ZnO B2O3 Research Articles

Key phase diagram experiments and thermodynamic modeling of the ZnO‒B2O3, ZnO‒SiO2, and ZnO‒B2O3‒SiO2 systems

AbstractThermodynamic modeling of binary ZnO‒B2O3 and ZnO‒SiO2 systems and ternary ZnO‒B2O3‒SiO2 system were carried out based on the critical evaluation and optimization of all available phase diagram and thermodynamic property data using the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) method. To resolve the inconsistency among the available phase diagram data in ternary ZnO‒B2O3‒SiO2 system, key phase diagram experiment was carried out using classical quenching method followed by electron probe micro‐analysis and X‐ray diffraction phase determination. The liquid oxide solution was described using the modified quasichemical model accounting for a short‐range ordering behavior in molten oxide solution. Thermodynamic models with optimized model parameters were used to predict the phase diagram and thermodynamic properties of the ternary systems.

Effect of Bi2O3 in Bi2O3–SrO–ZnO–B2O3 glass: Structural, mechanical, optical, and gamma ray shielding modifications

The effect of Bi2O3 in Bi2O3–SrO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses has been evaluated in this study. The density of the glasses increased from 5.127 g/cm³ to 6.214 g/cm³ as Bi2O3 concentration increased from 35 % to 50 %. The rise in molar mass and molar volumes points towards the opening of the network. The structural modifications increased the elastic moduli from 30.110 to 30.944 GPa for Young modulus; 17.653–17.860 GPa for bulk modulus; 13.242–13.662 GPa for shear modulus and 35.309–36.077 GPa for longitudinal modulus, respectively. The FTIR spectra indicate the conversion of BO4 to BO3 with increasing Bi2O3 concentration which accounts for the increase of the non-bridgingoxygens (NBOs). The band gap energy decreases from 3.165 to 3.020 eV with increasing Bi2O3 content. The transmission factors (TF) and other relevant parameters were evaluated for four different thicknesses of the glasses (0.5, 1, 1.4 and 2 cm). The 0.5 cm thick glass retained the highest TF when compared to other thicknesses. The TF for 0.5 cm thick glass is about 70 %, and drops to about 20 % for 2 cm thickness, which confirms that at 2 cm thickness, the glass materials shield better than 0.5, 1 and 1.4 cm. Furthermore, the addition of Bi2O3 causes a decrease in TF, so the glass with a high Bi2O3 content shields gamma radiation better than those with a low Bi2O3 content. The half value layer (HVL) values reduce as the Bi2O3 content is increased at all examined energies, confirming that the glass sample with highest Bi2O3 content has the superior shielding capability compared to the remaining examine glasses.

Retraction Note: Towards superior structural, optical and magnetic properties, and ligand field effects of B2O3–ZnO–CoO glass doped with alkaline metal earth cations

Retraction Note: Towards superior structural, optical and magnetic properties, and ligand field effects of B2O3–ZnO–CoO glass doped with alkaline metal earth cations

Comprehensive study for radiation shielding features for Bi2O3–B2O3–ZnO composite using computational radioanalytical Phy-X/PSD, MCNP5, and SRIM software

The current study uses zinc oxide doping nanoparticles to investigate the radiation shielding properties of bismuth borate glass. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examined the structural characteristics of the current samples. In contrast, the optical properties were determined based on the absorption spectrum for current samples. Appraisal studies are carried out depending on the simulation capabilities of Phy-X/PSD software in conjunction with MCNP5 to achieve this goal. In addition, the neutron and charged particle shielding properties were evaluated theoretically. All glasses are amorphous, as confirmed by the XRD data, and the FTIR data showed several vibration bands and functional groups. The density showed rising from 5.981 to 6.433 g/cm3 with adding ZnO. The band gap values reduced from 2.831 to 2.091 eV for direct and 3.024 to 2.218 eV for indirect with adding ZnO. The investigations' findings demonstrate a strong agreement between the theoretical and simulation-derived estimates of the mass attenuation coefficient. The relative difference of MAC results lie in the range 0.106–2.941% for BBZ0, 0.105–4.348% for BBZ1, 0.105–3.398% for BBZ2, and 0.105–2.032% for BBZ3. The study's findings are valuable insights from thoroughly examining these parameters, which can potentially improve the radiation protection abilities of Bi2O3–B2O3–ZnO glasses. This study represents a significant step in developing more efficient and safer materials for gamma radiation shielding applications.

Structural, thermo-mechanical, optical and gamma-ray shielding properties of lead-free BaO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 and lead-based PbO–Bi2O3–K2O–SiO2 glasses

Lead-free BaO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass (BZBS) and lead-based PbO–Bi2O3–K2O–SiO2 glass (LS) were synthesized by melt quench technique. Glass samples were irradiated using 60Co gamma source up to 50 kGy dose to study the changes in structural, thermo-mechanical, optical and gamma ray shielding properties. Measured density values of both the glasses were greater than 4.0 g/cc. X Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed amorphous nature of prepared glasses before and after gamma irradiation. The structural changes induced by gamma irradiation were also investigated using Raman, Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. PALS data revealed increase in free volume/voids after irradiation. Defect studies carried using EPR spectroscopy confirmed formation of electron trap centre in BZBS glass, whereas in LS glass in addition to the electron trap centers, non-bridging oxygen hole centers (NBOHC) and peroxy radical defects were also observed. Investigations on thermo-mechanical properties demonstrated higher glass transition temperature (Tg), hardness and modulus of elasticity values for BZBS glass as compared to the LS glass, which were found to be decreased after irradiation because of radiation induced defects. Visible transparency and band gap for BZBS glass were found to be higher than that in LS glass. After irradiation, colour change, reduction in transparency as well as band gap, and red shift in absorption edge were observed due to the formation of defects in both the glasses. The values of radiation induced absorption (α) at three different visible wavelengths have been determined for 50 kGy dose using UV–Vis transmission data. Analysis of refractive index data showed around 12 % reflection losses for both the glasses. Annealing of irradiated samples using UV light source showed significant improvement in transparency. Linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) was calculated using XCOM program and experimentally measured using 60Co 1.33 MeV gamma ray. Linear attenuation coefficient of BZBS glass was around 0.20 cm−1 whereas for LS glass value was 0.24 cm−1. Half value layer thickness of prepared glasses was also compared with available standard materials and it was found that prepared glasses may be suitable for shielding of high energy gamma rays.

Application of Sm3+ doped Gd2O3–Y2O3–ZnO–B2O3 glass for development of X-ray imaging scintillator

The X-ray scintillator materials are mostly made from single crystal. The limitations are high productive cost, and the process of producing is complex. There are numerous studies about developing new scintillators by using glass that are easier preparation and lower cost. This study tries to produce a new series of borate glass doped with Sm3+ in 20Gd2O3:10Y2O3:10ZnO: (60-x)B2O3:xSm2O3 formula with varying concentrations of Sm2O3. The samples were measured and analyzed by physical, optical, luminescence and scintillation properties. The results showed that the density increased after increasing the Sm2O3 concentration. The strong emission intensity was observed from photoluminescence and radioluminescence measurements, and the concentration quenching was observed at 0.5 and 1.0 mol% of Sm2O3 respectively. The strongest emission peak of Sm3+ ion is located at 600 nm that corresponds to f-f transition of 4G5/2 to 6H7/2 level. Moreover, we found that the Sm3+ luminescence at 600 nm emission wavelength increases (up to 0.5% mol), while the Gd3+ emission wavelength at 313 nm decreases, attributed to the energy transfer (ET) from Gd3+ ions to Sm3+ ions. X-ray imaging was also observed by using Synchrotron X-rays. These results suggest that the developed glasses could be applied to X-ray scintillators material, especially imaging applications.

Microwave melt-quenching technique to synthesize of CuO-doped B2O3–ZnO–Na2O–Sm2O3 scintillating glasses

The new series of CuO-doped samarium sodium zinc borate (SNZB) glasses, with the composition (59.5-x)B2O3:30ZnO:10Na2O:0.5Sm2O3 (x = 0.00–0.10 mol%), were prepared using the microwave melt-quenching technique. These glasses were characterized through XRD, absorption, excitation, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray luminescence (RL) spectral measurements. The optical absorption analysis revealed a significant increase in the visible Cu2+ absorption band at approximately 770 nm with the addition of CuO at concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 0.10 mol%. From the absorption spectra of SNZBCu-0.00, the Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters (Ω2, Ω4, Ω6) were determined. Under 402 nm excitation, the PL spectra exhibited a bright reddish-orange emission at 600 nm. The decay spectral profiles of the 4G5/2 → 6H7/2 (600 nm) luminescence transition were used to measure experimental lifetimes (τg).

Spectroscopic evaluation of gold nanoparticles-embedded Dy3+-doped Li2CO3–SrO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses: white solid-state lighting potential

Spectroscopic evaluation of gold nanoparticles-embedded Dy3+-doped Li2CO3–SrO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses: white solid-state lighting potential

Accelerating densification of the terminal electrode with improved adhesion by sodium ions doping for MLCC copper paste

Glass frits effectively facilitate the sintering densification to produce high-density terminal electrodes, crucial for achieving high reliability of MLCC (Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors) devices. However, manufacturing terminal electrodes with high density and strong adhesion under low-temperature sintering condition still has enormous challenges. Herein, Na2O–BaO–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass has been fabricated for low temperature sintering copper paste. We demonstrate that the densification degree and adhesion strength of the terminal electrode can be notably optimized by adjusting the Na2O content in the glass frit. The doping of Na+ in glass effectively improves the wettability of the melt on the copper substrate and the surface tension of the glass melt, enhancing the capillary force in the liquid phase sintering process. The rate of electrode densification is accelerated by the increase in capillary force, thus reducing the sheet resistance of copper film from 4.52 to 4.30 mΩ/□. Furthermore, with the increase in the Na+ content, the work of adhesion between glass and ceramic gradually increases, which effectively enhances the shear strength of the electrode from 19.66 MPa to 29.55 MPa. Our work provides novel insights for the design of glass compositions in the field of terminal paste.

Radiation shielding characteristics of PbO–BaO–B2O3–ZnO glass system against gamma rays: experimental study

Radiation shielding characteristics of PbO–BaO–B2O3–ZnO glass system against gamma rays: experimental study

Preparation, structure and spectral characteristics of Zinc tellurite glasses system doped with different concentrations of Tm3+

Gallium-tellurite glass is a new optical material with good transmittance in the infrared region up to 6.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]. Three different tellurate glasses were prepared: TeO2–ZnO–Ga2O3(TZG), TeO2–ZnO–La2O3(TZL) and TeO2–ZnO–B2O3(TZB). X-ray diffraction indicates that no crystal precipitates in the three glass systems, which maintain a stable glass state. Raman scattering experiments and fluorescence emission spectroscopy measurements were carried out on the tellulate glasses doped with the same concentration of Tm[Formula: see text]. It was found that the phonon energy of TZG(TeO2–ZnO–Ga2O3)-doped thulium glass is the lowest, and the emission light at 1380[Formula: see text]nm is the strongest with [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm fluorescence FWHM. These results show that Tm-doped TZG glass is a good luminescent material. Refractive indices were measured by the minimum deviation method. Sellmeier dispersion equation is obtained, which can be used to calculate the refractive index within visible and near-infrared spectral range. Furthermore, different Tm[Formula: see text] concentrations (0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2% and 2%) TZG glasses were prepared, the emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime were measured, and the emitted light was strongest when the thulium ion doping concentration is 1.2%. All the results suggest that these newly developed ternary tellurite glass systems are promising candidates for near/mid-infrared laser glass fibers, fiber amplifiers, or lasers.

Reduction mechanism and energy transfer between Eu3+ and Eu2+ in Eu-doped materials synthesized in air atmosphere

Abstract This article critically examines the reduction mechanisms and energy transfer processes between trivalent europium ions (Eu3+) and divalent europium ions (Eu2+) in materials synthesized in an air atmosphere. It also encompasses various materials and conditions, including a critical analysis of the reduction mechanism and energy transfer between Eu3+ and Eu2+ in Eu-doped materials. Specific investigations include exploring the reduction process in BaMgSiO4:Eu, focusing on factors influencing the reaction. The article also covers low-temperature self-reduction, addressing conditions and mechanisms such as the charge compensation model and laser-induced reduction. Additionally, it explores the influence of charge compensation on luminescent properties, emphasizing enhancements in red emission. Investigations into the role of oxygen vacancies in the reduction of Eu3+ and their implications on material properties are presented. This article further digs into abnormal reduction processes and the formation of defect centers in Eu3+-doped pollucite, proposing a substitution defect model for the self-reduction of europium ions in silicate Ba(Eu)MgSiO4 phosphors. Unusual reduction phenomena, such as reduction via boiling water in Yb2Si2O7:Eu3+ phosphors, and reductions in various glass systems, including porous glass, ZnO–B2O3–P2O5 glasses, aluminoborosilicate glasses, europium-doped Li2B4O7 glass, and aluminosilicate oxyfluoride glass (AOG), are also thoroughly examined.

Optimization mechanisms of density and quality factor of Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 ceramics by adding CaO–B2O3–ZnO glass

In this study, Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BMT) ceramics added with different amounts of CaO–B2O3–ZnO (CBZ) glass were prepared through the solid-state sintering route. The sintering behavior, microstructure, phase composition and dielectric properties of the BMT ceramics added with CBZ glass were investigated. The addition of CBZ glass decreased the sintering temperature of BMT ceramics by over 300 °C, resulting in a highly dense microstructure without interacting with the main BMT phase. The lower sintering temperature led to small ceramic grains and caused a decrease in the Q × f value. Prolonging the sintering time improved the ordering degree of cations on the B-site in BMT ceramic, leading to an enhancement in the Q × f value. The BMT ceramic added with 0.4 wt% CBZ glass exhibited excellent microwave dielectric properties: εr = 24.19, Q × f = 115,100 GHz, τf = 9.84 ppm/°C, after sintering at 1400 °C for 12 h.

Effect of (Fe0.8Cr0.2)2O3 pigment on the optical properties of ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass-based coatings for double-glass photovoltaic modules

Solving technical issues of light pollution, thermal protection, color aesthetics, and weathering resistance for the coating layer used in double-glass photovoltaic modules of a solar panel, new coating materials were produced using ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass frit and (Fe0.8Cr0.2)2O3 pigment. In this work, the crystal structure, the microstructure, the distribution of Fe and Cr elements, the diffusion of element Fe, the adhesion and the optical properties of the coatings have been characterized. The surface roughness of the coatings has a more significant alteration when the (Fe0.8Cr0.2)2O3 content is greater than 49 wt%. For the coating doped with 46 wt% (Fe0.8Cr0.2)2O3, the amount of Fe diffused into the glassy phase gradually increases from 0.17 wt% to 0.54 wt% as the heat-treatment temperature increased from 650 °C to 720 °C. The effects of (Fe0.8Cr0.2)2O3 pigment content and heat-treatment temperature on the optical properties of coatings were explained mainly from the coatings surface roughness, Fe-redox induced pore formation, Fe-diffusion, and formation of large defects surfaced for the coatings.

Optical and radiation attenuation properties of rare-earth ion doped Li2O–ZnO–B2O3 glasses

The role of the addition of rare-earth ions which are Pr2O3, N2O3, Sm2O3, and Eu2O3 to Li2O–ZnO–B2O3 glasses on the optical and radiation attenuation characteristics was theoretically investigated. According to the addition of the rare-earth ions, the glasses were named as LZB, LZBPr, LZBNd, LZBSm and LZBEu. The LZB glass has the greatest molar refractivity and the molar polarizability whereas LZBPr glass has the lowest molar refractivity and the molar polarizability. The reflection loss is the highest for the LZB and the optical transmission is the highest for LZBEu. Especially, at higher gamma-ray energy (5–15 MeV), the linear attenuation coefficients are the greatest for LZBPr and they are the lowest for LZB. The LZBPr has the lowest half value layer, tenth value layer and mean free path at 10 MeV gamma-ray energy. At higher gamma-ray energies, LZBPr has the better radiation protection efficiency. Consequently, the LZBPr glass has the superior radiation attenuation ability and the addition of rare-earth ions to LZB glass enhances radiation shielding ability of the studied glasses.

Gamma radiation shielding properties of (x)Bi2O3–(0.5 – x)ZnO–0.2B2O3–0.3SiO2 glass system

Abstract Lead (Pb)-based materials are very effective in radiation shielding due to their high density of Pb. However, they pose health risks to humans because of the toxicity of lead. As a result, the investigation of radiation shielding properties of various lead-free glass materials has drawn a lot of attention from researchers. In this work, the γ radiation competence of the Bi2O3–ZnO–B2O3–SiO2 glass network was investigated, for the first time in the 0.015–15 MeV energy range, using Phy-X/PSD and XCOM software systems. The results showed that 45Bi2O3–5ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO2 glass sample has the highest linear attenuation coefficient, mass attenuation coefficient, and effective atomic number, and it has the lowest half-value layer, tenth-value layer, and mean-free path. Therefore, 45Bi2O3–5ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO sample is more effective on γ ray shielding than 10Bi2O3–40ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO, 20Bi2O3–30ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO, 30Bi2O3–20ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO, and 40Bi2O3–10ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO samples. The comparison of the results with the literature also revealed that the 45Bi2O3–5ZnO–20B2O3–30SiO glass sample is even more effective than some of Bi2O3-based glass systems, which were recently developed in the literature, by at least a factor of 2.

Insights into PbO–Bi2O3–ZnO–B2O3 glasses: physical, mechanical, optical basicity, electronic polarizability, and radiation shielding investigations

Insights into PbO–Bi2O3–ZnO–B2O3 glasses: physical, mechanical, optical basicity, electronic polarizability, and radiation shielding investigations

Bond characteristics, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of Bi2O3–ZnO–B2O3 glass-ceramics with Li2O substitution

The effect of Li2O substitution on the sintering behavior, lattice structure, microstructure, and microwave dielectric properties of ZnO–B2O3–Bi2O3 glass-ceramics was studied by various amounts of Li2O to substitute ZnO. The substitution of Li2O decreases the glass network connectivity and thus decreases the sintering temperature of the glass. In the sintered glass-ceramics, the substitution of 0.2 mol% Li2O leads to the most significant lattice activation resulting in the glass-ceramic exhibiting the smallest cell volume of Zn3B2O6 crystal and the microstructure with fine and uniform grains. The P–V-L theory is innovatively applied to glass-ceramic materials to characterize the variation in bond characteristics caused by lattice activation and it indicates that the 0.2 mol% Li2O substitution decreases the Zn–O bond ionicity and increases the lattice energy of the B–O bond, in the Zn3B2O6 crystalline phase. The refinement of microstructure and the optimization of bond characteristics improve the microwave dielectric properties of glass-ceramics. The glass-ceramic with 0.2 mol% Li2O substitution sintered at 620 °C for 5 h exhibits excellent microwave dielectric properties of εr ∼5.05, Q×f ∼15,383 GHz, τf ∼ −6 ppm/°C and good chemical compatibility with Ag or Al electrodes, which is a favorable candidate for application in ULTCC substrate materials.

Physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of the Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glass system

Abstract This study provides insights into the effects of Bi2O3 on the physical, mechanical, and gamma ray shielding properties of Bi2O3–BaO–B2O3–ZnO–As2O3–MgO–Na2O glasses. The higher Bi2O3 concentrations result in increased density and molecular weight of the glasses. The molar volume also increases with higher Bi2O3 percentages, accompanied by a decrease in the average distance between boron atoms and a reduction in polaron radius and inter-nuclear distance. Electronegativity decreases and electronic polarizability increases with increasing Bi2O3 concentration, indicating higher electron-donating capacity and greater susceptibility to external electric field distortion. The elastic moduli exhibit a downward trend with increasing Bi2O3 concentration, indicating a decreased degree of elastic behaviour. The decrease in cross-linking is further supported by the reduction in Poisson’s ratio. The decrease in values of the hardness also indicates a decline in the stiffness and connectivity of the glass network. The linear attenuation coefficients (LACs) of three different glasses were obtained using Phy-X software in 0.015–15 MeV energy range. Also, the effective atomic numbers are calculated for the selected glasses. The LAC has the highest values for Bi21, indicating that the addition of Bi2O3 causes an improvement in the LAC.

Promising reddish-orange light as Eu3+ incorporated in zinc-borosilicate glass derived from the waste glass bottle

Eu3+ incorporated zinc-borosilicate glass was synthesized using melt-quenching method. XRD and FTIR verified the amorphous nature of the samples. The absorption spectra indicate the Eu3+ ions in the UV-visible region at ∼394 nm. The direct and indirect band gap decrease from 5.152 eV to 5.082 eV and 4.133 eV to 3.837 eV, respectively. Meanwhile, the refractive index decrease from 2.145 to 2.202, while the Urbach energy ranges from 0.682 eV to 0.733 eV. All the samples have a good transmission percentage at 70–75%. Under the excitation of 400 nm, the intensity of the PL spectra increased when the Eu3+ dopant increased. The optimum content for Eu3+ incorporated ZnO–B2O3–GB glass is 3 wt.% among the other Eu3+ content (0, 1, and 2 wt.%) in this work. The reddish-orange emission at 612 nm (5D0 → 7F2) indicates the most intense emission and the CIE chromaticity coordinates imply in the reddish-orange region.