Back Pain In Pregnancy Research Articles

Lumbar disk herniation in pregnancy: its incidence, presentation and management: a systematic review.

Back pain in pregnancy is common, but pain from lumbar disk herniations in pregnancy is rare. This systematic review aims to comprehensively analyse literature on lumbar disk herniation in pregnancy, focusing on risk factors, incidence, clinical presentation, and management. We conducted a literature review using PubMed and Web of Science databases, including studies from January 1, 1950, to August 1, 2023. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist for cohort studies and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for case-control studies were utilised to assess risk of bias. The review protocol was not previously published. A total of 41 studies were reviewed, with 6 addressing incidence and risk factors and 35 focusing on clinical presentation and management. Symptomatic lumbar disk herniation during pregnancy was found to be uncommon, with no significant predisposition noted during pregnancy as per magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. However, patients with MRI-detected herniations were more likely to report back pain. Non-surgical management resulted in higher rates of complete symptom resolution (69% vs. 50%) and lower rates of cesarean section (57% vs. 70%) compared to surgical management. Among surgically treated patients, microdiscectomy showed higher symptom resolution (59%) compared to laminectomy (17%) or a combined approach (33%). While pregnancy does not inherently increase the risk of herniated lumbar disks, the presence of a prolapsed disk can predispose to back pain during pregnancy. There is poor quality evidence that should be interpreted cautiously. Non-surgical management, in the absence of red-flag symptoms including bowel and bladder dysfunction may be trialled and yield comparatively better symptom resolution. Additionally, surgical management if necessitated has no clear link to pregnancy complications within the scope of this study.

6285595 Back pain in pregnancy – red flags and challenges

6285595 Back pain in pregnancy – red flags and challenges

Pelatihan Senam Ibu Hamil terhadap Penurunan Low Back Pain Ibu Hamil Trimester III Di Klinik Bidang Titiek Makassar

Complaints of pregnant women back pain (back pain) 60-80%. Low Back Pain in pregnancy at 13 weeks to 30 weeks of gestation it was found that the older the pregnancy the stronger the back pain. Gymnastics is a coping method that can prevent physical stress due to pregnancy, reduce lower extremity and back cramps, increase the mother's ability to adapt to changes in her body. The method used in this service activity is in the form of lectures, demonstrations and training. The stages in this activity start from preparation, implementation to closing. Evaluation of the success of the training is assessed through a pre test and post test through a questionnaire. The results obtained on the back pain scale before doing exercise for pregnant women were 3 people with a mild pain scale, 4 people with a moderate pain scale, and 3 other mothers. pregnant, improving blood circulation, reducing complaints of cramps or aches, and preparing breathing, muscle activity and the pelvis to face the birth process. So it is recommended for pregnant women and health workers to apply the exercise method for pregnant women in reducing complaints of back pain during the third trimester.

Quality and comprehensiveness of YouTube videos on back pain during pregnancy.

Back pain during pregnancy is a common issue that impacts the quality of life for many women. YouTube has become an increasingly popular source of health information. Pregnant women often turn to YouTube for advice on managing back pain, but the quality of available videos is highly variable. This study aimed to assess the quality and comprehensiveness of YouTube videos related to back pain during pregnancy. A YouTube search was conducted using the keyword "back pain in pregnancy",and the first 100 resulting videos were included in the study. After a thorough review and exclusion of ineligible videos, the final sample consisted of 71 videos. Various parameters such as the number of views, likes, viewer interaction, video age, uploaded source (healthcare or nonhealthcare), and video length were evaluated for all videos. Regarding the source of the videos, 44 (61.9%) were created by healthcare professionals, while 27 (38%) were created by nonprofessionals. Videos created by healthcare professionals had significantly higher scores in terms of DISCERN score, Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) score, and Global Quality Scale (GQS) (P < 0.001). Our findings indicate a statistically significant and strong positive correlation among the three scoring systems (P < 0.001). Videos created by healthcare professionals were generally of higher quality, but many videos were still rated as low-moderate quality. The majority of videos focused on self-care strategies, with fewer discussing other treatment options. Our findings highlight the need for improved quality and comprehensiveness of YouTube videos on back pain during pregnancy.

Effectiveness of Prenatal Yoga in Reducing Anxiety and Back Pain in Pregnancy: A Systematic Literature Review

Introduction: Prenatal yoga is a form of exercise that pregnant women can do to improve physical and mental fitness. Several studies have shown that prenatal yoga can reduce anxiety and back pain in pregnancy. This study aims to examine the potential of prenatal yoga in reducing anxiety and back pain in pregnancy through a systematic literature review.&#x0D; Methods: This research was conducted using a systematic literature review method. The articles analyzed were articles published in international scientific journals and in English with the following inclusion criteria: Research conducted on pregnant women in the second or third trimester, Research using prenatal yoga as an intervention, Research using outcome measures for anxiety and/or pain back.&#x0D; Results: Of the 123 articles found, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The results showed that prenatal yoga could significantly reduce anxiety (mean difference = -4.20; 95% CI = -6.31, -2.09) and back pain (mean difference = -2.97; 95% CI = -3.96, -2.08) in pregnant women.&#x0D; Conclusion: Prenatal yoga is an effective intervention to reduce anxiety and back pain in pregnancy.

Investigation of the Prevalence of Back Pain and Related Risk Factors in Different Trimesters of Pregnancy in Pregnant Women Referring to Selected Health Centers in Shahrekord, Iran, During 2022-2023

Background and aims: Back pain is one of the most common and often neglected problems in pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of back pain and its associated risk factors during the trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women referring to selected healthcare centers in Shahrekord from 2022 to 2023. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 521 eligible pregnant women referring to selected holistic healthcare centers in Shahrekord, Iran, during 2022-2023. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics checklist completed as a self-report, and the presence of back pain was evaluated based on the perception and feeling that the mother herself had of any pain in the lower back area. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26), and P&lt;0.05 was considered the significance level. Results: The prevalence of back pain in pregnant women was 62.7% in general, with a significant difference among trimesters of pregnancy (P&lt;0.001). Among the investigated risk factors, there was a significant association between employment (P=0.01), type of delivery (P=0.002), type of anesthesia (P&lt;0.001), history of back pain before pregnancy (P&lt;0.001), and standing break of more than three hours (P&lt;0.001) and the prevalence of back pain. In addition, increasing gestational age (P&lt;0.001, odds ratio=1.308, 95% confidence interval=1.255–1.363) was a significant predictor of back pain in pregnancy. Conclusion: The results revealed that more than half of women experience back pain during pregnancy, and the most powerful factor in the prevalence of this disorder is increasing gestational age. Considering the high prevalence and effects of pain on the quality of life of pregnant women, it is important for service providers to identify and develop policies and design effective interventions to prevent or solve this problem.

The global prevalence of low back pain in pregnancy: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundBack pain during pregnancy is often considered as an unavoidable problem and can reduce the quality of life or disability of pregnant women. The aim of this study is to determine the global prevalence of back pain in pregnancy based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsIn this study, Researchers systematically searched electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar search engines for studies until September 2023. To analyze data, the random effects model was used, and the heterogeneity of the studies was checked with the I2 index. Data analysis was performed by software (Version 2 Comprehensive Meta-Analysis).ResultsIn the review of 28 studies with a sample size of 12,908 people, the I2 heterogeneity test showed high heterogeneity (I2: 98.4). Based on this, the random effects method was used to analyze the results. Therefore, the meta-analysis reported the global prevalence of back pain at 40.5 (95% CI: 33–48.4) during pregnancy. Also, according to the meta-analysis, the global prevalence of back pain in the first trimester of pregnancy is 28.3 (95%CI: 10.5–57.1), in the second trimester is 36.8 (95%CI: 30.4–43.7) and in the third trimester of pregnancy was reported as 47.8 (95% CI: 37.2–58.6).ConclusionIn this meta-analysis, the overall prevalence of back pain in pregnant women was reported to be significant, so it is necessary for health policymakers to pay more attention to complications during pregnancy, in addition to increasing society's awareness of pregnant mothers, with timely diagnosis and treatment of such disorders, it can lead to improvement; and reduction in Complications caused by pregnancy and becoming more pleasant during pregnancy.

The CONTINUITY MIDWIFERY CARE OF MRS. M, MRS.I, AND MRS. N IN MIDWIFERY INDEPENDENT PRACTICE LANGGENG SRI ASIH, S.ST AT DISTRICT OF PAGELARAN, PRINGSEWU REGENCY IN 2023

Lower back pain or low back pain in pregnancy is an unpleasant condition due to the growing uterus and increased body weight causing the muscles to work harder so that it can cause stress on the muscles and joints. Pregnancy exercise can provide benefits for maintaining and improving the physical health of pregnant women, improving blood circulation, reducing complaints of aches and pains including back pain during pregnancy, and preparing breathing, muscle and pelvic activity to face the birth process. Based on the above, the authors take the formulation of the problem in this report whether pregnancy exercise in third trimester pregnant women can reduce back pain in pregnant women? This final project report is in the form of a case study using the SOAP method of documentation. The subjects of this study were third trimester pregnant women, childbirth, postpartum, newborns, so that mothers can decide on family planning methods. In collecting data, it is done by using anamnesis, physical examination, cases are processed and analyzed. The results of the study showed that pregnancy care was provided by providing pregnancy exercise care to 3 pregnant women who experienced back pain during pregnancy. Of the three pregnancies that were followed, all patients were given intervention by doing pregnancy exercise to show a decrease in back pain. This was stated by the results of interviews with patients that back pain was reduced after doing pregnancy exercise and one patient said that sleep became better after doing pregnancy exercise.

Belly bands as treatment of low back pain in pregnancy

University of Colorado Family Medicine Residency, Denver, CO The corresponding author is: Naomi Malam; [email protected]. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Prevalence of low back pain amongst antenatal clinic attendees at a tertiary hospital in Rivers State, Nigeria

Background: Low back pain is a worrisome complaint amongst antenatal clinic attendees. Management of low back pain in pregnancy is multidisciplinary especially in chronic cases for patient’s satisfaction. Eighty five percent (85%) of women with low back pain in previous pregnancies will develop low back pain in the index pregnancy. Aim: To determine the prevalence of low back pain amongst antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH) and offer management modalities. Method: The study was a cross sectional study, involving 200 antenatal clinic attendees, drawn from the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital. Information was coded and analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: The mean age was 31.1years; the modal parity was Para 0. Twenty one (20.5%) of the antenatal clinic attendees were housewives, civil servants were 67 (33%) and 79 (39%) were self- employed. For the educational status 144 (72%) had tertiary level, 48 (24%) had secondary level, 4 (2%) had primary level of education, while 4 (2%) of the respondents did not provide their educational status. The prevalence of low back pain was 87 (43.5%). Seventy nine (91.8%) had low back pain lasting less than 6 months while 8 (9.2%) had low back pain lasting greater than 6 months or in previous pregnancies. None of those antenatal mothers were referred to orthopaedic surgeons. Conclusion: The study revealed the prevalence of low back pain amongst ANC attendees at the RSUTH to be 43.5%. In addition, the study revealed that no patient with low back pain had orthopaedic referral. The optimum management for ANC attendees with low back pain is multi-disciplinary involving the obstetricians, the orthopaedic surgeons, physiotherapist, nurses and social workers.

Pregnancy Back Pain: Its Prevalence, Pattern, and The Practice of Ergonomic Behaviors Among Pregnant Women in Rural Sule Tankarkar Local Government Area of Jigawa State Nigeria

Background: Studies on Back pain in pregnancy have reported rates ranging from 25% and 90%, with most studies estimating that 50% of pregnant women will suffer from back pain during the course of their pregnancy. Low back is the most common region affected followed by posterior pelvic region and upper back region being the region least affected. In Nigeria, relative to the minimum wage, back pain consumes a significantly high amount of money in accessing health care thereby incurring both direct and indirect cost. Therefore, this study explored pregnancy back pain and the practice of ergonomic behaviors among pregnant women. Methodology: Three hundreds and eighty one pregnant women were recruited using Multi-stage sampling technique from eight Primary Health Care Centers of Sule Tankarkar local government. A questionnaire was used to obtain the required information. The data was analyzed using frequency and percentage to summarize the data and inferential statistic of chi square test to check association between categorical variables. Results: Majority of the participants are within the age range of 15-19 (34.9%), multiparous (70.3%) and in their third trimester (54.6%). The prevalence of back pain was 57.2% and it is mostly in the low back region (36%). Majority of the participants (44.9%) do not practice any ergonomic behavior. Conclusion: Low back pain is highly prevalent among pregnant women attending ante natal clinic in rural Jigawa State of Nigeria. Exercise during pregnancy, proper lifting techniques and ergonomics by experts could help pregnant women.

Prenatal Yoga Menurunkan Keluhan Nyeri Punggung Bawah pada Ibu Hamil

Globally, the prevalence of low back pain in pregnancy varies between 34-86%. Prenatal yoga increases flexibility, strength, and endurance of muscles such as the back, abdominal, and pelvic floor muscles. This study aims to determine the effect of prenatal yoga on reducing low back pain in pregnant women. This research method is quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test approach with a control group design. A total of 46 pregnant women (23 subjects in each group) who came consecutively and had passed the selection based on inclusion criteria (pregnant women aged 16-31 weeks, experiencing mild to moderate low back pain, willing to be research respondents) and exclusion (pregnant women) with complications, nausea vomiting pregnancy, spinal disorders, multiple pregnancies, taking pain medication, having medical restrictions on physical activity or exercise, and participating in other back pain therapies) were selected as study subjects. Research subjects in the intervention group received prenatal yoga once a week (60 minutes) for eight weeks with the same sequence, while the control group was given education and motivation for pregnancy exercise according to ANC standards using leaflets. Pain measurement using VAS performed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and paired t-test. The results of the study showed that there was a decrease in low back pain in the prenatal yoga group and the control group (p&lt;0.001). The average decrease in low back pain in the prenatal yoga group was higher (3.57mm) than in the control group (1.76mm). The study concludes that prenatal yoga is a complementary and alternative therapy that is safe and can prevent and reduce complaints of low back pain in pregnant women.

The Effect of Pregnancy Exercises on Low Back Pain in Pregnant Women

Low back pain is common in pregnancy with varying reported incidences. Low back pain is back pain that occurs in the lumbosacral region. In general, back pain that occurs in pregnant women is influenced by several factors, namely changes in body posture during pregnancy, low back pain usually increases with parity. The risk of back pain in pregnancy is increased in women who have previously had back pain and are overweight. National guidelines recommend that healthy pregnant women should do light physical exercise every day. Most women reduce physical activity during pregnancy and only a few studies have found that pregnant women are physically active during pregnancy.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Pregnancy Exercises on Back Pain in Pregnant Women. The method in this study is a literature review, which tries to explore how the effect. The results in this study indicate that the results of 8 previous studies indicate that there is a significant effect of Pregnancy Exercises on Back Pain in Pregnant Women. The conclusion in this study is that of Pregnancy Exercises can reduce Back Pain in Pregnant Women. Pregnancy exercise or exercise can provide benefits to maintain and improve the physical health of pregnant women, improve blood circulation, reduce complaints of cramps or aches, and prepare for breathing, muscle and pelvic activity to face the labor process. Pregnancy exercise has very important benefits for pregnant women.

Exercise for Pregnancy and Pregnant Women Back Pain

The main factor that causes lower back pain in pregnancy is the pressure on the back muscles or a shift in the lower spine, which results to joint stress. It can be solved by doing pregnancy exercise carefully for 30 minutes regularly. The objective of the research is to find out the effect of pregnancy exercise in reducing pregnant women’s lower back pain. This pre-experimental research design used pre and post testing for one group subject. The sampling method used in this study was Purposive Sampling. The sample of the research was 14 respondents in Sumberejo Village, Banyuputih Prefecture, Situbondo Region in May. The data was obtained by conducting interview and observation to pregnant women. The data was analyzed by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with the significance rate of ≤0.05. The result of the research showed that most of pregnant women experienced lower back pain, namely 83% respondents.

Factors That Affect Back Pain In Second And Third Trimester Pregnant Women

Background: Back pain in pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, if not treated immediately, will greatly disturb the comfort of pregnant women and can cause complications such as moderate to severe anxiety due to pregnant women not being able to adapt to their back pain. Several factors are associated with the occurrence of back pain in pregnant women. This study aims to prove the factors that affect back pain in second and third trimester pregnant women. &#x0D; Methods: This research was a cross sectional design. The sample was 30 pregnant women in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters experiencing back pain determined by using the total population sampling technique with the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Back pain felt by pregnant women was stated in filling out a questionnaire with a pain instrument, namely the Numeric Rating Scale. The data were analyzed by statistical Odds Ratio Test.&#x0D; Results: The result of data analysis between pregnancy back pain with several factors are as follows: the OR value of mother age factor was 0.464. The OR value of gestational age factor was 0.571. The occupation’s OR value was 0.762. The parity’s OR value was 0.242. The religion’s OR value was 0.464. The OR value of gender was 1.000. The OR value of history of lifting heavy objects was 1.833. The OR value of history of excessive bending was 13.000. The yoga exercise’s OR value was 0.143.&#x0D; Conclusion: History of excessive bending has the greatest risk of back pain in pregnant women.

Musculoskeletal Problems in Pregnancy

Introduction: Pregnancy induces many modifications in a woman's body which include changes in posture, changes in blood physiology, weight gain, changes in musculotendinous strength, joints, and ligaments laxity. Many researchers have suggested that the incidence of back pain in pregnancy is between 30% to 70%. The main objective of this study is to offer an extensive view of the musculoskeletal problems experienced during pregnancy and to find out the most common causes of musculoskeletal pain and symptoms in pregnancy. Materials and methods: This study was conducted at Dow University Hospital in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery from December 2020 to February 2021. After taking ethical approval from IRB (Institutional Review Board) of Dow University of Health Sciences, a total of 184 women are included in this study. Antenatal follow-ups of the patient were conducted in this study, during which certain musculoskeletal problems during pregnancy were asked. The participants who had a term pregnancy (37-42 weeks), aged between 18-45 years, during antenatal visits were included in the study. Those who had prior musculoskeletal disorders other than pregnancy e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) were excluded from the study. Results: The participants of our study had a mean age of 30.15 ± 6.80 years. Most of the participants were graduates i.e. 143(77.72%). Average weight gain during pregnancy was 13.69 ± 6.80 kg and only seven (3.80%) participants did aerobic exercise during pregnancy. Regarding timings of the musculoskeletal symptoms, most of the participants had symptoms at night i.e. 155(84.24%). The low backache was seen in 168(91.3%) participants, arthralgia was seen in 135(73.4%) participants, arthritis was seen in 69(37.5%) participants, and neck pain was seen in 64(34.8%) participants. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal problems due to pregnancy cause a huge burden on the health economy. The most common musculoskeletal problems include low backache, arthritis, arthralgia, and neck pain. Weight gain and a sedentary lifestyle during pregnancy make these problems even worse. Further studies on a larger scale are needed to validate the results of this study. Keywords: Musculoskeletal problems, Pregnancy, Arthritis, Arthralgia, Low back pain, Neck pain

Does Coronavirus Disease Affect Sleep Disorders in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Women With Low Back Pain?

Objectives: Many factors such as stress and psychological tension affect the mental and physical health of pregnant women in the third trimester during the coronavirus pandemic. These factors can cause severe complications such as sleep disorders and low back pain. Therefore, this study focused on investigating sleep disorders in women by diagnosing low back pain in pregnant women with coronavirus and the affecting factors. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed during the four months ending July 5, 2020 with the participation of 40 pregnant women (with coronavirus disease detected in the last trimester of pregnancy) with a diagnosis of low back pain in Tabriz (Iran) using a random sampling technique. Demographic data, anxiety and depression, Petersburg’s sleep quality, factors affecting sleep quality, and the severity of back pain (visual analog scale) were electronically collected and analyzed using SPSS 20 by ANOVA and multivariate regression. Results: All participants were at a weak level. The majority of participants had a score of "serious sleep problem", and nausea and vomiting (P=0.041), low back pain (P=0.003), frequent urination (P=0.011), leg cramps (P=0.031), and constipation (P=0.018) caused severe sleep disturbance in pregnant women during coronavirus pandemic. Conclusions: In general, having coronavirus disease causes severe pain in pregnant women, leading to severe back pain in pregnancy, eventually worsening sleep disorders.

PENGARUH PELVIC ROCKING EXERCISE TERHADAP PENGURANGAN NYERI PUNGGUNG PADA IBU HAMIL TRIMESTER III DI PMB “E” WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BULULAWANG KABUPATEN MALANG

ABSTRACT Women who have had back pain before pregnancy are at higher risk of experiencing the same thing when pregnant. Therefore, it is very important to be able to differentiate pregnancy back pain from back pain that occurs due to other causes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Pelvic Rocking exercise on the reduction of back pain in trimester III pregnant women in the Bululawang Community Health Center, Malang Regency. This research design uses correlational analytic with one group pre test design approach. The population in this study were all pregnant women in PMB "E" working area of ??Puskesmas Bululawang 73 pregnant women with a sample size of 30 respondents who were taken using accidental sampling technique. The independent variable in this study was Pelvic Rocking exercise, while the dependent variable was back pain for pregnant women. Data analysis used the Wilcoxson test. Results of the Research Before giving treatment, the highest level of back pain was moderate pain as much as 18 pregnant women (60%), and after giving Pelvic Rocking exercise, the pain level was reduced by 26 pregnant women (86.7%). The Wilcoxson test results show that the p value or 0.002 &lt;0.005, then Ho is rejected, thus the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. So the conclusion is that there is a significant effect between Pelvic Rocking Exercise on the reduction of back pain in trimester III pregnant women at PMB "E" in the working area of ??the Bululawang Community Health Center. The conclusion of this study is that there is an effect of Pelvic Rocking Exercise on the reduction of back pain in trimester III pregnant women at PMB "E" in the working area of ??Bululawang Public Health Center. Keywords : Pelvic Rocking exercise, Back pain, pregnant women

Literature Review : Efek Kinesiotaping dalam Menurunkan Nyeri Punggung Bawah pada Ibu Hamil

Introduction: Various complaints may occur during pregnancy, one of which is low back pain (low back pain). Low back pain usually occurs from the 2nd trimester and third trimester. About 45-75% of women report back pain during pregnancy. Back pain is caused by increased load at the back as a result of the total weight gained during pregnancy and fetal weight as well as hormonal changes that destabilize the spinal joints, sacroiliac joints and connective tissue. One of the interventions that can be done to reduce back pain is by using kinesiotaping. Kinesiotaping can reduce nociceptors stimution so it can suppress the pain. Method: Journal article search is done electronically using multiple databases: Sience Direct, PubMed, ProQuest and Google Scholar databases from 2010 to 2017. Results: Kinesiotaping can be used as an effective therapy to reduce lower back pain. Discussion: The use of kinesiotaping in the back area is accompanied by other complementary therapies such as pelvic tilt exercises, back exercise and breathing exercise will be more effective for lowering lower back pain. Conclusion: Kinesiotaping can be used as a complementary treatment method to reduce lower back pain in pregnancy.

Effleurage Massage for Pain Relief in Pregnant Women

Pregnancy is an event that begins with conception and ends with the onset of labor. Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters, the first trimester (0-12 weeks), the second trimester (13-27 weeks), and the third trimester (28-40 weeks). During the pregnancy process will cause various changes in all body systems, both physiological changes and psychological changes that can cause discomfort to pregnant women. Physiological changes that often occur in pregnant women such as dyspnea, insomnia, gingivitis, frequent urination, pressure and discomfort in the perineum, back pain, constipation, varicose veins, fatigue, Braxton hicks contractions, leg cramps, ankle edema. Not only physiologically, changes in pregnant women also occur psychologically such as changes in mood and increased anxiety.One of the physiological changes that pregnant women often complain about is back pain. According to Ratih (2016), the results of research on pregnant women in various regions of Indonesia reached 60-80% of people who experience back pain in their pregnancy. The reported prevalence of back pain in pregnancy varies from 50% in the UK and Scandinavia to 70% in Australia. Back pain experienced by pregnant women will peak at week 24 to week 28, just before abdominal growth reaches its maximum point. Most back pain during pregnancy occurs due to changes in the spinal muscles, as much as 70%.Back pain in pregnant women can be treated both pharmacologically and non pharmacologically. One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be given is Effleurage Massage, which provides a gentle, slow and uninterrupted massage on the back of pregnant women so that it can cause relaxation and reduce pain.