Back Position Research Articles

A study of asymmetric guided wave propagation mechanism in elbow and prediction of elbow erosion degree based on SAFE and GA-LSSVM methods

Aiming at the problems of complex sensor layout, low detection accuracy when using guided wave to detect the elbow’s erosion degree, this research presents a new approach based on asymmetric guided wave and Genetic Algorithm-Least Support Vector Machine (GA-LSSVM). The program for calculating elbow’s dispersion curve was compiled using the semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method. Through numerical simulation, it is found that the bending mode in the guided wave signal at the outer arch back position of the receiving end decreases with the increase of the erosion degree, which leads to the decrease of the signal’s time domain energy. Finally, The GA-LSSVM model were used to predict various elbow specimens’ residual wall thickness, and the results shows the high prediction accuracy. The average accuracy of predicting the new elbows is 87.63%. This research provides a feasible scheme for detecting elbow’s erosion degrees in engineering.

Volleyball as a means to develop speed endurance in girls aged 16-18

Background and Study Aim. There is an increasing interest in using volleyball as a means of physical activity among high school students and a need to assess its impact on speed endurance. The purpose of the study is to identify effective volleyball means for developing speed endurance in high school students in the context of distance and in-person learning. Material and Methods. The study involved 16 senior high school girls aged 16-18 from Ternovskiy Lyceum No. 1 in Dnipro, Ukraine. The girls performed special exercises over a period of 12 weeks. The weekly schedule included physical education lessons in a format of 1 online lesson/1 offline lesson and 2 additional sessions. Results. A significant improvement was observed in almost all test exercises: the running time in the "Fir-tree" test decreased by 2.16 seconds (t=3.01, p < 0.05); the running time for 6x6 m decreased by 0.92 seconds (t=3.77, p < 0.05); the number of squats in 20 seconds increased by 4.31 times (t=4.46, p < 0.05); the number of leg raises to a 90° angle in a hanging position increased by 1.13 times (t=3.02, p < 0.05), and the number of torso raises from a lying on the back position increased by 1.81 times (t=4.49, p < 0.05). Conclusions. The proposed exercises positively affected the development of speed endurance in girls. The obtained results allow recommending these exercises as means for developing speed endurance in physical education classes within the volleyball module.

Development of the method for determining the plane cross-wall diversity of cold-rolled pipes on the basis of experimental research with different options of feeding and turning

In recent years, cold pipe rolling mills have been used in Ukraine, where it is possible to perform different modes of feeding and turning the pipe. Formulation of the problem. We need a method that makes it possible to plan the cross-wall variation of the pipes. Goal. Development of a method for determining the planned diversity for the design of production technology to ensure the regulated increased quality of pipes according to their geometry. Methodology. Obtaining experimental results on the effect of feeding and turning modes during cold rolling on the cross-wall variation of pipes. Mode 1 – the feed is performed before the forward movement, and the turn before the reverse movement of the cage; mode 2 - the feed is performed before the forward movement, and the turn is performed before the forward and reverse movement of the cage; mode 3 – feeding is performed in the front and back position of the cage, and the turn is in the back position; mode 4 – feeding and rotation are performed before the forward and reverse movement of the cage). The results. Of the tested modes, mode 2 and mode 4 are the most effective (from the point of view of correcting the cross-sectional variation of the pipe blanks. Scientific novelty. First, additional experimental data were obtained on the magnitude of the cross-sectional variation of the pipes during the cold rolling process of the pipes with different modes of feeding and turning in front of the straight and It is shown that the process of cold rolling of pipes with feed in front of the direct and turning before the direct and reverse movement of the cage gives 1.5 times better indicators in terms of tube accuracy compared to feeding in front of the direct movement of the cage and turning before the reverse movement of the cage. Тhe indicators are given by the process with forward and reverse motion of the cage. Practical significance. The obtained results are needed in the development of technologies for the production of pipes with increased requirements for transverse diversity

Real-World Gait Detection Using a Wrist-Worn Inertial Sensor: Validation Study.

Wrist-worn inertial sensors are used in digital health for evaluating mobility in real-world environments. Preceding the estimation of spatiotemporal gait parameters within long-term recordings, gait detection is an important step to identify regions of interest where gait occurs, which requires robust algorithms due to the complexity of arm movements. While algorithms exist for other sensor positions, a comparative validation of algorithms applied to the wrist position on real-world data sets across different disease populations is missing. Furthermore, gait detection performance differences between the wrist and lower back position have not yet been explored but could yield valuable information regarding sensor position choice in clinical studies. The aim of this study was to validate gait sequence (GS) detection algorithms developed for the wrist position against reference data acquired in a real-world context. In addition, this study aimed to compare the performance of algorithms applied to the wrist position to those applied to lower back-worn inertial sensors. Participants with Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, proximal femoral fracture (hip fracture recovery), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and congestive heart failure and healthy older adults (N=83) were monitored for 2.5 hours in the real-world using inertial sensors on the wrist, lower back, and feet including pressure insoles and infrared distance sensors as reference. In total, 10 algorithms for wrist-based gait detection were validated against a multisensor reference system and compared to gait detection performance using lower back-worn inertial sensors. The best-performing GS detection algorithm for the wrist showed a mean (per disease group) sensitivity ranging between 0.55 (SD 0.29) and 0.81 (SD 0.09) and a mean (per disease group) specificity ranging between 0.95 (SD 0.06) and 0.98 (SD 0.02). The mean relative absolute error of estimated walking time ranged between 8.9% (SD 7.1%) and 32.7% (SD 19.2%) per disease group for this algorithm as compared to the reference system. Gait detection performance from the best algorithm applied to the wrist inertial sensors was lower than for the best algorithms applied to the lower back, which yielded mean sensitivity between 0.71 (SD 0.12) and 0.91 (SD 0.04), mean specificity between 0.96 (SD 0.03) and 0.99 (SD 0.01), and a mean relative absolute error of estimated walking time between 6.3% (SD 5.4%) and 23.5% (SD 13%). Performance was lower in disease groups with major gait impairments (eg, patients recovering from hip fracture) and for patients using bilateral walking aids. Algorithms applied to the wrist position can detect GSs with high performance in real-world environments. Those periods of interest in real-world recordings can facilitate gait parameter extraction and allow the quantification of gait duration distribution in everyday life. Our findings allow taking informed decisions on alternative positions for gait recording in clinical studies and public health. ISRCTN Registry 12246987; https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12246987. RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050785.

Clinical significance of intraoperative glenohumeral joint load evaluation using a novel humeral sensor in navigated reverse total shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundAdvances in preoperative planning and technology have assisted the surgeon in appropriate placement of implants during reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). However, assessment of soft tissue tension, balance, and stability remains subjective and dependent on surgeon experience. The aims of this study are to measure intraoperative joint loads with a novel trial humeral load sensor during RTSA, to evaluate the utility of this device in the operative setting, and to determine the association between recorded joint loads and postoperative patient-reported outcomes. MethodsA pilot study of 15 patients with the diagnosis of osteoarthritis, rotator cuff arthropathy, or massive cuff tear were scheduled for computer-navigated RTSA and intraoperative joint load measurements. Following appropriate soft tissue releases, load recordings were made in standardized arm positions: neutral, across the chest, behind the back, and overhead. Participants were clinically and radiographically reviewed at 3 and 12 months post-surgery for evidence of joint instability, bony stress reaction or fracture, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score. ResultsIntraoperative joint load measurements vary between participants, but there were no significant associations with age or body mass index (P > .05). Mean joint load in the neutral position was recorded as 6.1 lbf (standard deviation [SD] 7.4 range 0-25). In each of the three testing positions, mean joint load was recorded in the range of 30-40 lbf. Maximum joint loads above 70 lbf were observed in individual participants. There were no postoperative complications including joint instability or bony stress reactions. At 3 months, no statistically significant correlations were observed between clinical scores and load measures. At 12 months, the mean ASES score was 83.1 (SD 11.6, range 63.3-98.3), and demonstrated a large and significant association with load magnitude in the behind back position (r = 0.66, P = .008). The mean ASES pain subscale score was 45.3 (SD 6.4, range 30.0-50.0) and demonstrated a significant association with load magnitude in the behind back position (r = 0.69, P = .004) and with load magnitude in the across chest position (r = 0.55, P = .034). No other significant associations were observed. DiscussionThis pilot study indicates a novel humeral trial load sensor can be used safely and effectively during RTSA. This trial reports a range of intraoperative joint load measurements in neutral and commonly performed arm positions, which at 12 months post-surgery are associated with satisfactory shoulder function. Further clinical studies are required to define an upper limit for intraoperative joint load, which may potentially compromise clinical outcome.

Influence of Driver's Seat Front and Back Position on Safe Driving Behaviour

Influence of Driver's Seat Front and Back Position on Safe Driving Behaviour

Estimation of Lower Back Position based on Plantar Pressure Distribution during Nursing Care

Estimation of Lower Back Position based on Plantar Pressure Distribution during Nursing Care

Markers and mechanisms of death in Drosophila.

Parameters correlated with age and mortality in Drosophila melanogaster include decreased negative geotaxis and centrophobism behaviors, decreased climbing and walking speed, and darkened pigments in oenocytes and eye. Cessation of egg laying predicts death within approximately 5days. Endogenous green fluorescence in eye and body increases hours prior to death. Many flies exhibit erratic movement hours before death, often leading to falls. Loss of intestinal barrier integrity (IBI) is assayed by feeding blue dye ("Smurf" phenotype), and Smurf flies typically die within 0-48h. Some studies report most flies exhibit Smurf, whereas multiple groups report most flies die without exhibiting Smurf. Transgenic reporters containing heat shock gene promoters and innate immune response gene promoters progressively increase expression with age, and partly predict remaining life span. Innate immune reporters increase with age in every fly, prior to any Smurf phenotype, in presence or absence of antibiotics. Many flies die on their side or supine (on their back) position. The data suggest three mechanisms for death of Drosophila. One is loss of IBI, as revealed by Smurf assay. The second is nervous system malfunction, leading to erratic behavior, locomotor malfunction, and falls. The aged fly is often unable to right itself after a fall to a side-ways or supine position, leading to inability to access the food and subsequent dehydration/starvation. Finally, some flies die upright without Smurf phenotype, suggesting a possible third mechanism. The frequency of these mechanisms varies between strains and culture conditions, which may affect efficacy of life span interventions.

Posture Guardian With Smart Muscle Strain Detection And Correction Using TINYML


 
 
 
 Millions of dollars are spent in the healthcare business on muscle strain-related illnesses, notably low back pain. Inadequate posture is typically the cause of lower back discomfort, especially in the transverse abdominal muscle. Intelligent monitoring systems encourage proper posture and exercise on a global scale to improve quality of life and treat this frequent issue. As pervasive intelligent technology emerges, medical equipment such as pulse monitors, hearing aids, and health monitors are being developed. This research discusses the design, development, and testing of a tiny wearable interface that uses an array of sensors to monitor and notify a person's back position in real time. A good posture helps to alleviate muscle stress during physical exertion and promotes general health. As a result, a gadget capable of detecting and correcting improper posture has become important. We created a wearable electromyography (EMG) sensor and flex sensor. EMG and flex sensors are used in our technology to monitor human posture and decide if it is right or improper. TinyML (Tiny Machine Learning) is used by our technology to assess and categorize posture data in real time, offering quick feedback and remedial help. Our TinyML-powered Smart Posture technology helps people improve their posture, reduce muscle discomfort, and improve their overall health and quality of life.
 
 
 

Research on seat active noise control of driver's cab ground platform based on far-point secondary sound sources

Driver's cab noise has an impact on the long-term driving environment and physical health of drivers. The locomotive driver's cab has significant low-frequency noise due to structure-borne sound, which is suitable for effective suppression by the active noise control system. However, on the one hand, the seat headrest system hinders the driver's movement space, on the one hand, the active noise control for space zones in the driver's cab has limited noise reduction effect due to the large control area. Therefore, a ground research test platform of driver's cab for active noise control was designed, and its structure and control method were introduced in this study. Based on the near-point seat active noise reduction control system, the coherence of the reference acoustic signal of the chair to the acoustic signal at the driver's left ear is very close with the one on the floor, and both of their active noise reduction in the full frequency band from 50 Hz to 5000 Hz are very close (about 4.5 dB (A)). In order to alleviate the interference of the headrest system installed with secondary sound sources on the driver's operating space, a far-point active noise reduction control system was proposed. The results showed that when two reference microphone signals from the seat back and floor position are used at the same time, the active noise reduction next to the driver's left ear in the full frequency band of 50 Hz to 5000 Hz is 4.0 dB(A), which is still significant. This provides a useful reference for the engineering application of active noise control systems in rail driver's cabs.

The ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava collapsibility in the prone volunteers through a new acoustic window: a prospective observational study

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound assessment of inferior vena cava (IVC) collapsibility is used in clinical practice to assess patients' volume status. Finding the subject in the prone position limits the ability to assess IVC collapse by the traditional method, which requires the use of alternative methods. OBJECTIVE: Conducting a comparative assessment of the IVC collapse index in healthy volunteers in the back position and in the pro position using a new acoustic window. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultrasound observation was performed in 25 adult healthy volunteers of both sexes. Ultrasound measurement of IVC was carried out sequentially in the position of volunteers on the back and abdomen. The mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) of the maximum and minimum IVC size. The values of the collapsing index (CI) obtained during the study are presented as a median (Me) and quartiles (Q1–Q3). Wilcoxon's nonparametric test was selected for comparative analysis (significance level accepted 0.05). RESULTS: Measurements of the diameter of the inferior vena cava obtained the following results: the average maximum and minimum vein size in volunteers in the supine position were 1.58 ± 0.37 cm and 1.30 ± 0.36 cm, respectively; in prone — 1.51 ± 0.37 cm and 1.24 ± 0.36 cm, respectively. Me (Q1–Q3) IVC-CI values (%) in volunteers in the supine and in the prone position of the voice were 16.84 (8.86–24.39) and 15.63 (10.23–24.77), respectively. Statistical analysis of the obtained results did not reveal a significant difference between CI values (p = 0.861). CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a statistically significant difference in IVC-CI values in the supine and abdominal volunteers demonstrates the possibility of using a new acoustic window to assess volume status in the clinical setting in patients in the prone position.

Questionnaire Survey on Cervical Spondylosis among Dentists

Introduction:
 Most patients particularly dentists who present with neck pain have “non‑specific (simple) neck pain, “where symptoms have a postural or mechanical basis. Etiological factors are usually multifactorial, including poor posture, anxiety, depression, neck strain, and sporting or occupational activities. When mechanical factors are prominent, the condition is often referred to as “cervical spondylosis,” although the term is often applied to all non‑specific neck pain. The aim of this study was to find the frequency of neck pain among dentists.
 Materials and Methods:
 A cross‑sectional survey was carried out by convenience sampling in different dental hospitals of Chennai. A total of 100 questionnaires were filled by dentists. The data were collected using a questionnaire focusing on back position, travel to clinic, hours of practice, assisting hands during practice, duration of sleep, time spent on electronic gadgets, dizziness or discomfort after work, duration of pain, and if any treatment undergoing. Qualitative variables were represented as percentages and bar charts. Descriptive statistics, that is mean and standard deviation, were used to represent the total score.
 Results:
 Neck pain was the most common complaint. Sixty-seven percent were male and 33% were female. Thirty‑four percent are practising dentistry above 20 years, 32% above 15 years, 26% above 10 years, and 8% above 5 years. The position of practice is that 96% of the dentists practise sitting position and the rest 4% practise standing position. About 72% of dentists use electronic gadgets more than 3 h, 18% of dentists use them for 3 h, and 10 of them use.
 Conclusion:
 A The frequency of neck pain and neck disability in dentists seemed to be high and is an area that needs further deliberation. The majority of working dentists have musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck.

EP25.20: Fetal back position at first stage can predict malpresentation in 2nd stage in neuraxial analgesia labour

EP25.20: Fetal back position at first stage can predict malpresentation in 2nd stage in neuraxial analgesia labour

ANALISIS ERGONOMIS PADA ALAT MINI CULTIVATOR PENGOLAH LAHAN PERTANIAN BERDASARKAN METODE NBM DAN OWAS

This research aims to: (1) Analyzing the ergonomics of mini cultivator tools based on the Nordic Body Map (NBM) method, and (2) Analyzing the ergonomics of mini cultivator tools based on the Ovako Working Posture Analysis System (OWAS) method. The method in this study was experimental, and the data were analyzed by quantitative descriptive method. The research sample amounted to 5 farmers. The results showed that in the initial posture, namely the upright back position, a score of 1122 category 1 was obtained, which means that the posture is not dangerous and does not need to be improved. In the work posture when running the mini cultivator tool, a score of 2173 category 3 is obtained, which means that the straight work posture must be improved immediately. The results of filling out the NBM questionnaire show that farmers still feel "a little sick" in straight work postures. Meanwhile, the turning posture obtained a score of 4173 category 3 which means that immediate improvement is needed. The results of filling out the NBM questionnaire show that farmers still feel "very sick" in the turning posture. Thus, the mini cultivator tool still needs improvement in several aspects of ergonomics and is discussed in the results of this study

The effectiveness of isometric protocols using an external load or voluntary effort on jump height enhancement in trained females

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of isometric post-activation performance enhancement protocols using an external load (EXL) or voluntary effort (VE) on jump height (JH) in trained females divided into EXL (n = 15), VE (n = 14), and control (CON; n = 12) groups. JH was assessed using countermovement jumps at baseline and the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth minutes after the protocols. The EXL performed three sets of back squats with a 70%-repetition maximum load for four seconds, with one-minute breaks. The VE performed three sets of pushing against an immovable bar in the back squat position for five seconds, with one-minute breaks. The CON group ran on a treadmill at 6 km/h for four minutes. A RM-ANOVA showed a significant interaction for group-time (p < 0.01). The EXL protocol provided JH improvement at the third minute compared to baseline (p = 0.01), though it decreased in subsequent minutes (p < 0.05). JH declined in the VE group at the third and fifth minutes (p < 0.05), then peaked, surpassing baseline, after nine minutes (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found between the protocols in the relative effect (best—baseline) (p = 0.09), though the EXL group appeared to gain more (effect size [ES] = 0.76). Both protocols improved JH, but caution is required due to peak performance time and potential JH reduction.

BACK MASSAGE TO PROVIDE COMFORT FOR POST PARTUM

Background: The postpartum period is an important time in maternal care after delivery, where postpartum often experience physical and emotional discomfort. Back massage has been known as an effective method of relieving muscle tension, increasing blood circulation, and providing relaxation to the body. This systematic review aimis to collect and analyze studies related to back massage on the comfort of postpartum.&#x0D; Methods : This study uses a systematic review approach to research results related to the period 2018 to 2023. A literature search was carried out through databases of scientific journals and other reliable sources of information. The JBI critical assessment tool is used to assess the quality of the journal. This means that there are only selected articles that meet the requirements, with details of PubMed: 1, Google Scholar: 3. Garuda 1. Through the screening results of abstracts and full texts of 370 research articles.&#x0D; Result : There are 2,180 selected journals from seven major database sources, which are classified as follows: PubMed: 354 articles, Science Direct: 540 articles, Garuda 2 articles, and Google Scholar: 11,500 articles based on predetermined keywords.&#x0D; Conclusion : The results showed that the back massage position provides comfort for postpartum . The JBI critical assessment tool is used to assess the quality of the journal

Pengaruh Terapi Mandiri Oleh Orang Tua Terhadap Kelurusan Tengah Tubuh Anak CP Spastic Quadriplegia

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder of movement and posture during the growth and development of children that is not progressive. One type of CP is spastic quadriplegia with one of the problems, namely the alignment of the middle body that is not optimal. This will result in increased spasticity and impaired respiratory and digestive functions. Research method: one group pre and posttest design on 10 children with CP spastic quadriplegia who experience difficulties in orienting the mid-body alignment in the supine position in the happy CP family community in Surabaya. Parents are taught how to massage the back and lie on their back according to the alignment of the middle of the body, then the parents independently massage the child's back for 15 minutes, 2x per day for 14 days. Proof of treatment is done by video call. Measuring instrument with GMFM dimension A (supine and roll) in percent. Results: The subjects in this study totaled 10 children with CP spastic quariplegia with an average age of 2.9 ± 1.1 years with a total of 5 male and 5 female subjects. The mean pre-treatment GMFM value was 0.38 ± 0.8% and the mean GMFM increased post-treatment, namely 4.2 ± 1.2 %, with a significant Wilcoxon test at 0.003. Conclusion: independent therapy by parents in the form of back muscle massage and position adjustment affects the mid-body alignment of children with CP Spastic Quadriplegia.

P42: Effect of impeller number and design variation on the hemolysis performance of magnetically levitated centrifugal pumps

Background: Hemolysis is linked to an increase in the length of exposure to high shear stress in addition to the degree of shear stress. Turbulence is also a significant cause of blood injury. In the maglev ventricular assist device blood is only in contact with the pump housing and impeller. So, it is vital that decreasing NPSS, reducing exposure time, and the suppression of disturbed flow are incorporated into the optimization design for blood pump. The blood pump must also deliver enough pressure head and flow rate to sustain clinical circulation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of different number of blades, number of splitters, blade length, blade angle and its distribution on pressure head, hemolysis and platelet activation. Firstly, computational fluid dynamics was used to analyze the effects of the above characteristics on scalar shear force, velocity distribution, hemolysis, and then the validity of the numerical analysis was verified by combining with in vitro hemolysis experiments, and finally the best impeller design was selected. Methods: In this study, three rotors with different number of vanes were developed. Compared to the CentriMag with curved vanes, all three variants have straight vanes to improve the pump efficiency and the passability in the pump. The inlet and outlet edges of the vanes are chamfered to reduce the shear stress area. In order to avoid excessive axial force makes the whole rotor in the rotation process floating, in the back cover plate position designed to raise the structure, in order to increase the surface area, reduce the axial force to stabilize the leaf top clearance, the three new design of the rotor back cover plate raised degree is also different. In order to balance the number of blades and the impeller’s hydraulic performance, the outer diameter of the impeller is also designed. 6-blade rotor consists of 3 blades and 3 spliters, the outer diameter of the impeller is 43.5mm; 8-blade rotor consists of 4 blades and 4 spliters, the outer diameter of the impeller is 43mm; 9-blade rotor consists of 3 blades and 6 spliters, the outer diameter of the impeller is 43mm. The 9-blade rotor consists of 3 blades and 6 splitters, with a minimum impeller outside diameter of 42.5mm. Results: By CFD simulation, the 9-blade maglev impeller outperformed several other impellers in terms of shear force, shear area, and passability, and the NIH in in vitro experiments was <0.0016g/100L Conclusion: The 9-vane magnetically levitated rotor developed in this study improves pump passability and reduces the occurrence of hemolysis in the pump by reducing the vane shear forceFigure 1. Independently developed magnetic levitation hemolysis platformFigure 2. Newly designed 3-bell bladeFigure 3. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of different impellers

Fearfulness in commercial laying hens: a meta-analysis comparing brown and white egg layers

High fearfulness in commercial laying hens can negatively affect production parameters and animal welfare. Brown and white egg layers differ in several behavioral characteristics, though reported differences in fearfulness are inconsistent. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine whether there are systematic differences in measures of fearfulness between brown and white layers. Twenty-three studies that examined either 1 or both of 2 behavioral tests were included: tonic immobility (TI) (longer duration=higher fearfulness, 16 studies) and novel object (NO) test (lower approach rate=higher fearfulness, 11 studies). The 2 tests were analyzed separately. TI analyses: A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) with a lognormal distribution was fitted to describe the data with experiment nested in study as a random effect. Explanatory (X) variables were considered through backward selection, where potential X-variables included color (brown vs. white layers), decade (1980s, 2000s, 2020s), age (prelay vs. in lay), genetic stock (hybrid vs. grand-/parent stock), and methodology (back vs. side position). NO test analyses: univariable GLMMs with a beta distribution were fitted with approach rate as the Y-variable and color, decade, age, stock, or 2 methodological factors (test duration, single vs. group testing) as X-variables. Models were evaluated by assessing information criteria, residuals/random effect normality, significance of X-variables and model evaluation statistics (mean square prediction error, concordance correlation coefficient). TI duration was best explained by a color-by-decade interaction (P=0.0006). Whites in the 1980s had longer TI durations (709.43 ± 143.88 s) than browns in the 1980s (282.90 ± 59.70 s), as well as in comparison to browns (208.80 ± 50.82 s) or whites (204.85 ± 49.60 s) in the 2020s. The NO approach rate was best explained by color (P ≤ 0.05 in 3 models), age (P < 0.05 in 3 models), and decade (P=0.04). Whites had a higher approach rate (0.7 ± 0.07) than browns (0.5 ± 0.11), birds in lay a higher rate (0.8 ± 0.07) than birds prelay (0.4 ± 0.12), and approach rate for papers published in the 2000s (0.8 ± 0.09) was higher than in the 2020s (0.2 ± 0.12). The phylogenetic difference in the 1980s was no longer detectable after enforcing an upper limit on TI durations (10 min), as became common practice in later studies. Our findings suggest that phylogenetic differences in fearfulness and changes over time are test dependent, and this raises important questions and potential consequences for assessing hen welfare in commercial egg production.

Profile of Caloric Needs of Football Athletes by Position in Football School

The purpose of writing this article is to find out and recommend calorie and energy profiles in shaping the stamina of football athletes in football schools. The search for this article uses a qualitative descriptive method through literature studies sourced from references that are willing to be studied conceptually and inferred from the results of the discussion. The results of this study show that the average calorie needs in the Defensive Lineman position requires as much as 6,100 - 6,400 kilo calories, in the Offensive Lineman position it requires as much as 6,200-6,500 kilo calories, in the Running Back position it requires as much as 5,700-6,000 kilo calories, in the Tight End position it requires as much as 6,000-6,300 kilo calories, the Linebacker needs as many as 5,900-6,200 kilo calories, and, in the Quarterback position, it needs as many as 5,200-5,400 kilo calories. Furthermore, the fulfillment of balanced nutrition for SSB football athletes that must be applied conditionally and proportionally is as follows Calories for football athletes are needed at 3542-4693 kilo calories per athlete per day, carbohydrate fulfillment for athletes as much as 531703 grams per athlete per day, protein fulfillment as much as 132-175 grams per athlete pr day, and fat fulfillment is needed at 118-156 grams per athlete per day.