Azadirachta Indica Seeds Research Articles

Sub-Acute Toxicity Assay of the smoke of Seeds of Azadirachta indica and Peels of Citrus sinensis used as natural insecticides on the Liver, Kidney, Lungs and Heart of Albino Rats

Abstract Natural plant parts such as seeds of Azadirachta indica (neem seeds) and peels of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) have been used as house-hold remedies against various ailments and bio-pesticides for agricultural purpose due to their repellent, growth regulatory and anti-feedant properties against insects. Despite their beneficial role, these natural insecticides could also have toxic effects on some vital organs of human. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sub-acute toxicity of smoke of the Seeds of Azadirachta indica and Peels of Citrus sinensis on the liver, kidney, lungs and heart of swiss albino rats. In this study, three groups of white swiss albino rats were exposed to the smoke of A indica seeds, peels of C sinensis and their combination at different duration of one hour and two hours respectively. The Control group were not exposed to any of the natural insecticides and were fed normal diet and water. After four weeks of the treatment, the animals were all sacrificed and their liver, kidneys, lung and heart were evaluated using standard biochemical and histopathological techniques. The levels of serum biochemical indices for liver (aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and protein), kidneys (urea, creatinine and electrolytes), and heart (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) were found to be significantly higher at (p<0.05) for all the groups treated with the two natural insecticides when compared to control group. Histopathological changes including fibrosis, hemorrhages, vascular congestion and necrosis were observed in the liver, kidneys and lungs tissues of the rats exposed to the smoke of the seeds of A indica. However, no histopathological changes were observed in all organs of rats exposed to the smoke of the peels of C sinensis compared to control group. Moreover, the severity of the effects of smoke of these natural insecticides on both biochemical and histopathological indices increases with increase in duration of exposure. The results of this study revealed that seeds of A indica have significant toxic effects on both the tissue and biochemical markers of all the major organs of the Swiss albino rats, while peels of C sinensis shows effect on only the biochemical indices at the specific duration of time studied.

Evaluation of Repellent Activity of Oils Obtained from the Seeds of Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas on the Insect Pest- Aphis craccivora Found in Cowpea

Evaluation of Repellent Activity of Oils Obtained from the Seeds of Azadirachta indica and Jatropha curcas on the Insect Pest- Aphis craccivora Found in Cowpea

Extraction of Oil from Azadirachta indica and Moringa stenopetala Seeds and Evaluation of its Physicochemical Properties

Azadirachta indica and Moringa stenopetala trees have been regarded as underutilized, tropical plants, fast-growing, drought-tolerant, robust, oleaginous, and evergreen perennial trees growing widely in various regions of Ethiopia. Almost every part of these plants (i.e., roots, stems, foliage, seeds, and barks) can be used as food additives and as raw materials for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, soap, and biofuel processing industries. This study aimed at the extraction and characterization of oil from A. indica and M. stenopetala seeds using the solvent method. The Box-Behnken Design was employed in the experimental design and result analysis. The particle size (0.2, 0.5, 0.8 mm), solvent-to-solute ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1), and extraction time (2, 5, 8 hrs) were experimental variables with three levels of low, medium, and high, whereas, the extraction temperature was kept uniform. Seventeen experiments were conducted for each species thereby developing the quadratic models with a P-value < 0.0001(significant). The quality and adequacy of the models were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% least significant difference. Results of the physicochemical determination of oils were triplicated and obtained as mean ± standard deviation. The determined physicochemical properties of A. indica and M. stenopetala seed oils were kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, pH value, refractive index, acid value, free fatty acid, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value. The obtained experimental results showed that the extracted oils from A. indica and M. stenopetala seeds exhibit good oil quality, and hence, they can be employed for commercial and industrial purposes, and the generation of renewable energy (biofuel).

Facile cost-effective green synthesis of carbon dots: selective detection of biologically relevant metal ions and synergetic efficiency for treatment of cancer

A facile cost-effective green synthesis approach has been used to synthesize carbon-dot (CDs) from the Kernel part of the Azadirachta Indica seeds and investigated their fluorescent and metal ions sensing capability and also used for the delivery of drugs. Metallic ions such as Ca2+, K+, Na+, Fe3+, and Zn2+ which are biologically important for many reactions and are selectively detected through the novel CDs. The resultant dot size of CDs (∼4 nm) is useful to eliminate the ‘Achilles heel’ problems, which is associated with the Zn2+ in the body and its detection is a very challenging task. It is found that the sensitivity of CDs for the detection of Zn2+ can be regulated by using different solvents. These CDs can also be used as a sensing probe for the selective detection of Fe3+ at a very low concentration of solution (∼5 μM). The synthesis method of CDs reported here is cost-effective, very fast and it is highly selective towards Fe3+ and Zn2+. Due to the fast response capability of these CDs, logic gate operation is achieved and it provides a new understanding to construct potential next-generation molecular devices for the detection of different biomolecules with high selectivity. Additionally, these CDs are biocompatible against normal healthy cells, capable of loading small biomolecules and drugs due to their porous nature, and exhibited potential impact for breast cancer therapy. It is observed that a significant synergic therapeutic effect of CDs loaded with doxorubicin against breast cancer cells is very promising. Thus, the CDs reported herein in this work have been synthesized through a green synthesis approach and can be used as a molecular probe for the detection of metal ions as well as for drug delivery applications.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green-synthesised nanoparticles as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of DM is an attractive option. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs) were biosynthesized through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica seed extract to evaluate their anti-diabetic potentials. These nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesized AI-AgNPs and crude extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds were evaluated for anti-diabetic potentials using glucose adsorption assays, glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assays. Al-AgNPs showed the highest activity (75 ± 1.528%), while crude extract showed (63 ± 2.5%) glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of Al-AgNPs was 10.65 ± 1.58%, while crude extract showed 8.32 ± 0.258% at 30 mM, whereas in the alpha-amylase assay, Al-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 73.85 ± 1.114% and crude extract 65.85 ± 2.101% at 100 µg/mL. The assay results of AI-AgNPs and crude showed substantial dose-dependent activities. Further, anti-diabetic potentials were also investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice were administered with AI-AgNPs (10 to 40 mg/kg b.w) for 30 days. The results showed a considerable drop in blood sugar levels, including pancreatic and liver cell regeneration, demonstrating that AI-AgNPs have strong anti-diabetic potential.

Phytochemical analysis and antifungal activity of Azadirachta indica and Balanites aegyptiaca seed extracts against Fusarium oxysporum isolate on tomatoes

Fusarium oxysporum is the causative agent of tomato wilt and is an important disease of tomato crops worldwide. Management through chemical fungicides causes serious environmental damage and human health. This study assesses the antifungal potential of biochemical compounds of Azadirachta indica and Balanites aegyptiaca seeds extracts identified by GC-MS analytical method against F. oxysporum. Acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of A. indica and B. aegyptiaca at 15, 30 and 60 μL/mL concentrations and synthetic fungicide (3.33 g/L) were tested in vitro in triplicate. Mycelial growth and Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50, MIC90) were evaluated 8 days after inoculation (DAI). As results, 55 and 34 phytochemical compounds were identified in seed extracts of A. indica and B. aegyptiaca respectively. Methanol extract of A. indica and B. aegyptiaca at 60 μL/mL concentration showed a total inhibition (100%) of F. oxysporum mycelial growth. Low MIC50 values were obtained with aqueous extract of A. indica (8.77 μL/mL) and methanol extract of B. aegyptiaca (17.91 μL/mL). The tentative action mode showed that the methanol extract of both plants induced wall lysis of F. oxysporum. These results suggest that A. indica and B. aegyptiaca seed extracts have potent antifungal activity and could be used as an alternative to control F. oxysporum. Keywords: Neem, desert date, bioactive compounds, mycelial growth, antifungal activity, Fusarium oxysporum

Thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of Azadirachta indica seeds over CaO and CuO: Pyrolysis kinetics, impact of catalysts on yield, fuel properties and its chemical compositions

Pyrolysis oil and distribution is still in the incipient stages, though it is a potential source of energy and valueable chemicals. The current work focused on the kinetics study and thermo-catalytic pyrolysis of Azadirachta indica seeds (AZI) over CaO and CuO. The kinetic behaviour of AZI is studied in a TGA under an inert atmosphere at dynamic heating rates (10, 20 and 30 °C min−1) using Starink method (ST) and Vyazovkin model (VM). Further, AZI were pyrolyzed in a semi-batch tubular reactor at 500 °C, 50 °C min−1 heating rate and 100 mL min−1 nitrogen flow rate at 20 wt% catalyst loading. The biomass and pyrolysis liquid were characterised via proximate analysis, elemental analysis, thermal stability, FTIR, viscosity, density, acidity, moisture content, GC-MS etc. Kinetic analysis of AZIs confirmed that biomass decomposition takes place in a multifaceted route, and the activation energy is associated with conversion and temperature. Thermal pyrolysis exhibited 39.53 wt% liquid yields; however, introducing 20 wt% catalyst has improved the yield to 46.53 wt% and 45.36 wt% for CaO and CuO, respectively. The findings of the thermal and catalytic pyrolytic oil demonstrated that the addition of catalysts significantly enhanced the properties of pyrolytic oil by lowering viscosity and oxygen content while raising heating value and acidity. Finally, GC-MS results displayed that the use of catalysts resulted in a considerable decline in the proportion of oxygenated compounds, acids, and phenols and an increase in the proportion of hydrocarbons, aldehydes and alcohols.

Therapeutic Potentials of Neem Against Malaria Parasite: A Review

Malaria presents a significant public health threat, affecting both developed and developing nations. The rise of drug resistance in regions with high malaria prevalence has posed challenges in effectively managing the disease. Azadirachta Indica, commonly known as the neem plant, has long been recognized as a medicinal plant in Asia and Africa, with historical usage in treating malaria parasites. The neem plant contains various bioactive compounds, making it a popular ingredient in traditional remedies. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of neem leaf and seed extracts in combating malaria parasites. The information used in this review was obtained from previously published studies sourced from various journals. The findings suggest that neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds or leaves show promise as a potential treatment for inhibiting the malaria parasite. However, further research is required to ascertain the antimalarial potency of the neem plant before confidently recommending it as a treatment for malaria parasites.

Biodiesel production from non-edible feedstock from a novel ternary mixture of Argemone Mexicana, Azadirachta Indica and Bakayan seeds oil

ABSTRACT As the world transitions away from fossil fuels, there is a growing need to balance energy security with energy demand. Several energy sources are being investigated and tested, primarily for driving automobiles. Biodiesel, a common vegetable oil derivative, is growing in popularity in several countries due to its substantial similarity to conventional diesel. Biodiesel can be promissorily used as a replacement liquid fuel for petrol-based diesel for compression ignition engines. At present, biodiesel production primarily relies on edible vegetable oils as its main source. This research explores the potential of a non-edible blend of Argemone Mexicana, Azadirachta Indica, and Melia Azedarach Linn seeds for biodiesel production. In the study, the raw oil was extracted from a novel ternary mixture of three non-edible oil seeds together. The raw oil was further processed for methyl ester production in two step process as the FFA was achieved more than 6%. Moreover, the biodiesel yield percentage was optimized by adjusting the parameters; catalyst concentration, molar ratio and heating time. The findings show that a 6:1 molar ratio, 60 min heating time and 0.6% by weight catalyst concentration yielded the highest percentage of biodiesel at 93%. The physio-chemical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were evaluated, and the outcomes satisfied the ASTM standards. The novel ternary mixture biodiesel exhibited equivalent chemical properties such as calorific value, viscosity and density as 39 MJ/kg, 7.2 mm2/s and 0.860 g/cm3 respectively. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using non-edible oil from the seeds together for biodiesel production and the potential of this novel ternary mixture as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel.

Encapsulation of Neem oil from Azadirachta indica into Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) as a novel sprayable miticide system with long-term storage stability and controlled release kinetic

In this study, Neem oil (NO) was extracted from the seeds of Azadirachta indica as a natural miticide agent. To prolong the insecticidal activity and control the sustainable release, various concentrations of NO were encapsulated in poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) copolymers and high and low molecular weight (Mw) polyvinyl alcohol (PVAH and PVAL) microparticles (MPs) using the single and double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The effects of different parameters, such as the molecular weight of the stabilizing agent (PVA), stirring time, and polymer concentrations, on the size, stability, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and release kinetics of the MPs were investigated. The presence of NO in PLGA/PVA MPs was confirmed by a shift in the glass transition temperature (Tg) to lower temperatures in the DSC thermograph, the appearance of peaks at 2854 cm−1 in the FTIR spectrum, a peak at 205 nm in the UV–vis spectrum and a rough surface in SEM. Moreover, the release kinetics of the MPs demonstrated sustained release of NO over 48 h. In terms of MPs storage, temperature affected short-term stability, while long-term stability after one year in a dark environment at room temperature was confirmed by the particles' strength. The miticide assay on dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus revealed that MPs with the highest NO concentration (PLGA/PVAL/NO 65%) exhibited the most effective miticidal activity, achieving a 100% kill rate after 24 h. Finally, the colloidal dispersion and stability of the MPs over time were assessed using rheology, and the results confirmed the particles' spray ability for miticide application.

Phytochemicals content and in-vitro antioxidant properties of Azadirachta indica seeds, leaves and twigs prepared from different extraction techniques

The current study was design to exploit the Azadirachta indica leaves, seeds and twigs for %yield, phytochemicals content and antioxidant activities using infusion, hydroalcoholic, decoction and microwave extraction techniques. The phytochemicals contents were determined by standard reported methods. While antioxidant activity was assessed by three (03) standards In-vitro antioxidant test systems as 1, 1’-diphynyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity and Nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity method using ascorbic acid as standard. The highest extractive yield was observed in seed were 44.00±02% (infusion), 38.00±00% (Hydroalcoholic) and 20.00±03% (decoction). Followed by leaves and twigs parts of neem. The high amount (+++) phytochemicals contents were extracted from neem leaves infusion and hydroalcoholic extracts as compared to seeds and twigs neem parts with decoction and microwave extraction methods. The highest Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves infusion extract showed at 1000 mg/L remarkably inhibited DPPH inhibition activity (85±01), H2O2 scavenging activity (83±01%), and NO scavenging activity (78±01%). The antioxidants activities showed a dose dependant manner, the higher the concentration showed high antioxidant activities. The results pointed to the significant antioxidant activities of the leaves infusion and hydroalcoholic extraction techniques, the overall strength being in the order of infusion >hydroalcoholic >decoction >microwave in leaves, seeds and twigs extracts. In all cases, the extracts obtained from leaves showed higher antioxidant activity and higher phytochemicals contents than the other extraction technique obtained from seeds and twigs. The results indicate that Azadirachta indica leaves, seeds and twigs extracts have potent antioxidant activities that would have beneficial effects on human health and infusion extracts are superior with better antioxidant potential.

A Review of Insect Pest Management in Vegetable Crop Production in Nigeria.

Insect pest infestations and damage can limit the production of vegetables in the farming systems in Nigeria. This review looks at integrated insect pest management as a possible panacea for resolving insect pest issues in vegetable crops. The main vegetable crops which include okra, tomatoes, chilli peppers, cucumbers, green amaranth, carrots and onions are highlighted. The major insect pests of the various vegetables which include foliage beetles, caterpillars, aphids, fruit flies, stink bugs, and grasshoppers are also mentioned. The various control measures that have been empirically verified for the mitigation of the impact of these insect pests, including the application of synthetic insecticides, modification of agronomic practices, use of resistant varieties, application of botanicals, biological and mechanical controls, are discussed. Studies which have been carried out attempting to integrate two or more of the control strategies for better insect pest control are also reviewed. Strategies that can be put in place for the integrated pest management of vegetable insect pests in Nigeria are considered. Among the IPM (Integrated Pest Management) practices instituted for the mitigation of pest infestations on vegetable crops in Nigeria, intercropping of suitable vegetables in combination with the application of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Piper guineense seeds under good farm hygiene and sanitation proved to be most successful.

Turbidity removal through the application of powdered azadirachta indica (neem) seeds

Various natural products used for water treatment are becoming more popular due to their general safety, eco-friendly sludge production, ease of degradation, cost-effectiveness, and local availability. This research assessed the efficiency of powdered neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds in removing turbidity from the water. Batch experiments determined the optimum coagulant dose, pH level, mixing time, and mixing speed to reduce turbidity from kaolin-based synthetic turbid water. Powdered neem seeds with a pore size of about 0.45 mm were prepared and used in water treatment under optimum conditions. Results showed that a coagulant dose of 3 g of neem seeds/L, 13.2 pH level, 60 mins mixing time at 80 rpm mixing speed could reduce turbidity levels to 35 NTU from 250 NTU (86% removal). Findings suggest that powdered neem seeds can be a potential substitute for conventional chemical coagulants for drinking water treatment.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seeds on the Streptozotocin-induced Wistar Rats

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seeds on the Streptozotocin-induced Wistar Rats

Ethanolic Extract of Azadirachta Indica Seeds and Leaves and its impact on Lipid Profile in Diabetes Mellitus

Ethanolic Extract of Azadirachta Indica Seeds and Leaves and its impact on Lipid Profile in Diabetes Mellitus

Antimicrobial and Antibiotic-Resistance Reversal Activity of Some Medicinal Plants from Cameroon against Selected Resistant and Non-Resistant Uropathogenic Bacteria.

Antibiotics' resistance is the leading cause of complications in the treatment of urinary tract infections. This study aimed to screen the antimicrobial potential of 8 plants from Cameroon against multi-resistant uropathogenic (MRU) bacteria and to investigate their antibioresistance reversal properties. Bioactive compounds were extracted from leaves of Leucanthemum vulgare, Cymbopogon citratus, Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina; barks of Cinchona officinalis and Enantia chlorantha barks and seeds of Garcinia lucida and leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica using water and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Candida albicans 10231 using the well diffusion and the broth microdilution methods. The antibiotic-resistance reversal activity was assessed against selected MRU bacteria. The phytochemical composition and the elemental composition of the most active extracts were assessed respectively using HPLC-MS/MS and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. Among the most active plants, in decreasing order of antimicrobial activity we found ethanolic (EE) and aqueous extracts (AE) of E. chloranta bark (ECB), EE of L. vulgare leaves and G. lucida seeds. The best synergies between common antibiotics and extracts were found with EE-ECB which well-modulated kanamycin nitrofurantoin and ampicillin. All the compounds identified in EE-ECB were alkaloids and the major constituents were palmatine (51.63%), columbamine+7,8-dihydro-8-hydroxypalmatine (19.21%), jatrorrhizine (11.02%) and pseudocolumbamine (6.33%). Among the minerals found in EE-ECB (S, Si, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn and Br), Br, Fe and Cl were the most abundant with mean fluorescence intensities of 4.6529, 3.4854 and 2.5942 cps/uA respectively. The ethanol extract of the bark of E. chlorantha has remarkable, broad-spectrum antimicrobial and contains several palmatine derivatives.

The Azadirachta indica (Neem) Seed Oil Reduced Chronic Redox-Homeostasis Imbalance in a Mice Experimental Model on Ochratoxine A-Induced Hepatotoxicity.

Liver damage severity depends on both the dose and the exposure duration. Oxidative stress may increase the Ochratoxine-A (OTA) hepatotoxicity and many antioxidants may counteract toxic liver function. The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of Azadirachta indica A (A. indica; neem oil) seed oil to reduce acute oxidative disorders and residual OTA toxicity in a 28-day experimental model. The activity of antioxidant and hepatic enzymes, cytokines and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers –MDA, GSPx, Hydroxiproline, GST, PCC, AGEs, PGC-1, and STIR-1 were analyzed by ELISA. The free radicals ROS and RNS levels were measured by EPR. The protective effects were studied in BALB/C mice treated with A. indica seed oil (170 mg/kg), alone and in combination with OTA (1.25 mg/kg), by gavage daily for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, mice treated with OTA showed changes in liver and antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress parameters in the liver and blood. A. indica oil significantly reduced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation compared to the OTA group. In addition, the hepatic histological evaluation showed significant adipose tissue accumulation in OTA-treated tissues, while treatment with 170 mg/kg A. indica oil showed moderate adipose tissue accumulation.

Development of a bioactive film from fruit seed waste for shelf life extension of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum )

Solanum lycopersicum, a climacteric, and highly perishable commodity suffer significant postharvest loss along the supply chain. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Aspergillus flavus are chief microorganisms responsible for the biological deterioration of tomatoes. The bioactive compounds present in the extracts of Azadirachta indica, Annona squamosa, and Carica papaya seeds effectively inhibit the growth of these spoilage-causing microorganisms. The research work has investigated the minimum inhibitory concentration of the target microorganisms and has incorporated the optimized concentration of the extracts into the biofilm. The designed biofilm was examined for various physical parameters and antimicrobial activity. The shelf-life of tomatoes packed with the bioactive film was extended to 13 days and the physical, physicochemical, and sensory parameters were found to be acceptable. Whereas the control sample was spoiled on day 5. Therefore, the packaging of tomatoes in the antimicrobial bioactive packaging material is a promising approach toward enhancing the shelf life.

Activité antifongique des extraits aqueux des graines d’Azadirachta indica A. Juss. sur le développement de Sclerotium rolfsii, agent pathogène des rhizomes de Zingiber officinale

With the aim of contributing to the fight against phytopathogens, an evaluation of the antifungal activity of the aqueous extracts of the seeds of Azadirachta indica on the development of Sclerotium rolfsii, a pathogenic fungus of the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale , was carried out through bioassays on mycelial growth and sclerotia formation. The biological tests were carried out in vitro by systemic application on S. rolfsii . The results obtained revealed a sensitivity of the fungus S. rolfsiidifferent concentrations of seed extracts and the commercial fungicide product Mancozeb. The concentration of 50 gl-1 of the extracts and of Mancozeb induced high inhibition rates which are respectively 76.37±7.35% and 80.14±3.4% on the mycelial growth of S. rolfsii . The numbers of sclerotia formed were reduced in the dishes at concentrations of 50 gl-1 (4.1±1.1 of sclerotia) and 20 gl-1 (7±1.8 of sclerotia) of the extracts. The 50 gl-1 concentration of the plant extract was more effective in inhibiting mycelial growth and sclerotia formation of S. rolfsii . The results of this study suggest that the aqueous extract from the seeds of A. indica can be used preventively in S. rolfsii control strategies .

Antiproliferative efficacy of the antioxidant bioactive compounds of defatted seeds of Azadirachta indica and Momordica charantia against the regulatory function of tumor suppressor gene inducing oral carcinoma

The present study focuses on the antiproliferative activity of polyphenolic flavonoids found in defatted seeds of Azadirachta indica and Momordica charantia with the regulatory function of tumor suppressor genes inducing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Polyphenolic flavonoid in extracts was characterized using chromatographic analysis and has confirmed the presence of quercetin, rutin and tannic acid in the extracts of A. indica and M. charantia. According to DPPH assay and reducing power assays, free radical scavenging was found to be high in ethanolic extract of defatted seeds. Antiproliferative efficacies of defatted seed extracts against KB cell line (mouth) were studied by MTT assay and revealed that aqueous extract of defatted seeds of M. charantia has exhibited maximum antiproliferative activity against KB cells. Antioxidant activity of defatted seed extracts were observed on treated KB cells by determining enzymatic activity (SOD, Cat, and GST) and nonenzyme content (GSH and MDA Content). Using the AutoDock tool, quercetin, rutin and tannin acid revealed that mutant p53, TWIST related protein, TGF-β and Snail I have the best binging energy results. MD simulation was observed on best docking results between the molecule and identified flavonoid by Desmond V 5.9 package . This leads to the conclusion that bioactive extracts with antiproliferative activity, antioxidant capacity and polyphenols with binding efficacy against tumor suppressor gene regulatory function could be used as a herbal remedy. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma