Axiological Hierarchy Research Articles

Image of Lesia Ukrainka in the Modern Urban Cultural Space of Ukraine: On the Issue of Various Forms of Keeping the National Memory on the Way to European Integration

This article is devoted to determining the key trends in visual “modernization” of the image of the renowned Ukrainian writer and poetess Lesia Ukrainka in the urban cultural space of twenty-first-century Ukraine as a state that is going along its way to European integration. The study examines the peculiarities of transformation of her iconic figure under the conditions of changing value paradigms which reflect the significant processes of renovation in the society’s art and ideology. The analysis conducted indicates that it is the visual methods of “modernizing” her image that reflect the emergence of several social trends oriented at the average Ukrainian of the new generation – one who, in search of the form of self-identification, is willing to connect aesthetic and axiological categories of the past with the demands of the present, to connect national identity with European identity. The transformation of Lesia Ukrainka’s image in urban culture is realized, on the one hand, by means of symbolization and sacralization, and, on the other hand, by means of kitsch, play, breaking the axiological hierarchy (de-iconization), fetishization, simulacrization, and others.

Polémica: do posicionamento à referenciação, passando pelas emoções

In this article we analyse the enunciative-pragmatic and rhetorical strategies that globally shape discourses in the context of a polemical discursive event, drawing on Amossy’s (2014) definition of polemics. From a corpus consisting of transcripts of debates in the Assembly of the Republic and press texts between 2018 and 2021, we approach, from an argumentative, rhetorical and pragmatic-discursive perspective, the global configuration of discourses that have euthanasia as their object. Euthanasia emerges as a source of polemic in the context of the discussion of several bills aimed at its legalization in parliament.
 In a particularly agonistic context raised from the outset by the topic at the core of the debate, one of the objectives of this analysis cannot but analyse the referentiation of the way concept of “euthanasia”: the various ways of referencing are one of the rhetorical-argumentative and discursive strategies that comes to the fore, given the role of implicitations, beliefs and common knowledge in the addressee’s response.
 The referentiation of the discursive object 'euthanasia' is therefore of particular interest, since it mirrors an axiological hierarchy of values, encyclopedic knowledge, doxal voices supporting different ideological positions, particularly in an agonal discourse around eventual decisions with (bio)ethical, religious and sociological implications. For the analysis of the referentiation of 'euthanasia' and other terms associated with it, revealing different positions and points of view, we rely on studies by Angenot (2014), Sitri (2003, 2004), Mondada (2002), amongst others.
 Closely connected with the conceptualization of “euthanasia”, one finds discursive traces of pathemization contributing to the ultimate purpose of the speakers' macro-illocutionary act. Since nowadays it is widely accepted that discourse has an emotional (or pathemic, according to Charaudeau) aspect, our objective is also to observe how emotions are interwoven — and justified — in the thread of discourses.
 Given the controversial nature of the topic under discussion, we found that the discourse(s) are the target of a process of pathemization and spectacularization (Charaudeau, 2000, 2005). The appeal to emotions, in particular to pity / compassion, is imbricated in the logos, in such a way that the dimension of pathos is intended to be validated and justified (Micheli, 2008, 2010). On the other hand, the "good reasons" (Plantin, 2011) at the base of the pathemic dimension of the discourse are indelibly linked to the construction of an ethos favorable to the Speaker and the capture of the addressee and a vast group auditorium.
 In the wake of Kerbrat-Orecchioni (1980), we are interested in analyzing the marks of polemicity that translate into enunciative-pragmatic strategies summoned as a support for the argumentative activity.
 We thus resume some aspects in the analysis of polemics already addressed in Gil (2013, 2017, 2021).

Society and Law During the SARS-CoV-2 Health Crisis – Legal Thinking Issues and Normative Syntheses

Abstract In this paper, we aim to observe, from a bird’s eye view, the meaning for which law dictates behaviors molded on values naturally hierarchized. The right to life is the absolute value that maintains its central position in any axiological hierarchy. Of course, we refer to the typology of societies connected to democratic and liberal values (more or less accentuated). We propose an approach with philosophical accents while traveling through the sphere of international regulations that protect rights and freedoms. All these will be related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic context. We will pay attention to the Romanian political praxis and constitutional justice during the health crisis. Finally, we will explore some legal and social thinking landmarks about what it means to approach a health crisis when it comes to understand and value freedom within the human existence coordinated by law.

Images of Masculinity in the Rock Art and Decorative and Applied Art of the Ancient Altai

The paper analyses a content of pre-historic rock carving dated by the 2nd and 1st millennium before Christ located at Mountain Altai, in relation with a subjects of images (an animal, a human, the Universe). Various elements of semiosphere of the regional rock paintings are considered, graphic means of representation of masculinity significs and positioning of manhood ideals in petroglyphs of Altai ancient nomads are described. The relation between typical position of sign compositions, which are identical to rock paintings, on a historical costume complex,weapons, properties of habitants of Scythian-Siberian world, and position of senses transferring by them in nomads’ axiological hierarchy and world picture, is disclosed.

«Часть речи» / “A Part of Speech” И. Бродского: двуязычие как творческий метод в поэзии

This article is an attempt of textological conceptualization of an interlingual transfer (doubling) of a literary text. This transfer, in case it has been done by the author him/herself, is traditionally called self-translation, yet it can also by qualified as an adaptation of the “old” text to the perceptive abilities of the “new” recipient, i.e. a collective reader representing a different national and cultural medium and bearing its values as a prevalent aesthetic waymark. Special importance in the above process is attached to such a significant feature of any literary text of high quality as its elasticity. The textological approach to the scientific understanding of the differentlanguage text binary is often complemented by the bilinguological categorization of the subject, i.e. a text of poetry and, at the same time, a poetic cycle. From this standpoint, the mode of primary/secondary character of the two interconnected texts might lose its substantial preciseness. Further on, the article scrutinizes a landmark (for the Russian culture) literary text and its self-translation: the poetic cycle “A Part of Speech” by Joseph Brodsky. Four conceptual dominants of the cycle, with regard to their axiological hierarchy, are distinguished: 1) space/distance – location – oblivion; 2) time (epoch) – history – event – oblivion; 3) love – breakup – oblivion; 4) speech – art – extension – immortality. Further, a comparative analysis of their different-language verbalization is carried out. It is stated that Brodsky’s creation of this bilingual cycle reflects his striving for a cultural adaptation of each version to the background knowledge, historical experience, principles, traditions, aesthetic attitudes and, generally, sentiments of different groups of readers. In some cases this is done by means of the national language only, in other cases by the general complication of the poems’ figurative fabric.

Evaluative Potential of Nouns in the Russian Language

Specifying evaluation expression through the words representing differ-ent parts of speech, the article considers the evaluative potential of nouns and explores a possible correlation between the semantic and grammatical charac-teristics of substantive words, as well as their ability to play the role of evalua-tive qualification means. The author of the article makes a supposition that the noun has the greatest evaluative potential. The article reviews the capability of nouns that belong to different lexi-cogrammatical classes (proper, collective, material, abstract, and personal ones) for including an evaluative component of meaning into their semantics. It identifies the most important groups among the mass of evaluative units –the nouns having the meaning of person or a collective of persons or abstract nouns. The author notes that the thematic grouping, the character of connota-tions inherent in some groups of collective nouns, proper names, and common-language metaphors reflect the ethnic axiological reference points for assessing the qualities of a person.Opportunities for using substantive words in the evaluative function graphically demonstrate that only nouns can become proprial units. Names with evaluative connotations turn into symbols, which bring up evaluative associa-tions within the space of national culture.Ability of the noun to convey the evaluative signal is supported by the abundance and variety of suffixes that impart the evaluative component to de-rivative substantive words.The noun special status as a tool for generating the evaluative pragmat-ics of an utterance is supported by its syntactic multifunctionality.By denoting values, anti-values, and specific ethnic concepts, nouns play the main role in the verbalization of the national axiological hierarchy. They reflect the newly appearing realities and denominate the new meaningful no-tions of social life.

Wartość „dojrzała miłość” w systemie wartości młodzieży

As regards the axiological hierarchy, the love-as-a-gift is particularly important in interperso- nal relations. It means the value of a person-as-a-gift to another person. The complete experience of love between a man and a woman demands its ethical dimension. Its natural fulfilment is marriage as self-giving. Studies conducted among high school youth with the use of Milton Rokeach's RVS Scale, confirm that the value of mature love in the group of terminal values, and the value of loving in the group of instrumental values are highly cherished. The leading (central) position of the analysed values indicates their impact upon young people's behaviour.

Fundamental determinants and consequences of consumerism in the contemporary capitalist society

Abstact. The article considers consumerism as embracing virtually all areas of social life and creating persistent structural algorithms of consumption, which are efficiently integrated by the market into contemporary societal systems. By exploiting and distorting the true humanistic principles, commercialization of social structure, which is determined by the market relations liberalization, raises capitalist values to the highest rank of the axiological hierarchy and contributes to strengthening of social and individual consumerism. The article emphasizes significance and consequences of the commodity worlds dazzle, because dominant consumer values acquired the status of global social trends that determine the structural-essential elements of socialization. Contemporary advertising technologies based on behavioral concepts expand limits of consuming goods and services and successfully form customer needs by verbal and non-verbal semantic speculations that support the desire to consume. The author emphasizes that today the commodity consumption is not just purchase and use of goods but rather a commercial ritual designed by marketers to make people follow certain consumer standards regardless of their social-economic status. The consequences of the internalized consumerism are obvious: first, consumerism contributes to the transformation of personal communication by making goods and services mediators of relationships; second, the permanent development of consumer values contributes to axiological transformations, especially to commodification of the moral component of social reality.

Traditional and Non-Traditional Values in Russia, Bulgaria and Slovakia: Ethnolinguistic, Comparative and Historical Dimensions

The article embodies some results of a joint international research project on linguistic and ethnocultural dynamics of traditional and non-traditional values in the three countries of the Slavic world. First, the terminology in Russian, Bulgarian and Slovakian languages is analyzed, with the outcome that the term ‘value(s)’ as denoting an abstract notion is a recent development in Slavic languages. Second, the notions of the traditional and non-traditional values are characterized in a comparative way and the possible border (lexical, pragmatical, etc.) between them is marked. Thirdly, the dynamics of changes in the axiological hierarchy is investigated and the reasons for the changes of evaluation are defined with the examples by the development of several values (‘old age’, ‘friend’, etc.). Finally, axiological historical methodology is illustrated by the review of Russian-Bulgarian sources that give an opportunity to reflect on values. The study demonstrates its actuality as COVID-19 has spread all over the world, drastically changing the routines and preferences of people, correspondingly the hierarchy of values and its vocabulary. Language is at the center of this axiological study, being the main source of and engine for evaluation.

Estudio axiológico del currículo básico de Lengua Castellana y Literatura

Introducción. Las normas legales se fundamentan en unos principios y valores que las instituciones escolares asumen y expresan en las diferentes dimensiones de su planificación y, sobre todo, en su acción. En aras de hallar los valores comunes que se supone impregnan los hechos educativos de cualquier escuela española, nos hemos decantado por realizar un estudio axiológico del currículo básico, que es el texto legal que orienta los desarrollos curriculares autonómicos y, en última instancia, de cada centro y equipo docente. Presentamos un estudio axiológico del Real Decreto 126/2014, de 28 de febrero, por el que se establece el currículo básico de la Educación Primaria, en concreto del área a la que se atribuye mayor compromiso para alcanzar las competencias previstas para el final de la etapa: Lengua Castellana y Literatura. El principal objetivo de nuestro trabajo se centra en descubrir los valores con los que esta área contribuye al modelo de persona subyacente en el real decreto, teniendo como referencia el modelo axiológico de educación integral indicado. Método. Determinamos la jerarquía axiológica implícita, así como sus implicaciones educativas, mediante una metodología de investigación documental, fundamentalmente cualitativa, basada en la técnica de análisis de contenido (Bardin, 2002). Resultados. Los resultados revelan el dominio de los valores intelectuales y la preeminencia, de entre el resto, principalmente de los sociales, a los que siguen los valores estéticos e instrumentales. También se extraen datos significativos como la escasa representación de los valores afectivos o espaciales, e incluso la ausencia de valores ecológicos y corporales. Discusión. Será imprescindible, en aras de que la educación sea integral, que estos sean atendidos en otras áreas. Es más, dentro de la conveniencia de un planteamiento transversal, resultaría necesario que los valores ausentes fuesen también atendidos en los diferentes momentos de concreción curricular de esta materia.

ЛИНГВОАКСИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОРТРЕТ СОВРЕМЕННОГО ЛУГАНСКА (ПО ДАННЫМ АССОЦИАТИВНОГО ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТА)

The axiological approach to the study of the linguistic portrait reflects the value potential of the linguistic personality of a resident of the city of Lugansk within a single culture. In this article, the results of a linguistic associative experiment are presented in relation to spiritual and material needs. For defining the central concept of evaluability, we selected language units based on the respondents speech – thinking operation under binary conditions (valueanti- value). The results are related to the existing ethnic and political ideas about the value of the object, sociological and historical conditionality. Communicative evaluation as a factor of ethno-cultural behavior of a Russian-speaking Lugansk citizen illustrates the sphere of “important” – “unimportant”, “true” – “false”, “sacred” – “desacral”. The modeled value system forms a microfield based on associative relationships. The established axiological hierarchy after generalizing the results of the associative experiment showed a vertical with the subjective nature of values, based on the spiritual and material needs of a person (loyalty, soul, charity, wisdom, honor, work, spouses, feat, etc.), which are reflected through the prism of the national language system. The perinuclear and peripheral zone of a language unit consists of a sensory-figurative reflection of the object, and the diversity of values contains both positive and negative characteristics. This study allows us to present a fairly reliable linguistic and axiological portrait of a Russian-speaking resident of Lugansk with a personal cognitive base and an individual character of assessment or emotion in the act of speech in the context of the Russian language picture of the world.

RUSSIAN NATIONAL TYPE IN ALEXANDER TVARDOVSKY’S WORKS

Ethnicity-specific features of mentality, axiological hierarchy, and language cultures are all the focal objects of the humanities. The notions of a national type, a character, and a hero are integral components of the ethnic aspect found in the culture. The studies of Russian literature give access to a source of «Russianness». Russian writers traditionally consider persistent traits of national consciousness and behavior as well as changes caused by historical and social factors. The article analyzes Alexander Tvardovsky’s oeuvre in relation to creating the national types, the images of Russian people who display traditional behavior patterns, as well as reflection of the consciousness archetypes and the notions of the ethnic ideal. Tvardovsky was distinguished by his analytical mentality and the willingness to give a profound socio-cultural characterization of his contemporaries and events, which he witnessed. The pivotal events like the October Revolution of 1917 and the Second World War changed the country and wielded influence on human identity, primarily on his inner qualities and self-esteem. Tvardovsky’s works centered on Russians and their adaptation to new social conditions amid the hardships of wartime. The article highlights special traits of the image of Vasily Tyorkin, a Russian man from the grassroots fighting on the frontline. It was this image that showed typical national features embodied in their ideal representation. In addition, the article examines images of Russian people, whom Tvardovsky described in the short story «The Stove-Setters». In the linguistic view, the author’s notion of ethnic ideal is expressed in the organization of the conceptual sphere that revolves around the axiologically charged concept lexemes defining the values of human existence. While the military themes in «Vasily Tyorkin» envision the concepts like duty, patience, energy, merriness, the conditions of peaceful life bring up the concepts of mastership, talent, culture. Tvardovksy’s works take on special significance in the epoch of globalization and global cultural uniformity which put the Russians in a situation where they face the importance of adapting to the contemporary social conditions and simultaneously preserving their ethnic identity.

The library axiology within the framework of bibliosophy

Library axiology is interpreted as a section of the philosophy of the bibliosphere. The subject of library axiology is the value relationship and values of library activities. The monograph by G. M. Vikhreva Value foundations of Russian [in Russian] is reviewed. Vikhreva examines the following problems: the axiological model of the library, libraries in the context of postmodernist society and globalization, the levels of the value foundations of library activities. The traditions of enlightenment are pursued in the value-orientated activities of Russian libraries. The reviewer argues that in the axiological hierarchy, the vertex value is the national idea expressing elements that must be unconditionally protected and preserved. Awareness of the national idea is just as important for society as it is important for an individual to understand the meaning of his/her life. False national ideas are dangerous because they disorient the state, society and individuals. To comprehend interrelationships between library axiology and axiology of culture, one has to go beyond the library when comprehending the value foundations of library activities and refer to the theoretical baggage of bibliosophy. The monograph by G. M. Vikhreva deserves the attention of library community, since it offers scientific novelty and relevance as a new vector of the library science.

A modern teacher within the childhood values interior

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the modern teacher personality in the context of the childhood values problems. The present work continues a series of publications devoted to the discussion of axiological and cultural context of the new pedagogical reality characterized by the destruction of the traditional ethical core of professional pedagogical culture, which no longer provides social consolidation within children’s groups, cultural protest manifestations of which take a form of a social behavior program with the freedom of self-expression as the priority. The authors believe that the dramatic space of modern school culture limits the social freedom of a child by «permitted» models of behavior focused on the past as on a standard (A. Y. Flier). As a result, it leads to communication barriers’ density increase that enforces the axiological resistance to teacher’s cultural influence that is becoming a norm of social communication, violating the constructive functioning of adequate pedagogical means of social practices of the positioned «creative interaction» and cultural orders. There is a special relevance of the axiological confrontation within the anthropocentric Absolutes crisis that affects the teacher personality as a subject of pedagogical activity, the archaic system of which gives a negative social, educational and cultural effect, and requires building a new axiological hierarchy of its components. In today’s anomalous situation, changing the meaning of collective ideas about the properness, the authoritarian model of school interaction and the «adult» dictatorship of teacher’s values have lost its effectiveness. The hidden mechanisms of resistance to the «values of childhood» destroy the former image/svg+xml43 hierarchical supervision over the «right choice of values», exacerbating the culture interaction issue. Taking into account the prevailing of the «post-culture» subject-object relations that formed the basis of social interaction in the educational space, the authors are convinced that the childhood values represent the basis not only for the functioning but also for the development of pedagogical culture as a «real cultural work on meanings production and translating them into knowledge production» (O. Zhukova).In conclusion, the authors express the importance of harmonizing the school cultural space, in which there would be an adequate axiological standards balance between the educational process participants.

Aristotle on the Good Man’s Desire for Pleasant Friends

At EN 1158a22-27, Aristotle argues that the virtuous man will pursue friendships with pleasant people, but not with people who are useful to him. Ideally, he adds, these friends should, despite being pleasant, also be good, since then the good man would have all the goods of friendship.The dominant problem with this passage is that the good man desires his friends to be pleasant; or, put it otherwise, that he desires pleasant friends. This idea, however, stands on the opposite side of Aristotle’s axiological hierarchy where the virtuous man desires, first and foremost, the good both as a goal in his life as a whole and in his friends, in particular. Pleasure is valuable in Aristotle’s ethics, but it only comes second to virtue and the good.
 In the present paper I will defend Aristotle by arguing that he may justify the argument of this passage without though jeopardizing his axiological hierarchy. To this purpose, I will provide the following reasons:
 (1) Character friendship is ideal for the virtuous agent. But, character friendships take place extremely rarely. The reason for this is that it is unusual for two people to have reached the same level of highly developed moral goodness. Therefore, it is rather unlikely for a good man to meet and befriend another agent as good as he is.
 (2) If (1) is true then if the good man does not want to remain friendless he must pursue friendships which are valuable, yet not the most valuable in Aristotle’s axiological hierarchy. In this section, I will argue that this desire derives, largely, from the good man’s social and political nature. By this I mean that he desires, by nature, to share his life with others, and especially with friends. But this is merely the initial spark that impels the agent to pursue other forms of friendship than the one that occurs between good people.
 (3) In this third section I will illustrate how it is likely for the good man to desire pleasant friends without this fact influencing his axiological hierarchy. I will suggest that the virtuous agent does not consider pleasant just anyone. He values others as pleasant only if he recognizes in them at least some good habits of character which are manifested by the activities that they have chosen to take part in, such as athletic activities, music, theater, and other cultured activities.
 The difference though between the VA and his friend rests on why each one of them values these activities, and, also, each one’s attitude towards these activities. On the one hand, the virtuous agent values them as being worthy of doing, and as being part of the good life and eudaimonia. But he does not deviate from attributing value to virtuous activity more highly than anything else. His friend, on the other hand, enjoys them for being what they are in that they fulfill his life as such, in the sense that he engages in one, or more, of these activities more devotedly than the good man. And this dissimilarity between the two friends with regard to the reason that they value these activities is also evident in their attitude towards them. Namely, while the VA will not engage in them with excess, his pleasant friend probably will; and this reflects the differences between them concerning their moral characters as well.

Аксіологічна ієрархія земного і космічного у творах Олеся Бердника

Аксіологічна ієрархія земного і космічного у творах Олеся Бердника

On the Role of Normative Hierarchies in Constitutional Reasoning: A Survey of Some Paradigmatic Cases

AbstractThis article examines the role of normative hierarchies in constitutional argumentation. A threefold distinction between formal, material, and axiological hierarchy is employed. The correlative concepts of formal validity, material validity, and applicability are also briefly described. Within this framework, four cases are analysed: Decisions 1146/1988 and 10/2010 of the Italian Constitutional Court, and Kadi I and Opinion 2/2013 of the Court of Justice of the European Union. As a result, it is argued that axiological hierarchies are frequently used to reshape certain fundamental legal arrangements, namely, the hierarchy of sources (Decision 1146/1988 and Kadi), competence clauses (Decision 10/2010), and interpretive methodologies (Opinion 2/13).

Taxonomy of Values and Anti-Values: the Material of the Russian and German Phraseology

<p>At present, in terms of intercultural communication, the role of the axiological aspect in teaching foreign languages is growing. When thinking about the values and anti-values in the phraseology of Russian and German it is advisable to take into account their hierarchy which can be presented as the axiological scale. This investigation benefits from the following methods: axiological linguistic method, method of cognitive analysis, comparative method, processing of lexicographical sources. The result of the study is formation of the axiological scale and development on its basis of the taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the Russian and German languages. The taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the phraseology of the language allows submitting axiological hierarchy reflecting the inter-layer differentiation of values and anti-values represented by axiological phraseology. Axiological scale and taxonomic model of values and anti-values in the Russian and German phraseology can be used in linguistic axiological research of different languages. </p>

Enforcing Human Rights Through Constitutional Law in Investor-State Arbitration: An Alternative Approach to Pacific Rim v. El Salvador

Having analysed the factual background and procedural development of the ICSID case Pacifi c Rim v. El Salvador, this article suggests an argumentative approach that is alternative to the one adopted by the arbitrators in the final award and based on domestic constitutional law arguments. This approach, inspired by the practice of transnational human rights litigation, aims to provide a tool for introducing human rights into the investor-state adjudication system, and to favour the (functional) ‘constitutionalisation of international law’ (CIL). Under this approach, international arbitrators, when applying domestic law, would apply not only the relevant provisions of ordinary law, but the domestic constitutional system as a whole, taking into account its specific axiological hierarchy. The article finally explores the broader impact that this approach could have on CIL, engaging with this task through the lenses of the theory of societal constitutionalism.

On the number of gods

A god is a cosmic designer-creator. Atheism says the number of gods is 0. But it is hard to defeat the minimal thesis that some possible universe is actualized by some possible god. Monotheists say the number of gods is 1. Yet no degree of perfection can be coherently assigned to any unique god. Lewis says the number of gods is at least the second beth number. Yet polytheists cannot defend an arbitrary plural number of gods. An alternative is that, for every ordinal, there is a god whose perfection is proportional to it. The n-th god actualizes the best universe(s) in the n-th level of an axiological hierarchy of possible universes. Despite its unorthodoxy, ordinal polytheism has many metaphysically attractive features and merits more serious study.