Back Step Research Articles

Features of the use of throws in the section demonstration of applied technology hand-to-hand combat

Actuality. A characteristic feature of hand-to-hand combat is the technique demonstration section. Applied hand-to-hand combat fully corresponds to the specifics of solving operational tasks without and with the use of weapons by representatives of various military and law enforcement agencies. It is known that in certain types of martial arts, throwing is a means of achieving an advantage over an opponent, so these technical elements are often used to solve competitive or operational-service tasks. Athletes from hand-to-hand combat during competitive activities, as well as law enforcement officers during the performance of operative tasks quite often use throwing equipment. But, despite the similarity of technical performance, the use of throwing technique in the application section of hand-to-hand combat has its own characteristics. It is clear that the characteristics of hand- to-hand combat require new approaches to the construction of the training process of the combat direction, which differ from the classical types of martial arts. Research results. Competitive activity from the applied section of hand-to-hand combat fully corresponds to the specifics of solving operational-service tasks without and with the use of weapons by representatives of various power structures. Throwing technique is one of the main tools for solving a competitive task. The use of the throwing technique depends on the type of attack and has its own characteristics and patterns for effective execution. The most versatile throwing action is the rear leg throw. In certain types of threats: with a knife or a gun - the use of throwing techniques is impractical. Catching and reaching create conditions for the use of a large number of options for various throws, most of which are performed with the help of the body. Conclusions. It has been established that in hand-to-hand combat, throws are an important component of the technical arsenal for solving competitive tasks, both in the duel section and in the technique demonstration section, but the features of hand-to-hand combat do not create an opportunity to immediately throw the opponent, it is necessary to carry out preliminary offensive or defensive actions with a simultaneous reduction of the distance and by capturing or covering individual parts of the opponent's body or clothing. The main feature of the performance is maintaining balance in the rack position for further technical actions. The use of throws from certain classification groups depends on the type of attack. Threats in the form of captures and captures have the greatest variability for the use of throws, and a universal and effective means of using counterattacking actions (throws) from various types of attack from a practical point of view is the back step. In case of a threat with a knife or a gun, taking into account the specifics of this type of attack, the use of throwing techniques to repel the attack is impractical.

Angular momentum generation and control during a back handspring step out on the balance beam performed by female gymnasts

The back handspring step out (BHS) is a foundational skill in gymnastics balance beam routines that requires the generation of significant sagittal plane angular momentum while tightly regulating frontal plane momentum to control their balance. However, which body segments are critical for generating this momentum and successfully performing the BHS and whether skill level influences this generation remains unknown. Twenty-five gymnasts with a range of skill levels performed a BHS on a balance beam. The BHS was scored, and segmental contributions to whole-body angular momentum were analyzed during the take-off, flight, hand contact and landing phases. Angular momentum has previously been used to assess balance control, where higher ranges of frontal plane angular momentum are indicative of poorer balance control. There were no differences in segmental contributions to angular momentum during the take-off phase between high- and low-scoring groups. However, the low-scoring group had higher trunk contributions to frontal plane angular momentum after the take-off phase. The trailing leg was also found to be a large contributor to frontal plane angular momentum, and thus more likely than the leading leg to cause deviations in balance control. In the sagittal plane, momentum generation and skill level were weakly correlated, suggesting as gymnasts become more skilled, they produce larger sagittal plane motions and are more adept at generating angular momentum. Because the trunk and trailing leg had high contributions to frontal plane angular momentum, controlling the trunk and trailing leg should be a focus in training regimes to improve BHS performance.

The relationship between back handspring step out performance and take-off technique in female gymnasts

ABSTRACT Although the back handspring step out (BHS) is a foundational skill in balance beam routines, it can be performed using different take-off techniques. Back injuries are highly prevalent in the BHS due to the combination of high spine extension and joint loading. However, it is unclear which technique minimises injury risk or leads to better BHS performance. The purpose of the study was to identify techniques used for the BHS take-off and analyse the resulting BHS performance. Gymnasts were found to use either: Simultaneous Flexion—trunk and knees flex at the same time; Sequential Flexion—trunk reaches its maximum flexion followed by knee flexion; or Double-Bounce—knees and trunk both flex and then the knees extend and flex again. To assess performance, point deductions were calculated, and dynamic balance, ground reaction forces (GRFs) and relevant joint angles were analysed. The techniques had no differences in point deductions or dynamic balance, but there were differences in GRFs, spine extension and knee flexion. The Sequential Flexion technique had the lowest spine extension, which potentially reduces back injuries and the lowest knee flexion, which is a BHS requirement. These results support the use of Sequential Flexion technique when performing the BHS.

How take-off technique affects muscle demand in the back handspring step out in female gymnasts.

When performing the back handspring step out (BHS) on the balance beam, most gymnasts use one of three take-off techniques: Simultaneous Flexion, Sequential Flexion or Double-Bounce. However, it remains unclear which technique results in the lowest muscle demand that could help reduce energy expenditure and fatigue and improve overall performance. The purpose of this study was to use musculoskeletal modelling and simulation to quantify the influence of take-off technique on muscle demand (integrated muscle power) and contributions to the critical biomechanical functions of whole-body angular momentum generation and control and trunk propulsion (mechanical power delivered to the trunk). Simulations of female gymnasts (n = 21; age: 15.3 ± 3.6) were generated using their self-selected BHS technique on a balance beam. Differences in muscle demand were small across the techniques. However, the vasti, ankle plantarflexors, gluteus maximus and hamstring muscle groups experienced large demand during the BHS take-off. The gluteus medius and ankle plantarflexors were crucial for maintaining balance. The hamstrings, ankle plantarflexors and vasti generated needed momentum and delivered power to the trunk. These results provide targets for muscle strengthening and conditioning to improve balance control and increase the height and distance of the BHS, which is needed before adding additional skills in combination.

Culturally adapted translation of LYMPH-Q upper extremity module from English to Mandarin Chinese

BackgroundBreast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is one of the debilitating complications after breast cancer treatment. Several forms of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were developed to evaluate the severity of BCRL based on the patients’ perspective. LYMPH-Q Upper Extremity Module is a newly developed questionnaire for BCRL. This study aimed to demonstrate the process of translation and cultural adaption from English to Mandarin Chinese. Methods and resultsThe translation process followed the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) best-practice guidelines for the translation and cultural adaption of PROM. The process included four steps: forward translation, back translation, back translation review, and patient interviews. In total, five patients with BCRL were recruited for patient interviews.The forward translation step involved two professional translators whose native language was Mandarin Chinese. A reconciled translated version was produced. In the back translation step, the reconciled translated version in Mandarin Chinese was sent to another professional translator whose native language was English. The back-translated version in English was sent back to the developer of LYMPH-Q for review. In this step, 22 items were revised. In the final step of patient interviews, 15 items were revised based on the patients’ feedback. ConclusionThe development of Mandarin Chinese version of LYMPH-Q Upper Extremity Module and its utilization in conjunction with the existing objective measures could provide a more well-rounded picture of the status of patients with BCRL worldwide.

Pseudo-Theory-Based Optimization Design Method for Lunar Gravity-Assisted Human Earth-Mars Transfer Trajectory

The lunar gravity assist (LGA) is recognized as one of the potential ways to reduce the energy demand of human Mars exploration. Nevertheless, it indeed increases the difficulty of designing the exploration trajectory due to its inevitable considerations of a more complex gravitational environment and additional flying stages. Focusing on this issue, an efficient pre-design method is proposed on the basis of the pseudo-state theory. By embedding the pseudo-sweep back step into the dynamical propagation, the accuracy of two-body trajectories can be recovered to a high level, which brings significant convenience of initially designing high-precision trajectory, rapidly searching the departure window, and fast evaluating the LGA effect. A large amount of simulation results show that the application of the pseudo theory could enhance at least 88% trajectory accuracy, increase the 60% success rate, and decrease 5% the necessary cost when optimizing the Earth-Mars transfer trajectory, with comparisons to the two-body trajectory.

Accurate real space iterative reconstruction (RESIRE) algorithm for tomography

Tomography has made a revolutionary impact on the physical, biological and medical sciences. The mathematical foundation of tomography is to reconstruct a three-dimensional (3D) object from a set of two-dimensional (2D) projections. As the number of projections that can be measured from a sample is usually limited by the tolerable radiation dose and/or the geometric constraint on the tilt range, a main challenge in tomography is to achieve the best possible 3D reconstruction from a limited number of projections with noise. Over the years, a number of tomographic reconstruction methods have been developed including direct inversion, real-space, and Fourier-based iterative algorithms. Here, we report the development of a real-space iterative reconstruction (RESIRE) algorithm for accurate tomographic reconstruction. RESIRE iterates between the update of a reconstructed 3D object and the measured projections using a forward and back projection step. The forward projection step is implemented by the Fourier slice theorem or the Radon transform, and the back projection step by a linear transformation. Our numerical and experimental results demonstrate that RESIRE performs more accurate 3D reconstructions than other existing tomographic algorithms, when there are a limited number of projections with noise. Furthermore, RESIRE can be used to reconstruct the 3D structure of extended objects as demonstrated by the determination of the 3D atomic structure of an amorphous Ta thin film. We expect that RESIRE can be widely employed in the tomography applications in different fields. Finally, to make the method accessible to the general user community, the MATLAB source code of RESIRE and all the simulated and experimental data are available at https://zenodo.org/record/7273314.

A Review on Samangadi Taila and its Effect on Wound Healing

Today’s era is the era of scientific validation. So, it’s much more important to prove the thinks which we do either theoretically or practically. As we all know Vrana Chikitsa is being the matter of concern since time immemorial for all the system of medical science. If we unfold the pages of Ancient Ayurvedic literature then we will find a number of miraculous drugs or combined preparations which have magnificent effect of the treatment of Vrana. But the cause behind the back step is the unavailability of such drugs. By combining some of those drugs as per the reference of Acharya Shusruta, which are available now, we have taken a Taila preparation named as per the first ingredient in it as Samangadi Taila. Ingredients, properties, and its effect on the management of Vrana through different mode of actions as per Ayurveda are described here individually and combinedly as one preparation. In this review we are discuss on individual drug properties concerning of Vrana Chikitsa, Formulation of drugs as per classical text and explain of probable mode of action of Samangadi Taila, in addition to mentioned of source of drugs and analytical study of combined preparation under completion of formulation.

Validity of biopsychosocial model of intervention in contemporary medical practice: Walking a few extra miles

Validity of biopsychosocial model of intervention in contemporary medical practice: Walking a few extra miles

A Cooperative Relative Localization System for Distributed Multi-Agent Networks

While absolute position information is inaccessible for multi-agent networks due to the lack of global reference in GNSS-challenged or infrastructure-free scenarios, relative pose information among the agents can be obtained via agent cooperation. In this paper, we develop a cooperative relative localization system for distributed multi-agent networks. In particular, we propose a node activation strategy to select the backbone agents that minimize the information loss caused by malformed topology, and then the listener agents localize themselves based on the backbone topology. The scheme also incorporates a back calibration step that utilizes the position estimates of the listener agents to further improve the localization accuracy of the backbone topology. Moreover, a multi-sensory information fusion scheme is developed for dynamic scenes, where a coordinate transformation method is proposed to reduce the accumulated error caused by the coordinate misalignment. Finally, the system is implemented on a low-cost hardware platform with the ultra-wideband radios, and extensive simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve decimeter-level relative localization accuracy.

Application of nanostructured supramolecular solvent based on C12mimBr ionic liquid surfactant to direct extraction of some chlorophenols in soil and rice samples

In the proposed research, ionic liquid surfactant (C12-mimBr)-based nanostructured supramolecular solvent (IL-SUPRAS) was applied for direct extraction and preconcentration of three chlorophenols (CPs) in soil and rice samples before using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis. Mainly for extraction of analyte from a solid sample, an initial extraction step is performed using harmful organic solvents. Then, after evaporation of those solvents, the secondary extraction method is applied. The purpose of this research is direct extraction of some analytes from solid samples without performing the initial extraction step and using an adverse organic solvent. At first, IL-SUPRAS aggregation was prepared in a water solution. After that, an appropriate amount of it was introduced to the Eppendorf vial containing the solid sample. In the next step, to effectively extract the analytes from samples to the SUPRAS phase, the Eppendorf vial was vortexed and centrifuged, respectively. Finally, to prevent the entrance of the SUPRAS phase into the GC instrument, a back extraction step of the analytes was performed. The influence of effective parameters (i.e., pH of sample solution, vortex time, centrifuge time, and volume of THF) on the extraction procedure was investigated. Under optimum experimental conditions, the enrichment factors were obtained in the reasonable range of 103.2–134.6. The calibration curves also were linear in the range of 1.0–2000 µg L-1 with coefficients of determination (R2) more than 0.9962 for all three analytes. Limits of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.3–0.7 µg L-1, thelimits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.99–2.1 µg L-1, the relative standard deviations (RSDs %) composed of inter-day RSD (7.6–8.7) and intra-day RSD (6.3–7.6),and relative recoveries in the range of 77.4–93.6 % were obtained. The proposed method (IL-SUPRAS-DME) was successfully applied, for direct and fast extraction of CPs analytes in soil and rice samples.

침착성 테스트의 훈련과 평가를 이용한 온순한 승용마 선발에 관한 연구

It is necessary to select a riding horse with a good temperament, for the development of the horse industry and safe riding. Various evaluation methods for the selection of a good temperament horses have been proposed, and in this study, the GHP (Gelassenheitsprüfung) temperament test was conducted to systematize the horse selection and training program. The experiment group was divided into a trained riding horse (TRH) over 15 years old trained as a riding horse and an Untrained Candidate Horse (UCH) group born in domestic area. 16 reaction tests of horses were evaluated before training and also evaluated after 2 months of training, respectively. There was a significant improvement in the L-shaped back step item in the TRH group, and in the Open Umbrella and Tarpaulin covering items in the UCH group (p.05). However, among the experiment horses, the reaction scores of 2 heads in the TRH group and 3 heads in the UCH group improved significantly after training (p.05). According to these results, systematic temperament training is effective in the riding horse, and it is judged that this training must be performed together during horseback riding training from an early age.

AN EXPLAINABLE AI MODEL FOR DIABETIC RETINOPATHY DETECTION

Diabetes is the most common long-term condition that affects people of all ages due to inadequate insulin production. The appearance of black spots for millennia, interpreting eye pictures, and detecting diabetic retinopathy in its early stages has been a big challenge. The Explainable AI method is to explain the deep learning model that is understandable by humans and trusts the result. This is especially important in safety critical domains like healthcare or security, which replaces manual processes and understanding of the models function by non-technical domain skilled person. Explainable AI is used to describe an AI model, its expected impact and potential biases. It helps characterize model accuracy, fairness, transparency and outcomes in AI-powered decision making. Explainable AI is crucial for an organization in building trust and confidence when putting AI models into production. AI explains ability also helps an organization adopt a responsible approach to AI development. Specifically, the back propagation step is responsible for updating the weights based on its error function. SHAP or SHAPley Additive explanations are a visualization tool that can be used for making a machine learning model more explainable by visualizing its output. It can be used for explaining the prediction of any model by computing the contribution of each feature to the prediction.

Cooling of hot cylinder placed in a flexible backward-facing step channel

This paper copes with the mixed convection heat transfer and fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of a hot cylinder placed in a backward-step channel. The step is set to be flexible and deforms according to the force imparted by fluid. To attain the best cooling, different configurations of the flexible step were assessed. Equations governing the problem are solved using the finite element technique with the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) approach to go along the moving domain. The influential parameters of such a problem are the Reynolds number Re, Richardson number Ri and the configuration of the flexible back step. Results demonstrated an improvement in the Nusselt number where at Ri = 100, a step of horizontal flexible wall augments the Nusselt number by 7.3% and 1.4% when Re = 100 and 500, respectively. Including the pressure drop in a performance criterion, it is shown that making the vertical wall of the step flexible (VFW) improves the aspects of heat transfer and the hydrodynamic of low Reynolds number, while at high Reynolds number, all suggested configurations of flexible step do not improve the performance criterion. It is found also that Reynolds number greatly improves the performance criterion while Richardson number does not.

Intake Manifold Flow Study using Numerical Method with all Runners Opened

Intake manifolds have to be designed to improve engine performance by avoiding the phenomena like inter-cylinder robbery of charge, inertia of the flow in the individual branch pipes, resonance of the air masses in the pipes and the Helmholtz effect. The objective of work is to predict and analyze the flow through intake manifold of four cylinder spark ignition engine. One of the important factors is air flow inside the intake manifold; the ideal intake manifold distributes flow evenly to the piston valves. The structural analysis has been conducted to decide the thickness and material that is suitable for intake manifold to withstand bursting pressure. Three-dimensional inlet manifold was modeled in ANSYS workbench and numerically analyzed by using the commercially available FLUENT software to study the pressure, velocity and flow characteristics inside the runner. The steady state analysis has been carried out for three for All runners open, The predicted results of total pressure loss and total outlet mass flow were discussed. Inlet pipe and plenum connection creates a back step geometry which causes more total pressure loss due to flow recirculation in conventional model. Tapering the geometry is causing more inlet mass flow due to reduction in total pressure loss in the plenum chamber.

How Does Back Translation Fare Against Team Translation? An Experimental Case Study in the Language Combination English–German

AbstractWhen it comes to quality in questionnaire translation and hence comparability in comparative research, the chosen translation method is crucial for the outcome. Few empirical studies compare different translation methods—a fact which is often deplored in the research community. To fill the gap, in this study, the team translation approach is compared against a simple back-translation approach. The starting point in both cases was the initial English–German translations of ISSP (International Social Survey Program) questions. The final translations from both approaches were assessed, with a focus on how translation issues, such as mistranslations or wording issues identified in the initial translations were addressed. While none of the twenty-nine issues in the initial translation were present in the final team translation version, twenty-two of these issues were still present in the final version after the back-translation approach. For a selected number of items, we also ran a split-ballot experiment in a web survey. Only five out of fifteen items (33 percent) that went into the experiment showed significant differences between the translations, and only one could clearly be attributed to remaining errors in the back-translation version. In sum, the final translation from the team approach clearly outperformed the final translation from the back-translation approach when it comes to text-based criteria (in particular, accuracy and fluency). The quantitative test showed that many translation issues (those remaining in the translation after the back translation step) had no effect on the estimates. Nevertheless, we ask respondents to put effort into survey responding; in the same vein, we as researchers should put effort in the survey experience by providing questions that are clearly worded and free of errors, which puts the team approach ahead of the back-translation approach.

Temperature-dependent Li vacancy diffusion in Li4Ti5O12 by means of first principles molecular dynamic simulations.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a key electrochemical energy storage technology for mobile applications. In this context lithium titanate (LTO) is an attractive anode material for fast-charging LIBs and solid-state batteries (SSBs). The Li ion transport within LTO has a major impact on the performance of the anode in LIBs or SSBs. The Li vacancy diffusion in lithium-poor Li4Ti5O12 can take place either via 8ainit ↔ 16c ↔ 8afinal or a 8ainit ↔ 16c ↔ 48f ↔ 16dfinal diffusion path. To gain a more detailed understanding of the Li vacancy transport in LTO, we performed first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations in the temperature range from 800 K to 1000 K. To track the Li vacancies through the FPMD simulations, we introduce a method to distinguish the positions of multiple (Li) vacancies at each time. This method is used to characterize the diffusion path and the number of different diffusion steps. As a result, the majority of Li vacancy diffusion steps occur along the 8ainit ↔ 16c ↔ 8afinal. Moreover, the results indicate that the 16d Wyckoff position is a trapping site for Li vacancies. The dominant 8ainit ↔ 16c ↔ 8afinal path appears to compete with its back diffusion, which can be identified by the lifetime t16c of the 16c site. Our studies show that for t16c < 100 fs the back diffusion dominates, whereas for 100 fs ≤ t16c < 200 fs the 8ainit ↔ 16c ↔ 8afinal path dominates. In addition, the temperature-independent pre-factor D0 of the diffusion coefficient, as well as the attempt frequency Γ0 and the activation energy EA in lithium-poor LTO have been determined to be D0 = 1.5 × 10-3 cm2 s-1, as well as Γ0 = 6.6 THz and EA = 0.33 eV.

Seismic performance of step back, step back set back and set back buildings in sloping ground base

This paper presents the structural behavior of buildings located in the sloping ground level subjected to seismic load. Three different categories of building from three to five storey are considered for the numerical modelling namely set back building (SB), step back building (SBB) and step back set back building (SBSB). The dynamic response of different buildings are analyzed and compared to assess the seismic vulnerability associated with each buildings. The seismic vulnerability is accessed by comparing the base shear, drift, displacement and torsion factor values. Linear static method is used for the calculation of earthquake load using ETABS. It is observed that SBB and SBSB are highly affected by torsion compared to the SB building. It is desirable to use shear wall in periphery of the bottom storey to improve seismic performance of building. The results in this paper can be employed for construction of buildings with seismically active sloping ground.

One Pot Catalyst‐free Synthesis of Substituted Di‐amino N‐tosyl Benzoyl Thiazoles byRegioselective C−N Bond Cleavage and Its Anticancer Activity

AbstractThe synthesis of hitherto unknown thiazole derivatives have been disclosed via purely green approach. This proposed work is novel in terms of C−C bond formation at guanidino carbon in 2‐amino benzimidazole moiety. The unstable benzimidazol‐hemiaminals have been used as a source of reactive intermediates.The catalyst‐free synthesis of diamino benzoyl N‐tosyl thiazole governed bythe sequential chemical conversions, which was steered by simple N‐tosylation of benzimidazol‐hemiaminal. The reaction was internally edge forward by thiazolidine ring opening, N‐tosylation, C−C bond formation and regioselective cleavage of C−N bondat guanidino carbon in a single step. Oxidation of tertiary alcohol to ketone with ring opening by C−N bond cleavage and N‐tosylation are the valuable conversions to accomplish the regioselectivity in the development of new desired thiazole ring. Moreover benzimidazol‐hemiaminal used as a storage of 2‐oxo‐2‐phenylethyl N′‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)‐N‐phenylcarbamimidothioate which is again highly unstable intermediate. The reverse back step mechanism was developed for the synthesis of thiazoles unlike other hemiaminals. The protocol is free of catalyst and toxic solvents.Use of ionic liquid, shorter reaction time, high yielding and easy isolation of products makes this strategy more environmental‐friendly. The importance of products attributed to the presence of active benzoyl and amino groups. Product thiazoles (T3) (IC50=7.906 μM), (T4) (IC50=5.250 μM) and (T7) (IC50=4.709 μM) were found potent anticancer agents against lung cancer with reference to doxorubicin as standard.

Numerical Forced Convection Heat Transfer of Nanofluids over Back Facing Step and Through Heated Circular Grooves

Backward facing step arrangement is a classical case for fluid dynamics and heat transfer research. It is well characterized and therefore, used for benchmarking. However, ongoing studies reveal that the geometry also provide advantages in industry, especially in combustion and burners. This work utilizes computational fluid dynamics to investigate a specific laminar back facing step flow heat transfer case. Aluminium oxide nano particles are considered as an additive to water base fluid, forming nanofluid with different volumetric concentrations. Laminar flow passes a back facing step and encounters three circular grooves at bottom surface. All surfaces are adiabatic except the grooves. Constant surface temperature applies to the grooves. According to the simulation results, a separation bubble after back facing step and a reattachment point occur. Grooves alter expected wake due to physical and thermal interference. Investigation parameters are nano-particle concentration and Reynolds number. Reynolds number changes between 10 and 250. Nano particle volume fraction percentage changes between 2 and 6 percent. Sectional heating downstream of the step poses interesting heat flux in the presence of Aluminium oxide nano-particle concentrations. There is a pseudo-linear relationship between parameters and heat transfer. Combined effects of enhanced thermal conductivity and secondary flow structures are seen. As expected, thermal convection increases as flow velocity and nano-particle concentrations increase. Heat flux and accordingly Nusselt number are highly affected from Reynolds number since flow structure changes dramatically. Also, direct proportion is seen between nano-particle concentration and enhanced convection.