Azoxystrobin Research Articles

Comparative cytotoxicity and mitochondrial disruption in H9c2 cardiomyocytes induced by common pesticides

Chronic exposure to pesticides is believed to be associated with various human diseases, including cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanisms by which pesticides lead to cardiovascular diseases remain unclear. In our study, we selected the following commonly used pesticides as typical examples: the herbicides glyphosate (GLY) and glufosinate ammonium (GLA); the insecticides imidacloprid (IMI) and thiamethoxam (THM); and the fungicides pyraclostrobin (PYR) and azoxystrobin (AZO). We employed H9c2 cells as a model to investigate the cytotoxic effects of these pesticides on myocardial cells at concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/L. The results indicate that these pesticides can affect cell viability, alter the cell cycle, and significantly impact ATP content and mitochondrial complex levels, ultimately triggering oxidative stress responses in the cells. However, compared to herbicides GLY and GLA, insecticides IMI and THM, and fungicides PYR and AZO pesticides are more toxic to H9c2 cells. Additionally, GLY, GLA, IMI, THM, PYR, and AZO were found to cause structural changes in the mitochondria of H9c2 cells. Molecular docking results suggest that these pesticides can bind to proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics. Furthermore, IMI, THM, PYR, and AZO exhibit stronger binding abilities to mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins. These findings indicate that these pesticides significantly adverse effects on myocardial cells, mainly by causing mitochondrial dysfunction and inducing oxidative stress. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the differential toxicity of various classes of pesticides when assessing their risks to human health, particularly concerning cardiovascular diseases.

Comparative Fitness of Monilinia fructicola Isolates with Multiple Fungicide-Resistant Phenotypes.

This study characterized 52 isolates of Monilinia fructicola from peach and nectarine orchards for their multiresistance patterns to thiophanate-methyl (TF), tebuconazole (TEB), and azoxystrobin (AZO) using in vitro sensitivity assays and molecular analysis. The radial growth of M. fructicola isolates was measured on media amended with a single discriminatory dose of 1 μg/ml for TF and AZO and 0.3 μg/ml for TEB. Cyt b, CYP51, and β-tubulin were tested for point mutations that confer resistance to quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), demethylation inhibitors (DMIs), and methyl benzimidazole carbamates (MBCs), respectively. Eight phenotypes were identified, including isolates with single, double, and triple in vitro resistance to QoI, MBC, and DMI fungicides. All resistant phenotypes to TF and TEB presented the H6Y mutation in β-tubulin and the G641S mutation in CYP51. None of the point mutations typically linked to QoI resistance were present in the Monilinia isolates examined. Moreover, fitness of the M. fructicola phenotypes was examined in vitro and in detached fruit assays. Phenotypes with single resistance displayed equal fitness in vitro and in fruit assays compared with the wild type. In contrast, the dual- and triple-resistance phenotypes suffered fitness penalties based on osmotic sensitivity and aggressiveness on peach fruit. In this study, multiple resistance to MBC, DMI, and QoI fungicide groups was confirmed in M. fructicola. Results suggest that Monilinia populations with multiple resistance phenotypes are likely to be less competitive in the field than those with single resistance, thereby impeding their establishment over time and facilitating disease management.

Spatiotemporal distribution, ecological risk assessment, and human health implications of currently used pesticide (CUP) residues in the surface water of Feni River, Bangladesh

Spatiotemporal monitoring of pesticide residues in river water is urgently needed due to its negative environmental and human health consequences. The present study is to investigate the occurrence of multiclass pesticide residue in the surface water of the Feni River, Bangladesh, using an optimized salting-out assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (SALLME) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The optimized SALLME method was developed and validated following the SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines. A total of 42 water samples were collected and analyzed to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of azoxystrobin (AZ), buprofezin (BUP), carbofuran (CAR), pymetrozine (PYM), dimethoate (DMT), chlorantraniliprole (CLP), and difenoconazole (DFN). At four spike levels (n = 5) of 20, 40, 200, and 400 μg/L, the recovery percentages were satisfactory, ranging between 71.1 % and 107.0 % (RSD ≤13.8 %). The residues ranged from below the detection level (BDL) to 14.5 μg/L. The most frequently detected pesticide was DMT (100 %), followed by CLP (52.3809–57.1429), CAR (4.7619–14.2867), and PYM (4.7619–9.5238). However, AZ and BUP were below the detection limit in the analyzed samples of both seasons. Most pesticides and the highest concentrations were detected in March 2023, while the lowest concentrations were present in August 2023.Furthermore, ecological risk assessment based on the general-case scenario (RQm) and worst-case scenario (RQex) indicated a high (RQ > 1) risk to aquatic organisms, from the presence of PYM and CLP residue in river water. Human health risk via dietary exposure was estimated using the hazard quotient (HQ). Based on the detected residues, the HQ (<1) value indicated no significant health risk. This report provides the first record of pesticide residue occurrences scenario and their impact on the river environment of Bangladesh.

The role of application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms in achieving financial inclusion in the Kurdistan Regional Government – Iraq

The current research aims to identify the role of application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms in achieving financial inclusion in the Kurdistan Regional Government, and shedding light on the mechanisms for application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms and improving it in a way that achieves financial inclusion. As well as researching the importance and necessity of achieving financial inclusion with the aim of getting rid of the problem of the financial crisis in the region, especially the problem of the salaries of regional government employees. The research relied on the field method for collecting data through statistical analysis and using SPSS23 programs for data on 47 questionnaire forms obtained from the research sample, which is represented in four categories: bank managers, administrative managers, accountants, and IT employees in government and private banks in Dohuk Governorate, in order to test the research hypotheses. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: The results that there is a strong impact of application “My Account” project as one of the digital transformation mechanisms in achieving financial inclusion. Accordingly, it can be said that the correct application of “My Account” project will have a positive impact on achieving financial inclusion and thus will be an effective factor in stabilizing the financial situation and resolve the financial crisis. The results also demonstrated that the government financial system in the region is traditional, especially in terms of the financial services provided by the system to employees, and this needs to be developed and transformed into a digital system in response to the global digital environment that achieves financial inclusion. The research presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of application “My Account” project in the correct manner and in proportion to the requirements and needs of the employees and citizens of the regional government and as quickly as possible, with the aim of achieving financial inclusion in general and ending the salary problem in particular. Work should also be done to restore confidence among citizens in the region to persuade them to deal with banks, especially in terms of electronic banking services and transactions, in order to achieve financial inclusion successfully

Role of IT in Banking

Up until 1990, Indian banks operated in a relatively safe and secure environment; however, economic policies have forced them into fierce competition. As technology advances, the banking industry in India is also attempting to awaken from slumber and become more proactive. Banks have long used technology to enhance their offerings and operational effectiveness. These days, technology is altering not just the surroundings but also the interactions with clients. In addition to removing numerous barriers, technology has produced better goods and distribution methods. This has increased attention on customer relationships. It is also seen as a tool for cutting expenses and facilitating efficient communication between entities and individuals involved in the banking industry.

Sea urchin-like nanocarrier for enhancing pesticide retention and rain fastness on hydrophobic and hydrophilic crop foliage

Foliar washoff by rainfall is a major factor inducing the inefficient utilization of pesticides. Enhancing the adhesion and retention of pesticide on plant foliage has long been of interest. The presence of waxy platelets on most plant foliage surfaces renders them rough and hydrophobic. This reduces the area of contact between pesticide particle and plant foliage, which decreases the adhesion. In this study, we developed a pesticide nanocarrier (PANI/HACC) with sea urchin-like surface morphology based on polyaniline (PANI) doped with biodegradable 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC). Then, azoxystrobin (AZOX) loaded nanoparticles (AZOX@PANI/HACC) was synthesized by physical adsorption. It exhibited retention rates of 61.4% on rice leaves and 64.6% on cucumber leaves, which were higher than that of commercially available azoxystrobin water dispersible granules (AZOX-WDG, 42.1% and 24.5%, respectively) and suspension concentrates (AZOX-SC, 23.1% and 58.8%, respectively). Additionally, pot experiments demonstrated that the control efficacy of AZOX@PANI/HACC on rice against Rhizoctonia solani was 1.64-fold and 3.0-fold of that of AZOX-WDG and AZOX-SC, respectively. The higher retention performance of AZOX@PANI/HACC was attributed to the stable adhesion by fitting nanometer-sized spikes into the spaces between the waxy platelets. Overall, the pesticide nanocarrier with spiky surface morphology provides an effective strategy for improving pesticide retention and reducing pesticide loss in agricultural production.

Soil microeukaryotic communities and phosphorus-cycling microorganisms respond to chloropicrin fumigation and azoxystrobin application

Fumigants and fungicides are effective at controlling soil-borne pathogens but might also adversely affect soil beneficial microbes, such as soil phosphorus (P) solubilizing microbes, further altering nutrient cycling processes. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of the fumigant chloropicrin (CP) and the fungicide azoxystrobin (AZO) on soil microeukaryotes and P-cycling related soil bacteria through a greenhouse experiment. Soil microeukaryotic communities and bacterial communities containing two phosphomonoesterase encoding genes (phoC and phoD) were analysed using high-throughput sequencing methods. Results showed that, when applied at the field recommended application dosage, the fungicide AZO had no significant influence on the community structure of soil microeukaryotes and phoD-containing bacteria. However, in CP-fumigated soils, the soil microeukaryotic community composition changed from fungi-dominated to protist-dominated. CP fumigation significantly decreased the total phoC/phoD gene copy number but increased the relative abundance of some phoC/phoD-containing bacteria (such as Sinorhizobium and Streptomyces), which are significantly positively correlated to available P compositions in soil. The structural equation model (SEM) confirmed that CP fumigation could affect soil available P content directly by altering phoC-/phoD-containing bacteria, or indirectly by affecting phoC/phoD gene abundance and acid/alkaline phosphatases activity in soil. The inconsistent changes in phoC/phoD-containing bacteria, phoC/phoD gene number, and the phosphomonoesterase activities indicated that enzyme secretion may not be the only way for P solubilizing soil microorganisms to regulate P availability after soil fumigation. The outcome of this study can provide theoretical support for the design of soil beneficial microorganism recovery strategies and the regulation of phosphate fertilizer after soil fumigation.

The Combined Effects of Azoxystrobin and the Biosurfactant-Producing Bacillus sp. Kol B3 against the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium sambucinum IM 6525.

This study aimed to evaluate how the combined presence of the synthetic fungicide azoxystrobin (AZ) and the biosurfactant-producing Bacillus sp. Kol B3 influences the growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium sambucinum IM 6525. The results showed a noticeable increase in antifungal effectiveness when biotic and abiotic agents were combined. This effect manifested across diverse parameters, including fungal growth inhibition, changes in hyphae morphology, fungal membrane permeability and levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In response to the presence of Fusarium and AZ in the culture, the bacteria changed the proportions of biosurfactants (surfactin and iturin) produced. The presence of both AZ and/or Fusarium resulted in an increase in iturin biosynthesis. Only in 72 h old bacterial-fungal co-culture a 20% removal of AZ was noted. In the fungal cultures (with and without the addition of the bacteria), the presence of an AZ metabolite named azoxystrobin free acid was detected in the 48th and 72nd hours of the process. The possible involvement of increased iturin and ROS content in antifungal activity of Bacillus sp. and AZ when used together are also discussed. Biosurfactants were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Microscopy techniques and biochemical assays were also used.

Border cell population size and oxidative stress in the root apex of Triticum aestivum seedlings exposed to fungicides.

Fungicides reduce the risk of mycopathologies and reduce the content of mycotoxins in commercial grain. The effect of fungicides on the structural and functional status of the root system of grain crops has not been studied enough. In this regard, we studied the phytocytotoxic effects tebuconazole (TEB) and epoxiconazole (EPO) and azoxystrobin (AZO) in the roots of Triticum aestivum seedlings in hydroponic culture. In the presence of EPO and AZO (but not TEB) inhibition of the root growth was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the content of malondialdehyde, carbonylated proteins, and proline in roots. TEB was characterized by a dose-dependent decrease in the total amount of border cells (BCs) and the protein content in root extracellular trap (RET). For EPO and AZO, the dose curves of changes in the total number of BCs were bell-shaped. AZO did not affect the protein content in RET. The protein content in RET significantly decreased by 3 times for an EPO concentration of 1µg/mL. The obtained results reveal that the BC-RET system is one of the functional targets of fungicides in the root system of wheat seedlings. Studied fungicides induce oxidative stress and structural and functional alterations in the BC-RET system that can affect their toxicity to the root system of crops.

Co-detection of azoxystrobin and thiabendazole fungicides in mold and mildew resistant wallboards and in children

The study measured the levels of azoxystrobin (AZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ) in wallboards and metabolite levels of these fungicides in children. The paper covering of wallboard samples contained a higher concentration of AZ and TBZ than the gypsum core, and similar amounts (w/w) of these two fungicides were present in the samples. These data suggest that commercial products containing a 1:1 (w/w) amount of AZ and TBZ, such as Sporgard® WB or Azo Tech™, were applied to the wallboard paper. This is the first detection of TBZ in mold-and-mildew resistant wallboards. The TBZ metabolite, 5OH-TBZ, was detected in 48% of urine samples collected from children aged 40–84 months, and was co-detected with AZ-acid, a common AZ metabolite, in 37.5% of the urine samples. The detection frequency of 5OH-TBZ was positively associated with the detection frequency of AZ-acid. These findings suggest that certain types of wallboards used in homes and commercial buildings may be a potential source of co-exposure to AZ and TBZ in humans.

Model for Technology Risk Assessment in Commercial Banks

As the complexity of banking technology systems increases, the prevention of technological risk becomes an endless battle. Currently, most banks rely on the experience and subjective judgement of experts and employees to allocate resources for technological risk management, which does not effectively reduce the frequency of technology-related incidents. Through an analysis of mainstream risk management models, this study proposes a technology-based risk assessment system based on machine learning. It first identifies risk factors in bank IT, preprocesses the sample data, and uses different regression prediction models to train the processed data to build an intelligent assessment model. The experimental results indicated that the Genetic Algorithm–Backpropagation Neural Network model achieved the best performance. Based on assessment indicators, indicator weight values, and risk levels, commercial banks can develop targeted prevention and control measures by applying limited resources to the most critical corrective actions, thereby effectively reducing the frequency of technology-related incidents.

Visible-light-driven photo-Fenton oxidation enhanced by Fe/Bi-nanocrystal phase transformation as a universal way for various organic pollutants mineralization

Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs), such as azoxystrobin (AZX) fungicide, have been an increasingly serious problem in aquatic environments. Here, a novel Fe/Bi-nanocrystal (bismuth ferrite polymorphism composites, BFPCs) driven a new photo-Fenton system in visible light (λ >420 nm) irradiation (LED/BFPCs/H2O2) remarkably accelerates hydroxyl radical (HO•) formation with excellent efficiencies of both AZX and other 18 EOPs (especially for AZX 100 % degradation rarely reported). The system outperforms in mineralization rate, saving H2O2 usage (85 %) and reaction time (50 %) compared to the alike Fenton-like system. A phenomenon in BFPCs crystal structure observed on the crystal phase transformation from FeO6 octahedron into FeO4 tetrahedron that implied/uncovered a new finding of crystal-phase restructuring for enhancing Fe3+/Fe2+ circulation in Fenton chemistry. The stability of crystal structure and chemical composition of BFPCs catalysts was evaluated by HAADF imaging coupling with EDX mapping at atomic level. The mechanism on AZX degradation pathway in LED/BFPCs/H2O2 system is proposed for the first time by monitoring HO• and its source, and intermediates at a control condition.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫМИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯМИ БАНКА

With the development of information technologies, financial innovations largely depend on financial technologies, and banking and financial technologies are also closely linked. Outsourcing of information technology has gradually become inevitable for the application and development of banking IT. Due to the advantages of outsourcing banking services in strategic planning, cost control, risk transfer and increasing core competitiveness, the volume and scale of its outsourcing services has reached unprecedented development. This article analyzes in detail the characteristics of IT outsourcing banking services and puts forward a number of proposals to banks on the implementation of IT outsourcing services.

Interaction mechanism of a pesticide, Azoxystrobin with bovine serum albumin: Assessments through fluorescence, UV–Vis absorption, electrochemical and molecular docking simulation techniques

The current study's objective was to investigate how an antifungal pesticide Azoxystrobin (AZO) interacts with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under conditions that simulate a physiological medium (pH 7.4). This investigation was carried out using various experimental (UV–Vis absorption, steady-state fluorescence and 3-D fluorescence spectroscopies, and electrochemical) and theoretical (molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations) methods. The fluorescence quenching data demonstrated that AZO caused fluorescence quenching in BSA, and this quenching process was attributed to the static quenching mechanism. By examining the fluorescence quenching of BSA at three different temperatures, it was determined that the binding constants for the AZO-BSA complexes were approximately 104 M−1 in magnitude, while the same magnitude of the binding constant was found by the electrochemical method. This indicates that the interaction between AZO and BSA was of moderate strength. This was further validated by the changes observed in the UV–Vis spectrum of BSA following the addition of AZO. The thermodynamic information, including ΔH and ΔS, revealed that the interaction forces primarily involved van der Waals forces as well as hydrogen bonds. The negative Gibbs free energy indicated that the reaction is spontaneous. In the theoretical investigation, the comparison highlights a remarkable consistency in how AZO interacts with the BSA active site over various time points. Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions consistently play a role in ensuring the stable and specific binding of the ligand. Moreover, the 3-D fluorescence spectral findings revealed alterations in the surrounding microenvironment of protein fluorophores when AZO binds. Upon analyzing the electrochemical data, it was observed that there was a consistent decrease in the peak currents of AZO when BSA was added to solutions containing AZO. The primary cause of this decrease in the peak currents was the reduction in the equilibrium concentration of AZO due to the addition of BSA. Furthermore, the formation of a non-electroactive complex between BSA and AZO, which impedes electron transport between AZO and the working electrode, accounts for these decreases. As a result, it can be said that the understanding of how AZO binds to BSA offers valuable insights that can be applied in the food, human health, and environment sectors.

Fungicides from rice cultivation (tebuconazole and azoxystrobin) alters biochemical and histological markers of hammertoad tadpoles (Boanafaber).

Tebuconazole (TBZ) and azoxystrobin (AZX) are fungicides frequently used in rice cultivation. Despite protecting crops against fungal diseases, these compounds can contaminate the natural environments close to the crops, exerting negative effects on non-target organisms, the present study aimed to characterize the contamination by fungicides of a river that flows in an area dominated by rice cultivation in the north of the state of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil. Concentrations of TBZ and AZX found in the field were used to evaluate their negative effects on development, biochemical biomarkers and histopatology of the liver of a native tadpole species, the hammerfrog (Boana faber). Tadpoles were exposed for 16 days to the lowest (1.20 μg/L) and highest (2.60 μg/L) concentration of TBZ, lowest (0.70 μg/L) and highest (1.60 μg/L) concentration of AZX, and the mix of both fungicides at lowest and highest concentration of each found in field analyses. Exposure to the lower TBZ concentration and both concentrations of the Mix accelerated the development of tadpoles. AZX caused an increase in the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CbE) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the liver, an increase in the levels of protein carbonyls (PC) in the liver and an increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in muscle of tadpoles. TBZ, on the other hand, generated an increase in GST, G6PDH, PC and histopathological severity scores in liver and in muscle AChE activity. The effects were more intense in the groups exposed to the Mix of contaminants. No treatment altered brain AChE. The data showed that the fungicides from in rice cultivation found in natural aquatic environments around the crops pose risks to the health of the animals, compromising their metabolism and development.

Evidence of strobilurin fungicides and their metabolites in Dongjiang River ecosystem, southern China: Bioaccumulation and ecological risks

Despite the widespread application of strobilurin fungicides (SFs) in agriculture, little is known about their distribution and bioaccumulation in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the concentrations of 12 SFs and two of their metabolites were determined in abiotic (water and sediment; n = 83) and biotic (plant, algae, zooplankton, and fish; n = 123) samples collected from a subtropical freshwater ecosystem, namely, Dongjiang River wetland, in southern China. Among the 12 SFs measured, azoxystrobin (AZ) was the major fungicide found in surface water (median: 2.20 ng/L) and sediment (0.064 ng/g dry wt.). Azoxystrobin acid (AZ-acid), a metabolite of AZ, was the major analyte in the plant samples and had a median concentration at 0.36 ng/g dry wt. In algae and zooplankton, (Z)-metominostrobin was the predominant fungicide and had median concentrations of 3.52 and 5.55 ng/g dry wt., respectively. In fish muscle, dimoxystrobin (DIMO) was the major SF and had a median concentration of 0.47 ng/g dry wt. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of AZ-acid, trifloxystrobin (TFS), and pyraclostrobin (PYR) in algae and zooplankton and AZ-acid, PYR, TFS, TFS-acid, picoxystrobin, and DIMO in fish muscle exceeded 1000 L/kg (algae, zooplankton, and fish concentrations were expressed on a dry weight basis), suggesting that these fungicides can accumulate in biota. A positive association between log BCFs of SFs in fish and logKow of SFs and a negative correlation between log BCFs and the log solubility index were observed. Additionally, the risk quotient (RQ) was calculated to evaluate the potential ecotoxicological risk of SFs to different aquatic organisms (algae, zooplankton, and fish). The PYR and DIMO concentrations at 19 sampling sites had RQ values >0.1, indicating moderate ecotoxicological risks to aquatic organisms. This study is the first to document the widespread occurrence of SFs and their metabolites in aquatic ecosystems and to elucidate the bioaccumulation potential of SFs in aquatic organisms.

Preparation of Azoxystrobin-Zinc Metal-Organic Framework/Biomass Charcoal Composite Materials and Application in the Prevention and Control of Gray Mold in Tomato.

In order to reduce the use of fungicide and ensure food safety, it is necessary to develop fungicide with low toxicity and high efficiency to reduce residues. Azoxystrobin (AZOX), which is derived from mushrooms, is an excellent choice. However, conventional AZOX release is difficult to regulate. In this paper, a pH-responsive fungicide delivery system for the preparation of AZOX by impregnation method was reported. The Zinc metal-organic framework/Biomass charcoal (ZIF-8/BC) support was first prepared, and subsequently, the AZOX-ZIF-8/BC nano fungicide was prepared by adsorption of AZOX onto ZIF-8/BC by dipping. Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most important crop diseases worldwide. AZOX-ZIF-8/BC could respond to oxalic acid produced by Botrytis cinerea to release loaded AZOX. When pH = 4.8, it was 48.42% faster than when pH = 8.2. The loading of AZOX on ZIF-8/BC was 19.83%. In vitro and pot experiments showed that AZOX-ZIF-8/BC had significant fungicidal activity, and 300 mg/L concentration of AZOX-ZIF-8-BC could be considered as a safe and effective control of Botrytis cinerea. The above results indicated that the prepared AZOX-ZIF-8/BC not only exhibited good drug efficacy but also demonstrated pH-responsive fungicide release.

Single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin and cyproconazole to Prochilodus lineatus: Bioconcentration and biochemical responses

Fungicides are widely used across the world to protect crops and their presence in freshwater systems is increasing. However, the evaluation of their potential impacts on non-target organisms is in the minority of studies related to pesticides. In the current research, the single and joint toxicity of azoxystrobin (AZX) and cyproconazole (CYP) was investigated in juvenile fish Prochilodus lineatus. In particular, we evaluated bioconcentration and biochemical responses following a short-term exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicides (alone and in mixture). We also determined interactions between the biological responses when the two compounds were used in mixture. Our results demonstrate that AZX and CYP pose a risk to native freshwater fish by causing deleterious effects. Both compounds, alone and in mixture, bioaccumulated in P. lineatus and triggered neurotoxicity and changes in oxidative stress biomarkers in several organs. Moreover, muscle was a target tissue for these fungicides and a synergistic interaction was observed for the mixture. Due to the lack of studies in fish assessing the effects following exposure to AZX-CYP mixtures and considering a realistic exposure situation in agriculture-impacted water bodies, these findings provide new and relevant information for future studies.

Occurrence, spatial variation, seasonal difference, and risk assessment of neonicotinoid insecticides, selected agriculture fungicides, and their transformation products in the Yangtze River, China: From the upper to lower reaches

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) and agricultural fungicides (including strobilurin, azole, and morpholine fungicides) are widely used, while data on their contamination in the Yangtze River of China and the risks posed by them are limited. The occurrence and distribution of ten NNIs, twenty-one transformation products (TPs) of them, seventeen agricultural fungicides, and six TPs of them were investigated in the main stream of the Yangtze River. Surface water samples (n = 144) were obtained from 72 sampling points in dry season and wet season. Among the NNIs, the detection frequencies (DFs) of acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin, dinotefuran, flonicamid, imidacloprid (IMI), thiacloprid (THCP), and thiamethoxam (THM) were higher than 85%, with the median concentrations ranged from 0.06 ng/L (THCP) to 3.63 ng/L (IMI). The DFs of the TPs descyano-acetamiprid, desmethyl-acetamiprid (DM-ACE), N-[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl) methyl] methylamine, desnitro-clothianidin, desnitro-imidacloprid, desnitro-thiamethoxam, imidacloprid-urea, and thiamethoxam-urea (THM-urea) were higher than 80%, with the median concentrations ranged from 0.25 ng/L for DM-ACE to 2.41 ng/L for THM-urea. Some agricultural parent fungicides, including azoxystrobin (AZS), carbendazim (CBDZ), difenoconazole, dimethomorph, propiconazole, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole (TBCZ), were detected in all the samples; others were also detected in more than 80% of the samples except for fluoxastrobin (12.5%). The median concentrations of the frequently detected fungicides ranged from 0.02 ng/L (trifloxystrobin) to 26.8 ng/L (CBDZ). The DFs of the fungicide TPs azoxystrobin acid (AZS acid), difenoconazole-alcohol, tebuconazole-tert-butylhydroxy (TBCZ-OH), and 5-hydroxymethyl-tricyclazole were higher than 75%, with the median concentrations ranged from 0.09 ng/L (TBCZ-OH) to 1.80 ng/L (AZS acid). The summed concentrations of the NNIs and their TPs at the sampling points varied between 0.23 and 418 ng/L, and the summed concentrations of the selected fungicides and their TPs varied from 0.29 to 1160 ng/L. The spatial distribution of most target analytes revealed an increasing trend in their concentrations from the upstream to downstream Yangtze River (250 times increase in their cumulative concentration). Most target pesticides in this study had significantly higher concentrations during wet season than those during dry season. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment suggested that ACE, IMI, THM, CBDZ, TBCZ, and thifluzamide in some samples (n = 1, 11, 1, 1, 1, and 6, respectively) posed high risks to the ecosystem (risk quotient > 1). Priority attention should be paid to the ecological risk posed by these pesticides. Thirty-seven samples had concentrations of individual target analytes over 100 ng/L and four samples had cumulative concentrations of the target analytes over 500 ng/L, exceeding the European Commission guideline values. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a widespread occurrence of the NNIs, agricultural fungicides, and their TPs in the mainstream of the Yangtze River and potential ecological risks posed by some of them.

The Potential of Generative Artificial Intelligence Across Disciplines: Perspectives and Future Directions

ABSTRACT In a short span of time since its introduction, generative artificial intelligence (AI) has garnered much interest at both personal and organizational levels. This is because of its potential to cause drastic and widespread shifts in many aspects of life that are comparable to those of the Internet and smartphones. More specifically, generative AI utilizes machine learning, neural networks, and other techniques to generate new content (e.g. text, images, music) by analyzing patterns and information from the training data. This has enabled generative AI to have a wide range of applications, from creating personalized content to improving business operations. Despite its many benefits, there are also significant concerns about the negative implications of generative AI. In view of this, the current article brings together experts in a variety of fields to expound and provide multi-disciplinary insights on the opportunities, challenges, and research agendas of generative AI in specific industries (i.e. marketing, healthcare, human resource, education, banking, retailing, the workplace, manufacturing, and sustainable IT management).