Babesia Bovis Infection In Cattle Research Articles

Diagnostic Accuracy of an Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) for Screening of Babesia bovis in Cattle from West Africa.

The epidemiology of corresponding tick-borne diseases has changed as a result of the recent introduction of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to West Africa. The current study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of an indirect ELISA for the detection of Babesia bovis infection in cattle. In a cross-section study, using a Bayesian Latent Class Model and iELISA diagnostic test for cattle babesiosis due to Babesia bovis, accuracy has been assessed with RT-PCR as an imperfect reference test. A total of 766 cattle were tested. The optimal diagnostic performances were obtained with 5% percentage of positivity. Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 0.94 [Cr. I.: 0.85-0.99] and 0.89 [Cr. I.: 0.87-0.92]. Additional diagnostic characteristics revealed that the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were 96.6% [Cr. I.: 92.7-100%] and 82.2% [Cr. I.: 72-93%]. Overall, this test well discriminates an infected status from an uninfected status considering the area under the ROC curve (AUC) which was 0.78 [Cr. I: 0.72-0.85] and a Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) of 127.8 [Cr. I.: 10.43-1562.27]. The AUC was significantly higher than 0.5 (p < 10-5). In consequence, this serologic assay could be suitable in moderate to high prevalence assessments.

Cocktail Babesia bovis antigens for global detection of Babesia bovis infection in cattle

The diagnostic performance of a cocktail formula consisting of two Babesia (B.) bovis recombinant proteins, including spherical body protein 1 (BbSBP-1) and spherical body protein 4 (BbSBP-4), was evaluated in the present study for the global detection of B. bovis infection in cattle and for the differentiation between B. bovis and B. bigemina infections. The efficacy and the practicality of the rBbSBP-1 and rBbSBP-4 cocktail formula for differentiation between the infection caused by both parasites were assessed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) with serum samples collected from cattle experimentally infected by B. bovis (n = 33) or B. bigemina (n = 30). Cocktail antigen exhibited the highest optical density (OD) values with B. bovis–infected sera and the lowest OD values with normal bovine sera or B. bigemina–infected sera in comparison with the single antigen. A total of 581 field serum samples collected from four countries with known B. bovis endemicity: Ghana (n = 154), Egypt (n = 162), Thailand (n = 96), and South Africa (n = 169) were screened also in the current study using iELISA and the results were compared to those of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) as a reference. A cocktail formula (rBbSBP-1 and rBbSBP-4) exhibited the highest concordance rate (89.90%) and kappa value (0.73). The obtained results revealed the reliability of the rBbSBP-1 and rBbSBP-4 cocktail antigen for the detection of specific antibodies to B. bovis in cattle and demonstrated the usefulness of cocktail antigen for differentiation between B. bovis and B. bigemina infections compared with the single antigen in cattle, which will be useful for epidemiological surveys and control of bovine babesiosis.

Molecular detection of Babesia bovis in cattle in Al-Qadisiyah province

This study aim to determine Babesia bovis infection in cattle based on genetic methods. A total of 96 blood samples were collected from alive and slaughtered cattle from different areas in addition to the abattoir of Al-Qadisiyah province from December 2013 to August 2014. Real time polymerase chain reaction (RT.PCR) technique was used to detect the presence of the protozoan with the effect of animal's age and sex in the infection rate 47.91 % (46/96) of examined cattle were given positive result to B. bovis infection. The highest infections were shown among the adult cattle (≥1 year), while there was non-significant difference (P>0.05) in the infection rate according to the sex. So the most cattle in Al-Qadisiyah province appear to be bearing the infection predominantly as a carrier hosts.

Babesia bovis infection in cattle in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

The present study provides the first epidemiological data on infection with Babesia bovis in cattle raised in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Blood clot samples were filtered through nylon cloth before being submitted to DNA extraction. PCR and nested-PCR were applied to assess the frequency of infection with B. bovis in calves with ages from 4 to 12 months bred in 4 microregions each in the states of Rondônia and Acre. After the DNA was extracted from the samples, the infection in cattle was investigated by amplification of the “rap1” gene from B. bovis. The DNA amplification results revealed a frequency of infection with B. bovis of 95.1% (272/286) in the samples from Rondônia and 96.1% (195/203) in those from Acre. The high frequency of B. bovis infection in the animals with ages from 4 to 12 months indicates a situation of enzootic stability in the regions studied. The infection rates are comparable to those detected by immunodiagnostic techniques in other endemic regions of Brazil.

Development and evaluation of two nested PCR assays for the detection of Babesia bovis from cattle blood

We developed and evaluated two nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) assays for the diagnosis of Babesia bovis infection in cattle based on two membrane protein genes from B. bovis, BBOV_IV005650 (BV5650) and BBO_IV008970 (BV8970). The specificities and sensitivities of the tests were compared with B. bovis Rhoptery associated protein 1 gene (RAP-1) nPCR. The specificity of the tests was 100% for B. bovis DNA. The sensitivities of nPCR to B. bovis from the in vitro cultured parasites were as low as 10(-8)%, 10(-6)%, and 10(-7)% parasitemia for BV5650, BV8970, and RAP-1 nPCR, respectively. The nPCR detected as little as 1 fg genomic DNA per test for BV5650 and 100fg per test for both BV8970 and RAP-1 genes. For field applications, the sensitivity was evaluated to a total of 165 field samples from Ghana, Mongolia, Brazil and Japan. The nPCR assay of BV5650 was the most sensitive for the detection of B. bovis from the field samples. The BV5650 nPCR assay provides a good diagnostic tool for laboratory diagnostic assessment of B. bovis infection in cattle worldwide.

Development and evaluation of a nested PCR based on spherical body protein 2 gene for the diagnosis of Babesia bovis infection

We developed and evaluated a nested PCR assay for the diagnosis of Babesia bovis infection in cattle based on the spherical body protein 2 gene (SBP2) from B. bovis. The specificity and sensitivity of the test were compared with the B. bovis RAP-1 gene nPCR. The SBP2 primers have specificities of 100% for B. bovis DNA. The sensitivity of the SBP2 nPCR to B. bovis from the in vitro cultured parasites was higher than that of the B. bovis RAP-1 gene nPCR, and a parasitemia as low as 10 −8% was detected. The sensitivity of the SBP2 nPCR to B. bovis-diluted genomic DNA was also higher than that of B. bovis RAP-1 gene nPCR, and as little as 1 fg per test detected. For field applications, the sensitivity to a total of 145 field samples from Ghana, Mongolia, and Brazil was evaluated. The nPCR assay of spherical body protein-2 gene detected 87.6% (127/145), while B. bovis RAP-1 gene nPCR detected 37.2% (51/145) of the total samples examined. This nPCR assay provides a good diagnostic tool for the laboratory diagnostic assessment of B. bovis infection in cattle worldwide.

Cross-sectional estimation of <i>Babesia bovis<i/> antibody prevalence in cattle in two contrasting dairying areas in Tanzania

The crude prevalence of antibodies to Babesia bovis infection in cattle was estimated by serology using indirect ELISA during the period January to April, 1999. Sera were obtained from 1,395 dairy cattle (of all ages, sexes and breeds) on smallholder farms, the majority being kept under a zero grazing regime. The crude prevalence of antibodies to Babesia bovis was 6 % for Tanga and 12 % for Iringa. The forces of infection based on the age sero-prevalence profile, were estimated at six for Iringa and four for Tanga per 100 cattle years-risk, respectively. Using random effect logistic regression as the analytical method, the factors (variables) of age, source of animals and geographic location were hypothesised to be associated with sero-positivity of Babesia bovis in the two regions.

The innate immune response in calves to Boophilus microplus tick transmitted Babesia bovis involves type-1 cytokine induction and NK-like cells in the spleen.

The innate immune response to Babesia bovis infection in cattle is age-related, spleen-dependent and, in stabilate inoculated calves, has type-1 characteristics, including the early induction of IL-12 and IFN-gamma. In this study with three calves, parameters of innate immunity were followed for 2 weeks after tick transmission of B. bovis. Each calf survived the acute disease episode without drug intervention, and responded with increased levels of plasma interferon-gamma and type-1 cytokine expression, monocyte/macrophage activation, and CD8+ cellular proliferation in the spleen. The proliferating CD8+ population consisted primarily of NK-like cells, and the expansion occurred in parallel with an increase in IL-15 mRNA expression in the spleen.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to diagnose Babesia bovis infection in cattle.

The optimum gel filtration fraction from lysate of Babesia bovis infected erythrocytes was determined for use as an antigen in an ELISA to diagnose B. bovis infection in cattle. Of four enzyme labels tested, horseradish peroxidase was the most suitable. The assay is both sensitive and specific in detecting antibody for 2-4 years after a single infection. False positive reactions were obtained only with some sera from some Anaplasma marginale infected cattle.

Changes in conglutinin, immunoconglutinin, complement C3 and fibronectin concentrations in cattle acutely infected with Babesia bovis.

Further pathophysiological studies of the hypotensive shock syndrome associated with acute Babesia bovis infection in cattle have demonstrated changes in the plasma concentrations of conglutinin, complement C3, fibronectin and immunoconglutinin. Decreases in the first three components are presumably due to their contribution towards intravascular sludging of infected erythrocytes within the microvascular system during the acute phase of infection. In contrast, the increase in fibronectin and immunoconglutinin in the recovery phase suggests the involvement of these proteins in the reticulo-endothelial clearance of infected or damaged erythrocytes, immune complexes and cryofibrinogen.

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