B2C Models Research Articles

Rise of the Gig Economy and Its Business Models

The gig economy, characterized by the proliferation of short-term, freelance, and independent work arrangements, has undergone a remarkable ascent in recent years. This paradigm shift in the labor market is reshaping the way people work and businesses operate. This article delves into the gig economy, tracing its historical roots. It illustrates how the gig economy transitioned from the fringes to the mainstream and discusses how the B2B (business-to-business) and B2C (business-to-consumer) models have shaped the current gig market.

공유 서비스 삼각구조에서의 서비스 품질

Sharing-service business models face unique operational issues. The human aspect of the operation particularly differs from traditional service business models, and therefore requires special attention. This aspect comprises “the increased role of customers in service production/delivery process” in sharing-service models. This study primarily aims to identify such operational issues and propose solutions. Based on the “service triad” framework, this study addresses the issues for each of the two sharing-service models: B2C – business to customers, and P2P – people to people. For B2C models, three propositions are put forth based on the theory of the “social dilemma”: (1) implementing social incentives; (2) creating competition among small customer groups; (3) designing effective customer messages. For P2P models, three propositions are put forth based on the “agency theory”: (1) managing information; (2) understanding customers’ attribution to service failure; (3) providing evaluation reports using big data analysis. This study constitutes the first attempt in extending the service triad framework into sharing-service business models toward the goal of providing managerial insights on improving the service quality of sharing-services.

USE OF INNOVATIVE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN E-COMMERCE AND DIGITAL ECONOMY

The article considers the use of modern innovative information technology (IT) in general in the digital economy and in e-commerce, as its most sensitive part. First of all, the paper shows that since the beginning of the XXI century one of the main trends in the economy and society in general is the penetration of innovative information technologies in various fields of human activity, which entails global digitalization of both economy and society as a whole. E-commerce, as part of the digital economy, has been shown to be a driving force in accelerating global economic development and creating new markets. E-commerce also opens up new opportunities for inclusive and sustainable innovation growth. It is argued that the rapid development of e-commerce became possible only after the percentage of global Internet penetration exceeded some critical level, which led to its availability to the general public. In turn, the emergence of more and more new users on the Internet, the widespread use of various social networks and the rapid growth of internet of things (IoT) has led to the data explosion and the emergence and spread of technology such as Big Data. The main advantages of using Big Data in modern analytics in comparison with traditional methods are considered in the work. The place and role of Big Data technologies and tools in the digitalization of the Ukrainian economy are analyzed. It is proved that the intensive development and spread of the use of Big Data in all spheres of modern society leads to the active use of innovative IT. Based on the analysis, the main areas of use of Big Data are identified, namely: credit scoring, segmented or personalized services, risk management, anti-fraud system and using blockchain technology. The use of these technologies, in turn, will minimize customer effort and increase the efficiency of B2B and B2C models in both the digital economy and e-commerce.

How digitalized interactive platforms create new value for customers by integrating B2B and B2C models? An empirical study in China

The traditional B2B model can’t meet the firm’s marketing and customer relationship management demands in the digital environment, and B2B and B2C separately is insufficient to the industry. Thus, we propose a digitalized interactive platform, which is a hybrid of B2B and B2C business models. This B2B2C (business-to-business-to-consumer) business model has transitioned from a traditional channel-driven mode to the integration of platform resources, reflecting the platform value. This study analyzes survey data collect from manufacturing and service industries based in China. The study finds that multi-dimensional platform value positively affects overall platform value, which in turn positively affects platform brand engagement. Moreover, platform brand engagement positively influences platform brand loyalty, ultimately increasing customer share. Thus, the study provides a new theoretical explanation and managerial implication for the value creation of digitalized interactive platforms.

A Systematic Literature Review on Pricing Strategies in the Sharing Economy

As an emerging business model, the sharing economy has gained a large amount of academic attention; the pricing problem in the sharing economy has also been widely investigated. Aiming to capture the current state-of-the-art research on pricing strategies in the sharing economy and foreseeing directions for future research, this article conducts a systematic literature review and content analysis of 158 articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. As a result, first, this review proposes an extended definition covering B2C and C2C models and a model structure covering the entire supply chain, based on which 158 articles are categorized into nine sub-models covering 30 scenarios. Second, the general characteristics (i.e., research fields, time and journal distributions, research themes and scenarios) and technical details (i.e., theories, methodologies, approaches, models, and conclusions) of the 158 articles are reviewed and summarized by the pricing party, business mode, and scenario. Finally, this review proposes some future research directions of existing scenarios from the perspectives of information asymmetry, market competition, and empirical approaches, and discusses some extensions, including uninvestigated scenarios and COVID-19-related topics; correspondingly, this review suggests some analytical models and empirical approaches that can be employed to fill these gaps. The proposed research directions and corresponding approaches can be references for future research.

Digital Competitiveness of Tourism SMEs

This research examines the digital competitiveness of tourism SMEs in Thailand in hosting Chinese inbound tourists through their websites. Integration of tourism-related technology and social media funnels were considered as significant factors of analysis. Twenty-five tourism companies' online content, including their websites, social media contents, and digital publications, were analyzed to conclude the study results. Though most of the large tourism service providers such as hotels and airline companies have been working on bypassing the travel agency commission charges through direct selling with digital platforms, most of the tourism SMEs in Thailand still depend on third-party agents for hosting their services. The results reveal that Thailand - China tourism business is either B2B or B2B2C or even B2B2B2C models. A very limited number of companies with B2C models can directly reach and host the inbound Chinese tourism market. This research's findings are threefold - a methodology for assessing the digital destination hosting patterns, digital content analysis of tourism SMEs, and determining the business models through the website. Further research directions in this domain were also proposed.

Performance Analysis of B2B and B2C Companies: A case study of Selected Balkan countries

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer in Western Balkan countries and Bulgaria. The first, model - business to business (B2B) is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without interference of consumer. The second model, business to consumer (B2C) is customer oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This study focuses on the performance of these two business models in regional countries which are: Albania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis intends to provide information regarding the countries’ development on different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research & innovation. Using statistical methods such as t-test, z-test, F-test or ANOVA and regression, the data were analyzed and the results were compared among the listed developing countries. Finally, this dissection represents the relationship between two independent variables, Net Salaries and Employment where specific dependent variables significantly contribute in North Macedonia and Serbia.

Performance analysis of B2B and B2C companies: A case study of selected Balkan countries

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer in Western Balkan countries and Bulgaria. The first, model - business to business (B2B) is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without interference of consumer. The second model, business to consumer (B2C) is customer oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This study focuses on the performance of these two business models in regional countries which are: Albania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis intends to provide information regarding the countries’ development on different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research & innovation. Using statistical methods such as t-test, z-test, F-test or ANOVA and regression, the data were analyzed and the results were compared among the listed developing countries. Finally, this dissection represents the relationship between two independent variables, Net Salaries and Employment where specific dependent variables significantly contribute in North Macedonia and Serbia.

The use of B2B and B2C e-commerce models as a tool of anti-crisis management of industrial enterprises

E-commerce, which covers all types of trade via the Internet, has become a promising area for modern interactive business in a highly competitive environment. The use of B2B (Business-to-Business) and B2C (Business-to-Consumer) e-commerce models is extremely important for crisis-free development of business entities. The aim of this study is to prove the need for organisational, production, and management innovations that involve the introduction of B2C and B2B e-commerce models, as well as to identify the main sources of funding for such innovations in enterprises in crisis. To study the specifics of the use of B2C and B2B e-commerce models as an important area of anti-crisis management of industrial enterprises, such research methods and techniques as a systems approach, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction were implemented. The process of managerial activity, such as making managerial decisions, is also used. The study proves that development, implementation and use of B2B and B2C e-commerce models can be seen as an integral part of business management under the threat of bankruptcy. In practice, insolvent enterprises have very limited opportunities to implement B2B and B2C e-commerce models, so in such a situation it is very important to set priorities and find their own reserves. The priority of internal sources of financing activities in the field of e-commerce of enterprises in crisis is also due to the following: domestic sources can be mobilised in a short time and, as a rule, do not require significant capital expenses; mobilisation of internal sources reduces the company’s dependence on external creditors, partners and counterparts. The main way to identify internal sources of funding for projects for the development, implementation and use of B2B and B2C e-commerce models is collecting information about the organisation, results of its activities, financial condition and trends, analysis of financial indicators. The world economic development shows that those enterprises that do not pay proper attention to e-commerce do not have a chance to stay on the market for a long time. The development of e-commerce models causes a change in the structure of the economy. Effective development, implementation and use of B2B and B2C e-commerce models determines the company’s ability to quickly adapt to changing external environment and stay on the market for as long as possible

Research on E-commerce Payment Security and Privacy Protection Based on Improved B2C Model

The popularity of Internet and mobile terminalspromotes the development of e-commerce. However, e-commercewhich is not necessary to face to face poses a major challenge to thepayment security and privacy protection of consumers. This paperbriefly introduces the traditional business to customer (B2C)e-commerce model. A third-party privacy server was introduced toprovide a double encryption algorithm for the model, and then thetraditional and improved B2C models were simulated to verify theperformance of the two models in the confidentiality of the transactioninformation and the security of the transaction informationtransmission process. The results showed that the intruder could notdirectly obtain the sensitive privacy information such as paymentinformation and order information of consumers even if he invaded thedatabase of the online store when the improved B2C model was used;after the transaction information was intercepted and decrypted underthe two B2C models, the decryption integrity decreased with theincrease of the transaction information quantity, while under the sametransaction information quantity, the decryption integrity of theimproved B2C model was lower

Performance Analysis of B2B and B2C companies in Northern Macedonia and Serbia

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare two different business models called business to business and business to consumer. The first model -business to business or B2B is defined as the transfer of goods and services between businesses or firms without the interference of consumers. The second model, business to consumer or B2C is customer-oriented in which the goods and services are sold immediately to customers in the market. This research focuses on the performance of these two business models in North Macedonia and Serbia. Our analysis tries to provide information regarding the countries’ development in different sectors within B2B and B2C models that are affected by specific indicators such as net salaries, total employment level, investment and exports, and research&innovation. Furthermore, besides the analysis of these indicators separately for each country, the paper will show the results and compare the performance differences among listed developing countries.

Evaluation of the Implementation of C2B, B2C, B2B, A2C and A2B Models of e-Commerce in Excellence Education System of Academic Institutions Using AHP and Fuzzy AHP

Evaluation of the Implementation of C2B, B2C, B2B, A2C and A2B Models of e-Commerce in Excellence Education System of Academic Institutions Using AHP and Fuzzy AHP

Methodology of modern marketing management pharmaceutical organizations

Complications of the functioning environment of pharmaceutical organizations contribute to the introduction of innovative approaches to marketing management.Aim. To determine the theoretical, methodological and practical features, as well as the effectiveness of marketing management in the activities of pharmaceutical organizations.Materials and methods. Formation of marketing management. The content of the current marketing goals of pharmaceutical organizations by the example of pharmacies and their networks, modern tools for their achievement and the expected effectiveness.Results. The conducted research showed that the influence of the unstable business space (VUCAworld) motivates the pharmaceutical organizations to establish actual marketing goals. Among them are the provision of economic security and competitive stability, the achievement of goals in the field of marketing interaction, the formation or maintenance of a loyalty program, the introduction of innovative and information technologies, etc. To achieve these goals, the newest tools of marketing management are used: the application of the Big Data marketing, Model G2B, the definition of new staff competencies, the use of the market intelligence principles, the use of category management, CRM-systems, the introduction of P2P, B2B and B2C models, personalization of services in the B2B segment, online marketing, the introduction of mathematical models, etc. As a result, pharmaceutical organizations, in particular, pharmacies and their networks have the opportunity to achieve the effective functioning and competitive advantages, which described in the article.Conclusions. The influence of modern models and methods, digital technologies on the structure, means of achievement and indicators of the effectiveness of pharmaceutical organizations on the example of pharmacy enterprises or their chains is shown. The principles of modern marketing management in the pharmaceutical market are formulated. The results obtained will allow further study of the weight and quantitative criteria for indicators of the social and economic effectiveness of marketing management of pharmaceutical organizations.

CORPORATE SOCIAL BUSINESS’S RESPONSIBILITY AS THE INSTRUMENT OF MANAGING OF THE ENTERPRISE

Urgency of the research. The place of the traditional understanding of a business aimed at making a profit from the production of goods, services and its distribution between the parties is being taken by the idea of business as a source of social welfare growth, which is achieved through the production and sale of goods and services. Target setting. Realization of this goal necessitated the following tasks: to explore the nature and significance of corporate social responsibility (CSR), to analyze the implementation of CSR tools for modern enterprises, to explore the development and B2C models and show the effectiveness of their implementation in modern conditions of development, to determine the impact of CSR on building an effective "business to consumers" model. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The problems of research and development of corporate social responsibility has been researched by many domestic and foreign scientists. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. However, despite the existing scientific developments in this area, the impact of corporate social responsibility to build an effective B2C model is not fully defined and requires further study. The research objective. The aim of the article is that the main directions of corporate social responsibility in relation to clients have been defined and the basic factors that influence consumer’s CSR-maturity in different countries have been determined. The statement of basic materials. The author summarized origin and basic types of models in a segment «business to consumers», and features of their functioning in a modern economy. The considerable attention is paid to the role of corporate social responsibility in the construction of effective intercommunications with consumers. Has identified how the observance of CSR principles in modern enterprise influences its reputation. Conclusions. Corporate social responsibility is not just a fashion statement, but a vital necessity. For companies operating in the B2C segment, corporate social responsibility is one of the tools for success. Social innovation strategies implemented under the CSR not only allow companies to demonstrate their citizenship, but also become an important marketing tool that enables stand, develop new products and trends, to create an emotional connection between the brand and the consumer, thus contributing to growth loyalty. Social innovations implemented into strategies under the CSR strategies not only allow companies to demonstrate their citizenship, but also become an important marketing tool that allows to come forward, develop new products and trends, create an emotional connection between the brand and the consumer, thus contributing to the growth of loyalty.

Empirical Analysis on Efficiency of Listed Real Estate Companies in China by DEA

The real estate industry plays an important role in the economic development in China. The purposes of this paper are to measure the operating efficiency of the real estate industry and also compare the different influencing factors on the efficiency. 30 companies listed in Shenzhen and Shanghai markets are selected as the sample companies of operating efficiency study. The data is collected from 2009 until 2015. C2R and B2C models of the data envelopment analysis (DEA) are used to derive findings. The present study applied Tobit regression model to study different factors’ influence on the efficiency. We concluded that efficiency was not high among most companies and the efficiency gap was quite wide. The results of the Tobit regression model showed that the efficiency was positively correlated with the net interest rate and education level, not so correlated with proportion of the first major shareholders and negatively with asset-liability ratio. Based on the conclusions, the paper put forward some specific suggestions.

Assessing the Factors of E-Trust in E-Transactions based on Analyzing and Designing a New Trust Management TDSET Model

Objective: This study aims to identify, categorize and introduce the influential factors of creating, promoting and maintaining E-Trust in B2C EC )E-Commerce( businesses. The quality and quantity of the factors play a vital role as the index of the degree of trust in an EC business. They can be used by online customers, or other companies, to assist trust creation in all stages of investigating and making decisions on online transactions. Methodology: First of all, the factors affecting the life cycle of E-Trust in EC environment were extracted from related literature. Then, they were assessed, ranked and classified using the opinions and recommendations of professional experts. Their assumptions on the impact of the factors on the E-Trust of online customers were collected from the studied population using a comprehensive poll conducted over online buyers. Findings: Data was analyzed using structural equations model and LISERL. It was revealed that the five studied factors are actually the most important factors affecting the E-Trust in EC businesses. In addition, this study was assessed by a number of EC specialists. Their results agree with those proposed by the studied population. Innovation/ Improvement: This is an innovative study on the E-Trust factors of B2C EC businesses and establishing TDSET Models for managing Online Trust. Administrative organizations of E-Business, which are responsible for regulating, administrating and organizing EC efforts such as B2C, B2B and C2B models, can adopt the results as a new approach for assessing EC businesses from customers’ points of view in order to create trust and assist, accelerate and facilitate the process of making decision on the completion of online transactions.

The digital economy: new e-business strategies for food Italian system

In the ICTs sector, innovations follow each other swiftly, as it is a very dynamic market, where Web 3.0 represents the latest phenomenon, after Web 2.0 and the social networks that had revolutionised the global world of information. The web has become a web ecosystem in which users create value by sharing and creating experiences in the web. However, despite the fact that there are interesting potentials for growth, Italian agri-food and agricultural enterprises have still not bridged the digital divide. The aim of this study is to provide a brief overview of the developments in the digital economy and of the changes in B2C models. In particular, the state of the art for agri-food products in relation to the evolution from e-commerce to social commerce will be analysed, through a specific survey, consisting of two complementary phases, related both to online businesses and to the web consumers.

The digital economy: new e-business strategies for food Italian system

In the ICTs sector, innovations follow each other swiftly, as it is a very dynamic market, where Web 3.0 represents the latest phenomenon, after Web 2.0 and the social networks that had revolutionised the global world of information. The web has become a web ecosystem in which users create value by sharing and creating experiences in the web. However, despite the fact that there are interesting potentials for growth, Italian agri-food and agricultural enterprises have still not bridged the digital divide. The aim of this study is to provide a brief overview of the developments in the digital economy and of the changes in B2C models. In particular, the state of the art for agri-food products in relation to the evolution from e-commerce to social commerce will be analysed, through a specific survey, consisting of two complementary phases, related both to online businesses and to the web consumers.

C2C Business Models

Compared to the research on B2B and B2C models, research on C2C models has been less extensive and narrowly focused on the electronic marketplaces. This undermines the analysis of the potential implications of C2C models for online retailing. In this paper, I have redefined C2C to extend its scope, studied and categorized various C2C models that facilitate trading or sharing of products and information, and provided comprehensive analysis of the implications of these models for online retailing. This research provides a framework to put various consumer-centric business models such as virtual communities, electronic marketplaces, and peer-to-peer networking applications into the C2C perspective and categorize these models based on the nature of transaction between consumers.

Electronic Commerce: B2C Strategies and Models

Electronic Commerce: B2C Strategies and Models