Baby Products Research Articles

Development of curd for children from sheep milk with berries: improvement of nutritional and functional properties

The development of functional products for children based on sheep's milk with the addition of berries is a pressing issue in the field of baby food. The object of this study is baby curds based on sheep's milk with the addition of berries. The task that this study solves is to improve the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of baby products made from sheep's milk since pure sheep's milk without additives has a specific smell and taste, which reduces its attractiveness to children. The results of the study showed that the addition of berries (chokeberry, raspberry, strawberry) significantly improves the taste and aromatic properties of curds. Children preferred curds with berries since they had a creamy-berry aroma, while curds without additives retained the characteristic smell and taste of sheep's milk. It was also found that the addition of berries increased the antioxidant activity of the product due to enrichment with vitamins (especially vitamin C) and dietary fiber. By adding berries to the curds, it was possible to increase the nutritional value, improve the taste characteristics and increase the digestibility of the product. These results solve the problem of low consumer appeal of sheep milk-based products. The results could be used in the production of functional dairy products for children, especially for creating products with increased antioxidant potential and improved organoleptic characteristics. Such curds can be in demand under conditions of mass production for children, as they improve the nutritional value and increase consumer appeal due to taste improvements.

Prospects for the development of new specialized food products based on the milk of various farm animals

The article presents the results related to the prospects for the use of goat, mare and camel milk in the production of baby food and therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition. The direction of designing new specialized food products is promising for the food and processing industry, since scientific developments associated with new technologies and recipes will significantly expand the range of baby and dietary food products and improve the quality of life and health of the population in Kazakhstan.

Language Learning with Media and Technology in (Early) Childhood

Nowadays, from early on, children are exposed to technology and media, and six-month-olds are even expected to use some. There is a wide range of products for babies and toddlers. This article reviews the current state of the art, examining the robustness of word knowledge learned using technologies such as e-books, computer games, digital pens, and social robots, and how individual differences among children impact language learning with technology. It aligns with interactive learning theories, positing that learners need to engage in an interaction in order to construct new knowledge.

A Survey on Neonatal and Infant Skincare: Indian Dermatologists, Pediatricians and Cosmetologists' Perspective on Product Prescription Pattern and Parents’ Awareness

Objective: Newborn skin is incredibly delicate and vulnerable to issues like dermatitis and infections, which are prevalent in infants in India. To ensure optimal care and results, parents and caregivers must know about infant skincare products and implement a targeted and comprehensive skincare routine. This study aimed to gain insight into the best baby skincare practices as per dermatologists, pediatricians and cosmetologists (Healthcare Professionals [HCPs]), on product prescribing patterns in India and parent’s awareness of the neonatal skincare armamentarium. Methods: An online survey was conducted to assess the best baby skincare practices as per HCPs on product prescribing patterns in India and parent’s awareness of the neonatal skincare armamentarium. Here, a total of 59 HCPs participated in this survey on Cetaphil baby products range (Galderma) conducted to find out the prescribing pattern for baby skincare products and to record parents’ awareness of the available products. Results: The survey showed that dry skin (29%), atopic dermatitis (28%) and diaper rash (15%) were the most encountered skincare problems by HCPs in newborns. The HCPs reported that liquid cleansers (26%) and syndet bars (25%) are some of the most prescribed products and were deemed fit for the majority of the newborns (49%), owing to their gentle and non-irritating properties. A complete skincare regime (cleanser, lotion, diaper cream) was also prescribed to most infants (69%). Moreover, most parents were aware of liquid cleansers for newborns (63%) and the majority of them (62%) knew the difference between syndet bars and normal soaps. Conclusion: Proper product prescription and utilization by HCPs and parents is key to ensuring healthy skin development in newborns. Following an extensive skincare regime inclusive of gentle cleansers, moisturizing lotions and barrier creams from an early stage is essential to protect newborn skin and achieve the desired results.

The Use of Children as Influencers and the Harmful Effects on their Health and Rights as Human Beings

With the developments of recent years, "influencers" have appeared in social media. Influencers usually specialize in a specific field or industry, such as beauty, fashion, fitness, travel or food, and are known for their expertise, creativity and originality. They create and share content on social media platforms like Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, using their platforms to build a network of loyal followers and establish themselves as thought leaders in their respective fields. Influencers partner with brands to promote products or services to their followers through sponsored posts or collaborations. These partnerships can be profitable for both the influencer and the brand as they can increase brand awareness, drive sales and build brand loyalty, who are in reality celebrities or not who market various products, services and in this way they influence people. Every day more and more influencers have been added in our country, as well as in other countries, and children are included in their work. It has already become normal or tradition for an influential woman to open an "account" for the newly born child, publish photos/videos of the child and gradually start advertising various baby products, influencing the masses. The practice of "kidfluencing" raises ethical concerns about the commodification of childhood, to be seen as products, and for their rights. This is the object of treatment in this paper. Through which it is intended to analyze the rights that are violated to the child and the harmful effects for the child from the "kidfluencing" practice. This topic critically examines the moral dilemmas and challenges in regulating child abuse practices from the perspective of ethics, child welfare and legal protection of the child's best interests, analyzing the implications of the commodification of childhood and the potential harm it can cause. Received: 2 June 2024 / Accepted: 25 July 2024 / Published: 29 July 2024

Study on percutaneous penetration of representative cosmetic ingredients in a baby wipe product in an in vitro diaper rash skin model

Studying percutaneous penetration of various cosmetic ingredients through intact and compromised skin can provide insight on quantitative exposure assessment for baby products intended for diapered skin. We developed an in vitro model (tape-stripped human skin) designed to achieve the Trans-Epidermal Water Loss values measured in babies with various degrees of diaper dermatitis. Six reference compounds showed the impact of physicochemical properties on absorption through this “diaper rash” skin model. Under simulated diaper conditions, dermal absorption of cosmetic ingredients (phenoxyethanol, sodium benzoate, benzyl alcohol, disodium EDTA, and propylene glycol) was different, but <100%. Additionally, the effect of diaper rash on dermal absorption of well-absorbed ingredients (phenoxyethanol, sodium benzoate, and benzyl alcohol) was limited (enhancement of 1.1–1.3), while the enhancement for moderately absorbed compounds (disodium EDTA and propylene glycol) was 1.8–3.3. Absorption via skin with “diaper rash” is specific to individual ingredients and exposure conditions, so a fixed uncertainty factor is not appropriate for safety assessment. The data support that the default 100% dermal absorption commonly used in first-tier risk assessments for diapered skin is conservative. This diaper rash skin model provides a practical tool of estimating absorption of various ingredients in baby products intended for diapered skin.

Exploring home fall events among infants and toddlers using social media information: an infodemiology study in China

BackgroundPractical interventions of fall prevention are challenging for infants and toddlers. This study aimed to explore specific details of falls that occurred at home for kids 0–3 years old using...

Assessment of bisphenols in children's toy and baby products in the Middle East

A major concern from the scientific community has been raised since evidence of Bisphenol A (BP-A) can leach out from the products where they are incorporated as well as its endocrine disrupting effects observed in animals and humans. BP-A and several related chemicals such as Bisphenol AP (BP-AP), Bisphenol B (BP–B), Bisphenol S (BP–S), Bisphenol AF (BP-AF), Bisphenol (BP–P), Bisphenol Z (BP-Z) were analyzed in this study. BP-A and BP-S were the only bisphenols detected in the samples analyzed in this study. The median (range; mean) concentrations of BP-A found in this study was 321 ng/g (11–200932; 4893 ng/g). The analysis was carried out by sonicating 0.1 g of a cryo-milled sample aliquot in methanol followed by UPLC-MS/MS determination. High concentrations of BP-A were found in several products labeled as BP-A free such as nursing bottles which are particularly problematic from the children's exposure point of view. This study presents the first reliable bisphenols in children's toys and baby products commercialized in the Middle East. There is, however, a need to continue monitoring these compounds, especially in low-cost toys, and the so-called BP-A-free products, which appear to have high levels of target contaminants and can pose an exposure risk for infants and children in the region.

Stimulating Preconception Care Uptake by Women With a Vulnerable Health Status Through a Mobile Health App (Pregnant Faster): Pilot Feasibility Study.

A low socioeconomic status is associated with a vulnerable health status (VHS) through the accumulation of health-related risk factors, such as poor lifestyle behaviors (eg, inadequate nutrition, chronic stress, and impaired health literacy). For pregnant women, a VHS translates into a high incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and therefore pregnancy-related inequity. We hypothesize that stimulating adequate pregnancy preparation, targeting lifestyle behaviors and preconception care (PCC) uptake, can reduce these inequities and improve the pregnancy outcomes of women with a VHS. A nudge is a behavioral intervention aimed at making healthy choices easier and more attractive and may therefore be a feasible way to stimulate engagement in pregnancy preparation and PCC uptake, especially in women with a VHS. To support adequate pregnancy preparation, we designed a mobile health (mHealth) app, Pregnant Faster, that fits the preferences of women with a VHS and uses nudging to encourage PCC consultation visits and engagement in education on healthy lifestyle behaviors. This study aimed to test the feasibility of Pregnant Faster by determining usability and user satisfaction, the number of visited PCC consultations, and the course of practical study conduction. Women aged 18-45 years, with low-to-intermediate educational attainment, who were trying to become pregnant within 12 months were included in this open cohort. Recruitment took place through social media, health care professionals, and distribution of flyers and posters from September 2021 until June 2022. Participants used Pregnant Faster daily for 4 weeks, earning coins by reading blogs on pregnancy preparation, filling out a daily questionnaire on healthy lifestyle choices, and registering for a PCC consultation with a midwife. Earned coins could be spent on rewards, such as fruit, mascara, and baby products. Evaluation took place through the mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ), an additional interview or questionnaire, and assessment of overall study conduction. Due to limited inclusions, the inclusion criterion "living in a deprived neighborhood" was dropped. This resulted in the inclusion of 47 women, of whom 39 (83%) completed the intervention. In total, 16 (41%) of 39 participants visited a PCC consultation, with their main motivation being obtaining personalized information. The majority of participants agreed with 16 (88.9%) of 18 statements of the MAUQ, indicating high user satisfaction. The mean rating was 7.7 (SD 1.0) out of 10. Points of improvement included recruitment of the target group, simplification of the log-in system, and automation of manual tasks. Nudging women through Pregnant Faster to stimulate pregnancy preparation and PCC uptake has proven feasible, but the inclusion criteria must be revised. A substantial number of PCC consultations were conducted, and this study will therefore be continued with an open cohort of 400 women, aiming to establish the (cost-)effectiveness of an updated version, named Pregnant Faster 2. RR2-10.2196/45293.

Development of a vortex-assisted switchable-hydrophilicity solvent-based liquid phase microextraction for fast and reliable extraction of Zn (II), Fe (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) from various baby food products

This manuscript describes the development of a novel liquid phase microextraction (LPME) method for the extraction and determination of Zn (II), Fe (II), Pb (II), and Cd (II) in various infant/baby food and supplements products. The method is based on vortex-assisted extraction combined with a switchable-hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) sample preparation. The SHS, which undergoes reversible phase changes triggered by pH change, enables selective extraction and easy phase separation. A flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was used in the final determination step. Optimization studies revealed, that the optimal pH of the sample solution (after digestion) during analytes extraction is 5.5. A l-proline is added to the sample (375 mM) to ensure the complexation of the target metal cations. After the complexation step, 750 µL of SHS - a N, N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine along with 0.9 mL of 2 M of acetic acid solution is added (hydrophilicity switch-on stage) and mixed manually to obtain a homogeneous solution. In the last stage, 0.45 mL of 10 M NaOH solution (hydrophilicity switch-off stage) is added to the sample solution and a vortex for 100 s is applied to ensure the effective extraction and separation of the complex containing the analytes. At this stage, a cloudy solution is immediately obtained. Finally, the effective phase separation is obtained at the centrifugation step (4000 rpm for 2 mins). The method limit of detection was as 0.03, 0.009, 0.6, and 0.2 ng/L for Zn (II), Fe (II), Cd (II), and Pb (II) respectively with RSD% below 2.0 %. The analysis of certified reference materials and real samples proved the full applicability of the method for routine analysis, contributing to the field of heavy metal analysis and ensuring the safety of baby products. According to the AGREE methodology, this method can be named as green analytical chemistry method with a score of 0.77.

Development of nationally representative exposure factor database for children's products in Korea.

Children may be exposed to harmful chemicals from their products. Accurate exposure factors are critical for exposure assessment of children's products. Product usage pattern parameters are relatively limited compared with the chemical concentration, children's physiological and behavioral parameters. The aim of this study was to determine nationally representative Korean exposure factors for the usage patterns of children's products by sex, age, and season. Using proportional quota sampling, a survey of 10,000 households with children aged 0-12 years was conducted twice, once in summer and winter. The children's ages were divided into four groups: infant (0-2 years old), toddler (3-6), lower-grade elementary student (7-9), and higher-grade elementary student (10-12). Data on exposure factors such as use rate, use frequency, and use duration of 57 children's products were collected. The 57 products were classified into five categories: baby products (13), toys (12), daily products (10), sporting goods (8), and stationery (14). The use rates of products in the daily products and stationery category were >90% in both seasons. Two of the 57 products showed significant sex differences in all three exposure factors (p < 0.001). Twenty-five of the 44 non-baby products showed significant age differences for all three exposure factors. Twenty-three of the 57 products varied significantly with season for all three exposure factors. This study generated a nationally representative exposure factor database for the usage patterns of children's products in Korea. The exposure factors for 57 children's products were investigated through twice survey with quota sampling with each 10,000 children nationwide. Sex, age, and seasonal differences for children's products were identified. These accurate exposure factors by sex, age, and season can be used as input parameters for refined exposure assessment.

PENETAPAN KONSENTRASI METIL DAN PROPIL PARABEN PADA PRODUK PERAWATAN BAYI MENGGUNAKAN SPEKTROFOTOMETER UV-VIS

Parabens are preservatives that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are used to extend the shelf life of various foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. This preservative is most popularly used throughout the world where more than one type of paraben is generally added in each product or in combination with other preservatives. Parabens function to stop the growth of fungi and bacteria that can damage the product so that it can extend its shelf life. Parabens have been studied for their effects on test animals which show that they have estrogenic effects and affect reproductive function in male animals. In addition, the toxicity of parabens has been confirmed for systemic absorption in humans. Overall, the types of parabens that are widely used as preservatives are methylparaben and n-propyl paraben. In Indonesia, the use of parabens in baby products is still used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of products because they are cheap and very effective. Preliminary research was conducted to determine the type and concentration of parabens used in several baby products so that they could be used as a reference for further research into the toxicity level of parabens on duration of exposure in the human body. Determination of the types and levels of parabens was carried out by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The results showed that of the 10 samples of baby care products used, 50% of the samples used parabens as preservatives. 5 samples that tested positive for parabens, the highest propyl paraben content was obtained in the 5th sample of 0.0014% and the lowest in sample 8 with 0.0007%. The highest use of methyl paraben was in the 7th sample of 0.0010% and the lowest in the 2nd sample of 0.0001% and the highest level of total parabens was 0.0023%.

Productivity of baby leaf lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa (L.)) in different photoperiods in indoor hydroponic cultivation

Innovation in agriculture caused by 4.0 technologies has allowed significant advances in the way of production, in the quality of the final product and in sustainability. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of photoperiod on different lettuce cultivars in indoor hydroponic cultivation with artificial lighting for the production of baby leaves. For this, the lettuce cultivars BSAC0055, BSAC0155 and BSAL0071 were evaluated in an NFT hydroponic system, under a photoperiod of 14,16,18 and 20 hours with photosynthetically active radiation of 248 µmol m-2 s-1. The effects of the cultivar x photoperiod interaction were significant, with cultivars behaving differently for each photoperiod and vice versa. The BSAC0055 cultivar, regardless of the photoperiod, was superior to the others and adapted to indoor cultivation. For cultivars BSAC0055 and BSAC0155, the photoperiod was significant with a quadratic effect for the number of hours/day close to 16 hours and 45 minutes. It is concluded that cultivars have different management and it is possible to select specific cultivars for indoor production; cultivars respond differentially to photoperiods.

중국 소비변화에 따른 B2C 국경 간 수입 전자상거래 시장 동향과 시사점

This study examines the current status and characteristics of the Chinese consumer market and the cross-border B2C e-commerce market. Based on this, it analyzes the characteristics of consumers using cross-border e-commerce and trends. The characteristics of cross-border e-commerce consumers include. First, the dominance of Chinese consumers born in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as women. Second, the expansion of the affluent middle class with strong purchasing power. Third, the acquisition of product and brand information through social media. And fourth, the expansion of live commerce. Recent trends include a preference for luxury brands, the 'pure beauty' trend among women, the growth of the high-end baby product market, and increased interest in health supplements. Through trend analysis, several implications are suggested: 1. Enhance brand awareness and value through brand marketing. 2. Strengthen marketing and sales activities using short-form video platforms like Douyin. 3. Strengthen the lineup of environmentally friendly, safe, and mild women's care and baby products. 4. Improve the quality and standardization of health functional foods, while actively engaging in marketing activities to enhance product and brand positioning. Despite being one of the world's largest consumer goods importing countries, South Korean exports to China are on a downward trend. Therefore, to increase B2C cross-border e-commerce exports as part of exporting consumer goods to China, greater efforts should be made.

Reconciling chemical flame retardant exposure and fire risk in domestic furniture.

Evidence suggests that standards for resistance of furniture to ignition may lead to an increase in use of chemical flame retardants (CFRs). This is motivating the development of new approaches that maintain high levels of fire safety while facilitating a reduction in use of CFRs. However, reconciling potential fire risk with use of CFRs in relation to specific policy objectives is challenging. To inform the development of a new policy in the UK for the fire safety of furniture, we developed for domestic furniture quantitative models of fire risk and potential for CFR exposure. We then combined the models to determine if any lower fire risk, higher CFR exposure categories of furniture were identifiable. We applied a novel mixed-methods approach to modelling furniture fire risk and CFR exposure in a data-poor environment, using literature-based concept mapping, qualitative research, and data visualisation methods to generate fire risk and CFR exposure models and derive furniture product rankings. Our analysis suggests there exists a cluster of furniture types including baby and infant products and pillows that have comparable overall properties in terms of lower fire risk and higher potential for CFR exposure. There are multiple obstacles to reconciling fire risk and CFR use in furniture. In particular, these include a lack of empirical data that would allow absolute fire risk and exposure levels to be quantified. Nonetheless, it seems that our modelling method can potentially yield meaningful product clusters, providing a basis for further research.

A SOR Model Study on Millennial Parents in Quezon City: E-store Image, Shopping Value, and Purchase Intention

This study investigated the factors affecting the perceived shopping value and online purchase intentions of Filipino millennial parents in Quezon City, specifically in the context of e-stores selling baby and child-specific products. Using the Stimulus-Organism-Response model, the researcher used a causal research design to explore the relationships among e-store image attributes, perceived shopping value, and online purchasing intentions. The research utilized an adapted survey questionnaire administered to the respondents through a Google Form. The 400 participants, chosen through purposive sampling, were Filipino millennial parents with prior experience shopping at baby and child-specific specialty e-stores. Findings revealed that only security images significantly affected utility value, while design, order fulfillment, customer service, and security images significantly affected hedonic value. Also, a hedonic value significantly affected online purchase intention and mediated the relationship between e-store image and purchase intention. Four variables design, order fulfillment, customer service, and security had a direct positive relationship with online purchase intent. Thus, the study concluded that specific factors of e-store image significantly affect Filipino millennial parents’ shopping values and influence their online purchasing intentions. The study’s findings contribute to an underexplored area in the literature by emphasizing the unique context of Filipino millennial parents. It provides valuable insights for e-commerce targeting this demographic. It offers recommendations on practices and further research, such as a deeper exploration of hedonic value’s influence on purchase intention and cross-platform comparisons, which were also provided.

COVID-19 Interventions in an informal settlement: A spatial analysis of accessibility in Kibera, Kenya

This paper introduces a methodology to explore pedestrian accessibility in informal settlements. This methodology is applied to pandemic intervention sites in Nairobi's Kibera area for 3.5 months (14 April to 31 July 2020) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Freely available transportation network data and open-source GIS software are utilised. Isochrones, areas of equal travel time, are calculated to assess pedestrian accessibility (walk times) from 30,231 Kibera structures to 138 COVID-19 stationary intervention sites. These sites aid in virus control, resource distribution, and COVID-related medical support. Travel times are determined considering different terrain slopes. Unequal access to intervention sites is observed due to indirect routes. Shortest walks (up to 21.5 min) are to handwashing and food distribution points, while longer walks (up to 61.5 min) are to interventions with fewer sites or localised clustering, such as baby product distribution. This simple accessibility analysis helps identify service gaps during crises, aiding planning authorities and communities. Our methodology offers insight into travel patterns in slums and has wider applicability to assess the relationships between transport infrastructure provision and resilience in informal settlements.

Hydroponic Production of Selenium-Enriched Baby Leaves of Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) and Its Wild Ancestor Sea Beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima)

The human intake of selenium (Se), which is an essential element in animals and humans, can be increased through the consumption of vegetables that have been biofortified during cultivation. There is increasing interest in wild edible plants (WEPs) due to their positive effects on health. In fact, many WEPs are rich in microelements, vitamins, dietary fibers, and several antioxidant compounds. Among WEPs, sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) is the wild ancestor of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla). The present study investigated the potential of fortifying Swiss chard and sea beet with Se. The two subspecies were cultivated in a floating system with a nutrient solution enriched with four concentrations of Se (0, 1, 3, and 5 mg L−1), and the production and quality of the baby leaves were evaluated. The addition of Se to the nutrient solution resulted in a higher leaf concentration of this microelement in both subspecies, with a positive effect on the yield (+20%) and leaf chlorophyll concentration (+25%) at the Se concentration of 1 mg L−1. The leaf concentration of nitrates was reduced by the Se treatment in sea beet regardless of the Se concentration (−24%, on average). Selenium biofortification was more effective in sea beet plants than in Swiss chard due to the higher ability of the wild species to acquire readily available minerals from the hydroponic nutrient solution. In conclusion, both subspecies accumulated a significant amount of Se without negative effects on yield or leaf quality, thus proving them to be suitable for the production of Se-enriched baby leaves.

Intention to Purchase through Parent Blogs: Evidence from Poland

This article investigates the role of trust/reputation and parasocial influence in influencing purchase intention among consumers of baby products who frequent Polish parenting blogs. Empirical data was collected by survey (n-1050) of blog readers to construct a model to assess the impact of trust/reputation and parasocial influence. Factor analysis was used to create scores which were then tested using a multiple binary logistic regression model. The research found that while both trust/reputation and parasocial influence were important determinants of consumer purchase intention, trust was significantly more important to baby product consumers than parasocial influence. Additionally, parasocial influence was a more important indicator of purchase intention among younger respondents (under 23 years of age) than those 23 years and older. Additionally, readers who have read blogs for longer are more likely to trust these sources, perceiving them to be reputable. Hence, bloggers should aim to foster long-term relationships with consumers when endorsing products that demand higher trust, such as baby products.

Iodine biofortification of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) grown hydroponically as baby leaves: effects on leaf production and quality.

About 35-45% of the global population is affected by iodine deficiency. Iodine intake can be increased through the consumption of biofortified vegetables. Given the increasing interest in wild edible species of new leafy vegetables due to their high nutritional content, this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) to be fortified with iodine. Plants were cultivated hydroponically in a nutrient solution enriched with four different concentrations of iodine (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L-1 ), and the production and quality of baby leaves were determined. Sea beet accumulated more iodine than Swiss chard. In both subspecies, increasing the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution improved leaf quality as a result of greater antioxidant capacity - the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) index increased by 17% and 28%, at 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 iodine, respectively - the content of flavonoids (+31 and + 26%, at 1 and 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine, respectively), and the lower content of nitrate (-38% at 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine) and oxalate (-36% at 0.5 mg L-1 of iodine). In sea beet, however, iodine levels in the nutrient solution higher than 0.5 mg L-1 reduced crop yield significantly. Both subspecies were found to be suitable for producing iodine-enriched baby leaves. The optimal iodine levels in the nutrient solution were 1.0 in Swiss chard and 0.5 mg L-1 in sea beet, as crop yield was not affected at these concentrations and leaves contained enough iodine to satisfy an adequate daily intake with a serving of 100 g. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.