Baby Face Research Articles

The Impact of Chinese CEOs' Facial Aesthetics on Their Compensation

Much of the psychological and sociological literature has shown that beauty plays a role in the workplace. Does this apply to CEOs and affect their compensation? This study uses the term facial aesthetics to measure CEO beauty. Facial attractiveness and facial maturity are two important components of facial aesthetics. This paper summarizes three methods. The first method uses the ResNet50 deep convolutional neural network, using ImageNet data, which is applied to a variety of image processing tasks. The second method is Three-Dimensional Stereo-Photogrammetry using in major contemporary studies of facial soft-tissue attractiveness. The third approach is the Visual Analogue Scales, the validity of which is also well supported by empirical data, including in terms of test-retest and interrater reliability. The results show that both facial attractiveness and facial maturity have an impact on CEO compensation. Black CEOs with baby faces have higher pay and status than those with more mature faces. CEOs who are more physically attractive are paid more than their less attractive counterparts. However, there is little research on this aspect at present. Like facial maturity, only black CEOs and their pay have been studied, but for the rest of the population, the results are unknown. And, due to the cultural differences, each race also has aesthetic differences.

ТВОРЧІСТЬ ФРАНЦИСКА ОЛЕНСЬКОГО ТА ЙОГО СКУЛЬПТУРНІ ТВОРИ В ОЗДОБЛЕННІ СПОРУД ЛЬВОВА

Lviv sculptor Francisk Olensky remains one of the most original figures of his time among the younger generation of Lviv Baroque of the second half of the 18th century, whose creative heritage is a significant contribution to the history of the development of art and culture in Ukraine. The article explores the stylistic features of the artistic sculptural works of F. Olensky of the late Baroque period in the decoration of sacral and residential buildings of Lviv. Based on the works of previous researchers of the creativity of Francisk Olensky and a natural survey of sculptural works, the artistic heritage of the sculptor has been thoroughly analyzed and the main features of the plastic solution of the artist’s works have been revealed. The peculiarity of the creative manner of performing sculptures by F. Olensky is the naturalistic character of the figures - a short torso, with a head with a neck drawn into the shoulders, thickened open arms and legs of angels and female figures, similar to male ones, and a special interpretation of the face with a slightly protruding forward nose and upper lip. The baby faces of the angels lose their softness and inner beauty, inherent in similar works of his teacher J.G. Pinzel. Olensky quite originally solves the complex problem for any master-carver of transmitting hair on the heads of saints, usually forming disheveled heads of elders. His sculptural works belong to the cultural heritage of Ukraine and have artistic value. In the process of research, the technical condition of the works of art was studied and conservation-restoration measures were proposed to protect against further destruction.

Factors Associated With Service Referrals and Uptake in Early Head Start: The Importance of Care Setting.

Secondary analysis of the Early Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey 2018 data set (Baby FACES 2018) explored links between family risk events and referral-making and referral uptake among families receiving Early Head Start (EHS) services. Referrals to both behavioral health and entitlement programs were considered. Results showed that referrals to behavioral health programs were much more likely to be given to families receiving care from home-based care than center-based care, and that referrals were slightly more likely to be given to families who did not have any family risk events. Several factors also moderated the relationship between family risk and referrals, including perceived closeness of the parent/caregiver-EHS staff relationship, family conflict, and caregiver depression. There were no observed effects for referrals to entitlement programs. Caregiver depression weakened the link between family risk and service uptake for entitlement programs.

Research on the influence of the baby schema effect on the cuteness and trustworthiness of social robot faces

Exploring people’s attitudes toward the appearance design of social robots in a low-cost and efficient way, and enhancing the experience of human–robot interaction have always been topics of concern for robot developers and interaction designers. This study aimed to explore the influence of the baby schema effect on users’ perceptions of cuteness and trustworthiness pertinent to social robot faces through two experiments. Experiment 1 used 100 uniformly processed pictures of robot faces in the real world to help explore the linear relationship among the degree of baby face, cuteness, and trustworthiness, and received a total of 98 valid questionnaires via the Internet. Experiment 2 was a 5 × 3 within-subjects factorial design. The research variables were robot type (i.e. MAKI, RoboThespian, Flobi, Pepper, and iCat) and baby schema (low schema, uncontrolled, and high schema); their impact on users’ perceptions of cuteness and trustworthiness was investigated. A total of 175 valid questionnaires were collected via the Internet. The generated results are as follows: (1) The degree of baby face and perceived emotion of social robot faces had a positive impact on trustworthiness for most real-world robots. (2) This study obtained the correlation formula of baby face, cuteness, and trustworthiness from a quantitative point of view, thus providing a reference for research on the related credibility of communication robots. (3) In general, baby schema effect also existed in the cuteness evaluation of most real-world robots. Faces with high schema were considered cuter and more trustworthy than uncontrolled or low schema faces. (4) Robot type and baby schema had a significant interaction with cuteness and trustworthiness. (5) However, for certain types of robots, baby schema effect may also have a counter-effect, that is, an overly high baby schema may reduce users’ perceptions of the cuteness and trustworthiness of social robots.

The role of implicit social bias on holistic processing of out-group faces

Although faces of in-group members are generally thought to be processed holistically, there are mixed findings on whether holistic processing remains robust for faces of out-group members and what factors contribute to holistic processing of out-group faces. This study examined how implicit social bias, experience with out-group members, and ability to process in-group faces holistically might predict the magnitude of holistic processing for faces of two out-groups: other-race and other-age groups. In Experiment 1, Caucasian participants viewed Caucasian (own-race) and East Asian (other-race) faces. In Experiment 2, young adult participants viewed young adult (own-age) and baby (other-age) faces. Each participant completed a composite task with in-group and out-group faces, an implicit association test, and questionnaires about their experience with in-group and out-group members. We found that while the participants had relatively extensive experience with the other-race group, they had limited experience with the other-age group. Nonetheless, implicit social bias was found to positively predict the magnitude of holistic processing for both other-race and other-age faces. Exploratory analyses on the interactions among the predictors suggest that the effect of implicit social bias was primarily observed in participants with strong holistic processing ability of in-group faces but with low level of experience with members of the out-groups. These findings suggest that observers utilize different kinds of information when processing out-group faces, and that social features, such as race or age, are incorporated to influence how out-group faces are processed efficiently.

The Impact of Baby Face on Third Party Punishment Behavior

The Impact of Baby Face on Third Party Punishment Behavior

The File on Theresa Harris, Black Star of the Archive

The file on Black actor Theresa Harris includes 103 Hollywood films and TV shows for which she has screen credit, along with many that she does not, from 1929 to 1958. She was cast as an extra, a bit player, or a character actor with lines, most of the time as a maid. In this speculative history of her career, I examine a selection of her roles in films such as Baby Face (1933), Jezebel (1938), I Married a Zombie (1943), Out of the Past (1947), and Lady from Shanghai (1947) as if they were racial events. The act of critical viewing, of actually noticing Harris’s contribution to these and other films, can arguably alter the reading of the films in important ways. My reparative readings are inspired by the theoretical work of Eve Sedgwick and Christine Goding-Doty, and the historiographical work of Saidiya Hartman and Daphne Brooks.

Edukasi Pertolongan Pertama pada Balita dengan ISPA di Puskesmas Maccini Sawah

Acute Respiratory Infection Disease (ARI) is an infectious disease that is still a health problem for children under five in Indonesia and is the highest cause of death rates for children under five. Apart from causing health problems, ARI can also cause death. This activity aims to increase the understanding of cadres and mothers of toddlers about first aid that can be given to ISPA toddlers. The target of this activity is 35 people. The activity method was carried out on May 16 2022 by giving a pre-test, lecture and followed by a post-test by filling out a questionnaire. The evaluation was carried out on cadres, mothers of toddlers by conducting a post test. The results achieved in this activity were that participants gained knowledge about first aid that participants should provide if their toddler suddenly becomes ill, by lying on their lap with the baby's face facing down. Do not restrain the child's body. Tilt the child's body position so that vomit or saliva can come out of the oral cavity, and prevent the tongue from blocking the respiratory tract. Loosen the child's clothing and do not put anything in the child's mouth to prevent tongue biting. Calculate the duration of the febrile seizure and pay attention to the child's behavior during the seizure. Tell this when you consult a doctor.

Psychometric properties of parent- and staff-reported measures and observational measures of infant and toddler development in Early Head Start

Using longitudinal data from the Early Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey 2009 (Baby FACES 2009), this study examines the psychometric properties of infant and toddler measures of language and cognitive development and social-emotional competence collected from multiple sources, including parent and Early Head Start staff reports and direct assessments from trained assessors. We examined the validity and reliability of parent/staff ratings and observational measures derived from adult/child play-based interactions using independently administered standardized measures from direct assessments as the criteria or comparison measures. Participants included 846 children and families with low incomes enrolled in Early Head Start in spring 2009 who were followed from ages 1 to 3, drawn from a nationally representative sample of programs. The results suggest adequate internal consistency reliability for most of the measures. We found stronger rater effects for staff-reported measures compared with assessor effects for direct child assessment and observational measures. Moreover, the rater effects in the staff-reported measures varied by staff characteristics. There was some evidence of validity for the staff- and parent-reported measures at ages 2 and 3, but little evidence of validity for the age 1 measures. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on infants and toddlers from families with low incomes. It is important to consider the purpose of the assessments and their psychometric properties for the particular group of children with whom the assessments will be used when selecting assessment tools.

Secure Attachment Priming Amplifies Approach Motivation for Infant Faces Among Childless Adults.

Existing studies have indicated that priming secure attachment alters adults’ neural responses to infant faces. However, no study has examined whether this effect exists for motivational behavioral responses, and none of the previous studies included adult faces as a baseline to determine whether the security prime enhances responses to human faces in general or infant faces alone. To address this limitation, the current study recruited 160 unmarried and childless adults in the first phase, and all of them completed a battery of questionnaires, including the Interest in Infants, the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR), and State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM). A week later, after priming, 152 (76 security-primed vs. 76 neutrally primed) participants completed the SAAM and a behavioral program assessing their motivational responses to both adult and infant faces (i.e., liking, representational, and evoked responses). A manipulation check showed that the security prime was effective. Then, generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) showed that security priming enhances adults’ liking, representational, and evoked responses (three components of the motivational system) only to infant faces and not to adult faces. Moreover, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that, even after security priming, there was a substantial linear relationship between positive motivation toward infant faces and the state of adult secure attachment. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time that promoting the state of adult secure attachment can effectively enhance the effect size of the baby face schema. The current results were interpreted according to Bowlby’s view of the attachment behavioral system.

Contextualizing the role of intrusive parenting in toddler behavior problems and emotion regulation: Is more always worse?

Intrusive parenting has been traditionally considered a negative parenting style and includes actions that are overly directive and controlling of children's behavior. However, current research aims to contextualize this parenting behavior. This study examined the relation between intrusive parenting and early childhood behavior problems or emotion regulation, as well as the moderating role of race/ethnicity and developmental delay. Participants (n = 511; 47.4% male) were part of a larger, longitudinal Early Head Start study, entitled Baby FACES, with a racially and ethnically diverse sample (40.1% White, 18.7% Black, and 41.2% Hispanic). Behavior problems and developmental delay were assessed via parent report, while parent intrusiveness and emotion regulation were rated by observers. More use of intrusive parenting at age 2 was associated with greater behavior problems and less emotion regulation at age 3. However, this relation was moderated by race/ethnicity and developmental level. Greater intrusiveness was related to increased behavior problems and poorer emotion regulation for White and Hispanic/Latino families; they were unrelated in Black families. Similarly, although intrusive parenting and behavior problems were positively associated at all developmental levels, the relation was strongest for children with typical development. Further, fewer maternal risk factors, being female, and being Hispanic/Latino were associated with higher emotion regulation, and more risk factors were associated with more behavior problems. These findings highlight the importance of considering how a child's context and development interact with parenting style. Children may benefit from clinical assessment and intervention that considers this intersectionality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Note from the Editors

Note from the Editors

Sorry, baby: Infant faces reach awareness more slowly than adult faces.

Past research has found an attentional bias for positive relative to neutral stimuli, with a greater attentional bias for stimuli that are more motivationally relevant. Baby faces are an example of a motivationally relevant stimulus because they elicit caretaking behaviors. Building on previous work demonstrating that baby faces capture attention, the current study used breaking continuous flash suppression (bCFS) to investigate whether infant faces are prioritized for access to awareness. On each trial of the task, a face was shown to one eye and a rapidly changing Mondrian pattern to the other. Participants were asked to report the location of the face as soon as it emerged from suppression. The faces were either infant or adult faces, presented in upright or inverted orientation. Despite evidence suggesting that infant faces might reach awareness more quickly than adult faces, the opposite was found: Adult faces reached awareness more quickly than infant faces. Moreover, a stronger face inversion effect was observed for adult versus infant faces, indicating that the shorter suppression times for adult faces were due to increased expertise with adult faces. A past bCFS study demonstrated an own-age face effect for young adults, but it left open the possibility that this effect was due to the youthful appearance of the young versus old faces. The current results rule out this possibility and provide further support for the idea that experience with faces of one's own social group facilitates the access of those faces to awareness. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Creating a safe sleep environment for babies: what are the practices performed by mothers?

PurposeThis study aims to determine the practices performed by mothers to create a safe sleep environment for their babies.Design/methodology/approachThis cross-sectional study was conducted at Family Health Centers (FHCs), the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. The study sample consisted of 455 mothers who had 0–12-month-old babies. The data were collected via a questionnaire to ascertain the descriptive characteristics and means of creating a safe sleeping environment.FindingsMothers performed unsafe/risky practices as well as safe practices. Unsafe practices of mothers included 92.3% preferring soft mattresses, 87.0% placed a pillow under the baby's head, 17.8% preferred a prone sleep position for their baby, 16.9% covered the baby's face with a piece of thin cloth, 14.3% kept the sheet on the mattress loose, 6.8% of the mothers shared the same bed, 2.4% reported smoking in the environment where the baby slept.Originality/valueBased on our findings, it is recommended that nurses should provide information on creating a safe sleep environment to mothers during FHC visits, and at-risk practices should be identified through home visits.

Evolution of fetal cardiac imaging in 30 years of ISUOG.

Evolution of fetal cardiac imaging in 30 years of ISUOG.

Уход за кожей детей и его особенности при атопическом дерматите

In this article, we described specific features of baby skin and care for it (washing baby's face, bottom; cleaning ears, nose, and eyes; baby's bathing). We also assessed the efficacy of cream-balm ‘Tamba-PS’ (‘Adonis’ LLC, Russia) for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. ‘Tamba-PS’ contains only natural ingredients, including oil extract of native peloids from Lake Tambukan, plant extracts and essential oils, propolis, mumiyo, beeswax, honey, olive oil, sea buckthorn oil, coconut oil, and lecithin. We demonstrated its efficacy in infants and children aged 3 months to 3 years with both focal skin lesions and advanced lesions. Treatment improved children's quality of life, which was evaluated using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) for children (from 22.8 ± 3.1 to 10.1 ± 2.0, р < 0.01); ‘socialization’ (according to the ‘KID-questionnaire,’ p ≤ 0.05) and the dynamics of clinical manifestations according to the SCORAD index (from 33.1 ± 2.9 to 14.2 ± 1.8 after therapy, p < 0.01). The unique composition of ‘Tamba-PS’ allows its daily use for problematic, irritated skin of children, as well as to protect normal skin from adverse effects, and as the external therapy for atopic dermatitis (the minimum course is 2 weeks (twice a day); the courses can be repeated if necessary). Key words: atopic dermatitis, Lake Tambukan mud, peloid therapy, skin care

Meeting the challenges of public engagement, research impact and research participation as a baby and child lab

As well as conducting research in developmental science, baby and child labs face additional pressures. They must demonstrate public engagement and research impact, while also recruiting enough participants to conduct research, something that can be particularly challenging with infants and young children. These different pressures compete for time and resources, leaving researchers struggling to engage effectively in all such activities. Here we describe a low-cost, easy-to-implement, enjoyable and effective means of simultaneously addressing the challenges of recruitment, public engagement and research impact. It started with a process of listening and knowledge exchange with relevant local stakeholders to discern the interests and needs of the local infant community (including families, health professionals and businesses). This process led to the establishment of a fortnightly educational and support group for pregnant women and mothers of young infants, which met in the lab. This group combined peer discussion, presentations on developmental psychology, and ‘taster’ activities for mothers and infants from local businesses. Data collected from questionnaires from the first and final sessions indicated significant improvements in participants’ understanding of relevant concepts in developmental psychology, and showed that participants found this information helpful and reported using it at home. Participants also reported feeling more socially connected and more confident as mothers as a result of the group. The group also served to boost research participation, with 94 per cent of participants subsequently taking part in lab research or signing up to be contacted about future research. This approach can be employed by baby and child labs looking for ways to effectively and enjoyably promote public engagement and research impact, and for those looking to establish strong relationships with local stakeholders. The success of this strategy demonstrates that the aims of recruitment, public engagement and research impact need not be competing pressures on researchers’ time, but can be mutually supporting aspects of the research process.

Влияние эффекта детского лица и эффекта знакомства с объектом на имплицитный и эксплицитный аспекты переработки информации о воспринимаемых лицах: дополнительное исследование

Faces are pivotal social stimuli that convey a tremendous amount of information and trigger numerous cognitive processes and consequent behaviors. Among the numerous factors that mediate face perception, we focused our attention on two particular phenomena and their interaction: the Baby Schema effect (BSE) and the Mere Exposure effect (MEE). Accordingly to the BSE, babies’ features are considered “cuter” than adults’ features and motivate people towards protection and caregiving, while the MEE states that familiarity can increase the like- ability of various stimuli, including faces. To investigate how those two factors interact, we carried out a follow- up study of the work of Venturoso et al. (2019) on a Singaporean sample. Singapore is a multicultural city-state where different ethnicities live alongside each other. Participants (ethnic Chinese and Indian) were shown faces of female adults and babies of different ethnic groups (Caucasian, Indian, Chinese and Arabic). Implicit responses were recorded using pupillometry measures, while explicit attitudes were assessed using a questionnaire. Our results confirm the presence of the BSE in both the explicit and implicit measures; specifically, baby faces elicited greater pupillary variations and were rated as more attractive than adult faces. An interaction effect between age and ethnicity was also observed. On the other hand, differences in pupil diameters and pleasantness scores were found between the ethnic groups on adult faces. The above-mentioned differences did not depend on whether stimuli belonged to the ethnic in-group or out-group of the participants, suggesting that exposure to individuals of different ethnicities reduces in-group favoritism. Further investigation is needed to better understand the complex interaction between BSE and MEE in our increasingly multifaceted reality.

Feature Guided CNN for Baby’s Facial Expression Recognition

State-of-the-art facial expression methods outperform human beings, especially, thanks to the success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, most of the existing works focus mainly on analyzing an adult’s face and ignore the important problems: how can we recognize facial expression from a baby’s face image and how difficult is it? In this paper, we first introduce a new face image database, named BabyExp, which contains 12,000 images from babies younger than two years old, and each image is with one of three facial expressions (i.e., happy, sad, and normal). To the best of our knowledge, the proposed dataset is the first baby face dataset for analyzing a baby’s face image, which is complementary to the existing adult face datasets and can shed some light on exploring baby face analysis. We also propose a feature guided CNN method with a new loss function, called distance loss, to optimize interclass distance. In order to facilitate further research, we provide the benchmark of expression recognition on the BabyExp dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed network achieves the recognition accuracy of 87.90% on BabyExp.

Children aged 7–9 prefer cuteness in baby faces, and femininity in women's faces

AbstractInfant facial features are typically perceived as “cute,” provoking caretaking behaviours. Previous research has focused on adults' perceptions of baby cuteness, and examined how these perceptions are influenced by events of the adult reproductive lifespan, such as ovulation and menopause. However, globally, individuals of all ages, including pre‐pubertal children, provide notable proportions of infant care. In this study, we recruited participants in and around northern England, and tested 330 adults and 65 children aged 7–9 using a forced‐choice paradigm to assess preferences for infant facial cuteness in two stimulus sets and (as a control task) preferences for femininity in women's faces. We analysed the data with Hierarchical Bayesian Regression Models. The adults and children successfully identified infants who had been manipulated to appear cuter, although children's performance was poorer than adults' performance, and children reliably identified infant cuteness in only one of the two infant stimuli sets. Children chose the feminised over masculinised women's faces as more attractive, although again their performance was poorer than adults' performance. There was evidence for a female advantage in the tasks: girls performed better than boys when assessing the woman stimuli and one of the infant stimulus sets, and women performed better than men when assessing one of the infant stimulus sets. There was no evidence that cuteness judgements differed depending upon exposure to infants (children with siblings aged 0–2; adults with a baby caregiving role), or depending upon being just younger or older than the average age of menopause. Children and grandparents provide notable portions of infant caretaking globally, and cuteness perceptions could direct appropriate caregiving behaviour in these age groups, as well as in adults of reproductive age.