СТУДЕНТОВ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИОННО-СЕРВИСНЫХ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО ТЕХНИКУМА)

The article discusses the results of scientific research on the development of a structural and functional model for the formation of a set of professional operational and service competencies among students of a railway technical school. A number of basic characteristics of models of pedagogical systems are considered, which are a condition for designing new models. Taking into account the methodological approaches and organizational and methodological conditions considered in the article, the authors developed a structural and functional model of the system for the formation of a set of professional operational and service competencies among students of the railway technical school, presented for clarity in the figure. The structure of this model contains nine interconnected, sequentially and successively implemented functional links. The initial backbone link of the model is the “goal-setting” link, which clearly defines the goal of the system functioning: to form a set of professional operational and service competencies in students. The final functional link of the model is the “positive result” link, which reflects the professional operational and service competencies formed at a high and advanced level. If a negative result is found during the control procedure, then the functional links of negative feedback are included in the system - the link of individual self-correction and the link of correction of the educational process. The article discusses and argues the practical and theoretical significance and value of the developed structural and functional model of the system for the formation of a set of professional operational and service competencies among students. First of all, the high significance and value of the structural-functional model of the system for the formation of a set of professional operational and service competencies among students is noted, which consists in its productive use as a didactic algorithm for the consistent and successive implementation/development of all individual time stages/links of the model. It is shown that for developers, the use of the created structural-functional model of the system for the formation of a set of professional operational and service competencies among students is very important and valuable, that its visual graphical representation indirectly provides the perception of a complex multi-link process as an integral/holistic system.

Microstrip Rotman Lens for Mobile Base Station Backbone in Disaster Area Networks

Mobile Cognitive Radio Base Station (MCRBS) is a technology to recover network communication temporarily in disaster areas. The communications can be built by constructing the backbone network, where it is formed by connecting multiple MCRBSs with point-to-point radio communication link considering the best routing algorithm. The MCRBS antenna system should has an ability on producing the beam into specific direction to establish point-to-point radio communication link. However, there is no capable system to support the MCRBS antenna system for directing the beam. Therefore, it requires a system that can assist in focusing the beam of antenna system for the MCRBSs connectivity. In this paper, we propose Rotman Lens that has beamforming capability to support radio backbone communication for multiple MCRBSs connectivity in post-disaster networks. The Rotman Lens is chosen to generate amplitude and phase shift in performing beamforming technique with simultaneous signal transmissions from MCRBS to others without moving the antenna system. In this research, the Rotman Lens was evaluated through a series of computer simulations and laboratory experiments to investigate the lens performance. The final proposed lens provides the experiment results for all beam ports with an average value both return loss and mutual coupling of less than −15 dB and −20 dB, where the magnitude deviation in average value and the maximum error of phase difference are 1.172 dB and 6.014º , respectively. The proposed Rotman Lens is also confirmed to be capable of controlling beam with scanning capability of −27º , −14º , 0º , 14º , 27º to support wireless communication backbone link among MCRBSs in disaster recovery networks

Effects of Atmospheric Turbulence on Optical Wireless Communication in NEOM Smart City

The foundation of any smart city requires an innovative and robust communication infrastructure. Many research communities envision free-space optical communication (FSO) as a promising backbone technology for the services and applications provided by such cities. However, the channel through which the FSO signal travels is the atmosphere. Therefore, the FSO performance is limited by the local weather conditions. The variation in meteorological variables leads to variations of the refractive index along the transmission path. These index inhomogeneities (i.e., atmospheric turbulence) can significantly degrade the performance of FSO systems. Thus, a practical implementation of the FSO link must carefully consider the atmospheric turbulence effect. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of FSO communication for NEOM, a promising smart city in Saudi Arabia. We study the effect of weather conditions on FSO links using the micrometeorology model, taking into account actual weather data. The FSO performance in winter and summer was compared in terms of the bit error rate, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), link availability, and transmission distance. The study shows that the atmospheric turbulence strength is moderate and strong in winter and summer, respectively. The temperature has the biggest impact on the FSO system when compared to the other meteorological elements included in this study. Furthermore, at transmission distances less than 300 m, atmospheric turbulence does not significantly affect the FSO for the operating wavelength of 1550 nm. Furthermore, it has been shown that at transmission distances greater than 300 m, the SNR in summer is more than 18% higher than in winter. The findings of this research enable understanding of the effect of turbulence caused by NEOM weather on the FSO link, thus assisting engineers in establishing a reliable FSO backbone link by adjusting the relevant parameters.

Review on free space optical communication

Over a last few decennary free space optical communication (FSO) have become more interesting alternative to the radio frequency for communication. The FSO is emanating technic that have been found the applications in different place of shorter & longer distance communication. The any technology, of FSO has been worked that much good in the several applications rather than other. In this paper we will examine FSO from different angles. The analyses this paper accompany of the technology has shown that FSO technologies inherent strengths and it lack the use of in ground cables which make it much expeditious & cheaper to installing, and the facts that will operates in the unlicensed spectrum, it will be removed & installed elsewhere and it has relatively high bandwidth. Specifically, this paper found that because FSO uses air as a communication medium, its performance & reliability are restricted by fog, rain, snow and dust. Maximum range of FSO may be in kilometers only. The applications that FSO technology seems most suited to is clear this pap rather and short distance connection establishment, like interrelation to broadband networks backbone & backbone links bet this papered building in the metropolitan area networks (MAN) or the campus area networks (CAN).

Research on high reliability in redundant link aggregation mode

Now, with the rapid development of the Internet, the requirement of bandwidth and reliability of backbone link is higher. In traditional Ethernet networks, it needs to pay a high price to increase the network bandwidth, if you use high-speed equipment, so not only the cost is high, but also the network is not flexible enough. In order to ensure the stability and reliability of Ethernet network, this paper proposes a redundant link aggregation technique, without replacing the equipment, and bundling multiple physical interfaces into a logical interface to increase the bandwidth of the link, dynamic and effective backup links can also be used to improve the reliability of links between devices. Redundant link aggregation can not only improve network bandwidth resources, but also solve the problem of network congestion.

A Spatiotemporal-Oriented Deep Ensemble Learning Model to Defend Link Flooding Attacks in IoT Network.

(1) Background: Link flooding attacks (LFA) are a spatiotemporal attack pattern of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) that arranges bots to send low-speed traffic to backbone links and paralyze servers in the target area. (2) Problem: The traditional methods to defend against LFA are heuristic and cannot reflect the changing characteristics of LFA over time; the AI-based methods only detect the presence of LFA without considering the spatiotemporal series attack pattern and defense suggestion. (3) Methods: This study designs a deep ensemble learning model (Stacking-based integrated Convolutional neural network–Long short term memory model, SCL) to defend against LFA: (a) combining continuous network status as an input to represent “continuous/combination attacking action” and to help CNN operation to extract features of spatiotemporal attack pattern; (b) applying LSTM to periodically review the current evolved LFA patterns and drop the obsolete ones to ensure decision accuracy and confidence; (c) stacking System Detector and LFA Mitigator module instead of only one module to couple with LFA detection and mediation at the same time. (4) Results: The simulation results show that the accuracy rate of SCL successfully blocking LFA is 92.95%, which is 60.81% higher than the traditional method. (5) Outcomes: This study demonstrates the potential and suggested development trait of deep ensemble learning on network security.

UAV communications with millimeter-wave beamforming: Potentials, scenarios, and challenges

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been widely used in many fields and is arousing global attention. As the resolution of the equipped sensors in the UAV becomes higher and the tasks become more complicated, much higher data rate and longer communication range are required in the foreseeable future. As the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band can provide more abundant frequency resources than the microwave band, much higher achievable rate can be guaranteed to support UAV services such as video surveillance, hotspot coverage, and emergency communications, etc. The flexible mmWave beamforming can be used to overcome the high path loss caused by the long propagation distance. In this paper, we study three typical application scenarios for mmWave-UAV communications, namely communication terminal, access point, and backbone link. We present several key enabling techniques for UAV communications, including beam tracking, multi-beam forming, joint Tx/Rx beam alignment, and full-duplex relay techniques. We show the coupling relation between mmWave beamforming and UAV positioning for mmWave-UAV communications. Lastly, we summarize the challenges and research directions of mmWave-UAV communications in detail.

Detection of zero-day attacks: An unsupervised port-based approach

Last years have witnessed more and more DDoS attacks towards high-profile websites, as the Mirai botnet attack on September 2016, or more recently the memcached attack on March 2018, this time with no botnet required. These two outbreaks were not detected nor mitigated during their spreading, but only at the time they happened. Such attacks are generally preceded by several stages, including infection of hosts or device fingerprinting; being able to capture this activity would allow their early detection. In this paper, we propose a technique for the early detection of emerging botnets and newly exploited vulnerabilities, which consists in (i) splitting the detection process over different network segments and retaining only distributed anomalies, (ii) monitoring at the port-level, with a simple yet efficient change-detection algorithm based on a modified Z-score measure. We argue how our technique, named Split-and-Merge, can ensure the detection of large-scale zero-day attacks and drastically reduce false positives. We apply the method on two datasets: the MAWI dataset, which provides daily traffic traces of a transpacific backbone link, and the UCSD Network Telescope dataset which contains unsolicited traffic mainly coming from botnet scans. The assumption of a normal distribution – for which the Z-score computation makes sense – is verified through empirical measures. We also show how the solution generates very few alerts; an extensive evaluation on the last three years allows identifying major attacks (including Mirai and memcached) that current Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have not seen. Finally, we classify detected known and unknown anomalies to give additional insights about them.

EVALUASI KINERJA OPERASIONAL JARINGAN KOMUNIKASI SERAT OPTIK LAMPUNG-DUMAI SUMATERA INLAND BACKBONE LINK

Lampung-Dumai backbone link consisted of 11 sublinks is the optical fiber communication networks(OFCN) system using the technology of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) multiplexing with the transmissionspeed of 2,5 Gbps or STM-16 with the bit-error-rate of 10 -11 . Since 2007 the performance network, such as theoperasional bit-error-rate, transmission data capacity, the availability and reliability, has not yet been evaluated.This paper reports the results of the network performance evaluated by recalculating and remeasuring the powerlink budget to know the total losses of system affecting the operational bit-error-rate, and the rise-time budget toknow the transmission data capacity. And also, the the availability and reliability of system was investigated. Theevaluation result shows that there are 4 of 11 sublinks where its measured attenuation values are bigger than thedesigned value, hence increasing the operasional bit-error-rate in those links. However overall, the availabilityand the reliability can still be achieved 99, 5% and 99,99%, respectively, as the ITU-T standards and G.652recommendation.

Fiber impairments mitigation in OFDM based cognitive optical networks

An adaptive impairments assessment is necessary to evaluate the impact of various linear and nonlinear effects in future generation cognitive optical transport links. In this paper, an Adaptive Fiber Impairment Mitigation (AFIM) algorithm is proposed to identify a suitable mitigation scheme for the cognitive environment. The AFIM algorithm will assess fiber impairments and adaptively select a suitable mitigation scheme with minimum complexity based on the present network conditions and user performance target. The performance of AFIM algorithm is compared with Fixed Fiber Impairment Mitigation approach in terms of outage probability and outage capacity analysis. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing based Mode Division Multiplexing system with Few Mode Fiber (FMF) is suggested as a solution to increase the nonlinearity threshold limit of the system. The $$\hbox {L}_2$$ -by-3 nonlinear transform based Peak to Average Power Ratio reduction technique is implemented to mitigate fiber nonlinear effects in FMF based backbone and backhaul links. The performance analysis of the FMF system has been evaluated and compared with that of Single Mode Fiber system. The proposed analytical model and mitigation schemes are integrated with the AFIM algorithm to realize the cognitive optical network. Further, the result shows that AFIM algorithm enhances the system capacity by more than 6-folds at an outage probability of 0.5 and reduces the outage probability to 0.6 at the capacity range of 20 Gbps.