Axillary Seabream Research Articles

Length-weight relationships and growth parameters of axillary seabream Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) from the Didim coast in the Southern Aegean Sea

Length-weight relationships and growth parameters of axillary seabream Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) from the Didim coast in the Southern Aegean Sea

Use of biodegradable materials to reduce marine plastic pollution in small scale coastal longline fisheries

Pollution from lost, abandoned, or discarded fishing gear is recognized as a global nature conservation concern. Longlining with hooks is a commonly applied fishing method in fisheries around the world. The longline gear consists of a mainline with a number of baited hooks that are attached to it by thinner twine (snoods) which are often made of plastic material such as polyamide (nylon) or polyester that degrades very slowly in the marine environment. During longline fishing, some of the snoods are lost at sea contributing to marine macro- and micro-plastic pollution. The extent of the snood loss is often unknown and can vary between different longline fisheries and fishing grounds. In this study, we estimated and compared the risk for the biodegradable and nylon snood loss in an Adriatic small scale longline fishery. Further, we compared the catch composition and estimated catch efficiency between biodegradable and nylon snoods for capture of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) and axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne). The risk for nylon snood loss in this longline fishery (3 % for each snood for each deployment), demonstrate that the use of more environmentally friendly materials is necessary for nature conservation. No significant differences between the performance of the two materials regarding snood loss rate, hook loss rate, catch efficiency and catch composition were found during short-term usage in the fishery. Based on these results, future long-term testing is encouraged to investigate whether this promising performance of the biodegradable snood material is persistent over longer fishing periods.

Pathogenic bacteria load and safety of retail marine fish.

This study was conducted to determine the pathogenic bacteria load of 14 species of marine fish obtained from two suppliers (in Bitlis city, Turkey), which provide fish for fish markets, and to reveal the safety of the marine fish in terms of microbiological quality. The counts of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TMAB), Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, the presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were determined in anchovy, horse mackerel, salmon, red mullet, gilthead seabream, bonito, pilchard, common sole, sand smelt, axillary seabream, seabass, Mediterranean horse mackerel, bluefish, and garpike. It was determined that common sole, axillary seabream, seabass, bluefish and Mediterranean horse mackerel obtained from both suppliers were unacceptable in terms of the counts of TMAB. Twenty-four samples exceeded the critical limit of S. aureus and all the samples were unacceptable according to the critical limit of E. coli. While L. monocytogenes was isolated from 50.0% of the samples, Salmonella spp. was isolated from 39.3% of the samples. These results showed that the pathogenic bacteria load of the analyzed marine fish was quite high and they were unsafe in terms of microbiological quality.

Nutritional quality of amino acid in farmed, farm‐aggregated and wild Axillary seabream ( Pagellus acarne ) with implications to Human Health

This study evaluated the nutritional quality of farmed and wild axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne R., 1827) focusing on amino acid profiles, with regards to possible interactions with wild fish aggregating around the cage facility. Total amino acids (∑AA), essential amino acids (∑EAA), non-essential amino acids (∑NEAA) and neutral amino acids (∑NAA) in farmed fish were lower than those in the wild individuals (p > .05). Amino acid pattern in cage-aggregated fish showed a slight decline from the wild populations, but still higher than the farmed fish. Based on the amino acid scores (AAS), lysine and leucine could be underlined as the ‘first limiting amino acids’, but all other AASs were over ‘1’, in accordance with reference amino acid contents of FAO/WHO (>1.00), showing that farmed axillary seabream provides high nutritional quality and can be considered as a favourable protein source. The ratios of ∑EAA/∑AA (44%–46%) and ∑EAA/∑NEAA (79%–86%) exceeded the minimum recommendation of 40% and >60% by FAO/WHO for all three groups. It can be concluded that axillary seabream either farmed, farm-aggregated or distant wild fish presented high-quality protein generating a healthy source for human food.

Age structure of spawners of the axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827), in the central Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Sicily)

An unusual catch of mature specimens of Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) off the south coast of Sicily (Quadro Bank, central Mediterranean Sea) on October 2016 allowed to improve the ongoing knowledge on the age structure of spawners and other reproductive aspects of the species. A sample of 104 (32 female and 72 male) specimens was examined. Females showed size (range TL11Total Length. = 20.5 to 25.5 cm; mean length = 22.3 ± 1.2 cm) longer than males (range TL = 16.5 – 23.5 cm; mean length = 20.0 ± 1.8 cm). About 94% of females and 88% of males were mature. The pooled sex LWR22Length-Weight Relationship. was W33Weight. (g) = 0.003 TL3.5207. The age structure estimated by sagittae readings ranged from age class III to VII in females and II to VI in males with a prevalence of age class VI and IV for females and males, respectively. The precision of age estimates was tested by applying both the APE44Average Percent Error. and the mean CV55Coefficient of Variation..Our record suggests that the Quadro Bank is an EFH66Essential Fish Habitat. for P. acarne. Knowing when and where adults aggregate for reproduction, is a prerequisite to develop effective management measures to preserve the replacement capability of exploited stocks and pursue sustainable fisheries strategies.

Reproduction and growth of Axillary seabream Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) (Perciformes Sparidae) from the Western Algerian coasts

Reproduction and growth of Axillary seabream Pagellus acarne (Risso, 1827) (Perciformes Sparidae) from the Western Algerian coasts

Age and growth of the axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne, Sparidae), in the central coast of Algeria, Mediterranean Sea

Age and growth of the axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne, Sparidae), in the central coast of Algeria, Mediterranean Sea

Human exposure to trace elements via farmed and cage aggregated wild Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) in a copper alloy cage site in the Northern Aegean Sea

Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne) farmed in a copper alloy mesh pen and wild individuals of P. acarne aggregated near the copper-alloy cages presented higher concentrations of trace metals in the liver, skin and gills than in fish muscle tissues in two batches of small and large fish sizes. Elevated mean levels of metals (mg kg−1) in muscle tissues in both small and large fish size groups were observed in the rank order of Zn(3.43) > Fe(3.01) > Cu(0.59) > Mn(0.13) and Fe(3.82) > Zn(3.32) > Cu(0.62) > Mn(0.17) for copper cage-farmed fish, relative to ranked mean levels for Zn(2.64) > Fe(1.95) > Cu(0.25) > Mn(0.09) and Fe(5.79) > Zn(3.58) > Cu(0.58) > Mn(0.28) for the copper cage-aggregated wild fish. Nevertheless, trace metal concentrations in fish harvested from the copper cage or those of the cage-aggregated wild individuals in both size groups were far below maximum levels of seafood safety recommended by USEPA and FAO/WHO. Target hazard quotients, calculated to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risks of metals by consuming these fish, were below “1″ (THQ < 1), indicating that there were no potential health risks for humans when consuming copper-caged fish or wild-caught individuals aggregated around the copper mesh pen, with respect to the limits suggested by US Food and Drug Administration and EU Regulations for Seafood Consumption.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne (Perciformes: Sparidae)

The axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne, Risso 1827) belongs to the Sparidae family, order Perciformes. This high-valued commercial fish species is distributed along the northern and eastern Atlantic coasts from Norway to Senegal, and throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Its complete mitochondrial genome is 16,486 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 2 non-coding regions (D-loop, 808 bp and L-origin, 29 bp). Its overall base composition is A: 26,8%, C: 29,0%, G: 17.6%, and T: 26.6%.

Monitoring of trace metals, biochemical composition and growth of Axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne Risso, 1827) in offshore Copper alloy net cage

The study was conducted to assess trace metal contents, biochemical composition and growth performance of axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne Risso, 1827) cultured in a copper alloy mesh cage. A total of 400 axillary seabream (initial mean weight: 176.0±14.0 g), a new candidate species for the Mediterranean aquaculture, were stocked into a high-density polyethylene frame gravity cage and fed a commercial seabream diet for a period of 6 months. At the end of the feeding trial, fish reached a final weight of 264.8±16.8 g with a weight increase of 88.8 g and a feed conversion rate of 2.51. Overall, relative growth rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were satisfactory and comparable to the pelagic fishes such as gilthead seabream or European seabass, which are presently the main fish species for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry. Trace elements in fish grown in copper alloy net cages over a 6-month period showed satisfactory results, as the metal concentrations in fish tissues such as liver, skin, muscle and gills were below the reported upper limits for human consumption, indicating that copper alloy net is an acceptable and safe material for finfish cage aquaculture. Furthermore, from the growth performance data obtained in the present study, it can be concluded that axillary seabream showed potential for cage farming, and thus is a promising new candidate for the Mediterranean aquaculture industry.

Nutritional indexes, fatty acids profile, and regiodistribution of oil extracted from four discarded species of the Alboran Sea: Seasonal effects

The new EU fisheries regulations state that all catches from pelagic fisheries must be landed from the January 1, 2015 on. Consequently, the development of new techniques for the up‐grading of these discards is required. The aim of this work was to study the variations of the lipid profile and nutritional value of the oil extracted from four discarded species: axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), and blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). To that end, the proximate composition, the lipid profile, the regiospecific distribution of fatty acids within the glycerol backbone, the nutritional parameters (thrombogenic and atherogenicity indexes and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio), and the peroxidability index were determined in each season. All species presented polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as the major fraction in both the global and the sn‐2 profile. DHA presented highly regiospecifity to position sn‐2 whereas the tendency of EPA was to occupy sn‐1(3) positions. The relative concentration of PUFA occupying sn‐2 position varied from 30 to 60% (molar basis).Practical applications: This work proposes an up‐grading strategy for the fish oils extracted from four discarded pelagic species. In the last decades, fish oils have been widely employed as source for the production of structured lipids or PUFA concentrates. The choice between both applications depends on the fatty acids regiodistribution within the glycerol backbone. Oils with high PUFA content at the central bond may be selected for the production of structured lipids by using sn1‐3 lipases. In this case, the central position remains unmodified. To obtain concentrates it is necessary to release the free fatty acids and subsequently re‐esterified them. Consequently, oils with lower PUFA content in the central position are preferred for the production of concentrates by urea complexation or winterization.Seasonal variation of the percentage of DHA located at the sn‐2 position of four discarded species (axillary seabream, sardine, horse mackerel, and blue whiting).

Assessment of Contamination by Xenobiotics (Lead and Cadmium) in the Muscle Tissue of two Teleost Spotted Weever ( Trachinus Araneus, Cuvier, 1829) and the Axillary Seabream, ( Pagellus Acarne , Risso, 1826) in the Algerian West Coast

Assessment of Contamination by Xenobiotics (Lead and Cadmium) in the Muscle Tissue of two Teleost Spotted Weever ( Trachinus Araneus, Cuvier, 1829) and the Axillary Seabream, ( Pagellus Acarne , Risso, 1826) in the Algerian West Coast

Production and identification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from Mediterranean fish discards

The production of peptides exhibiting Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity from discarded Mediterranean fish species such as sardine, horse mackerel, axillary seabream, bogue and small-spotted catshark was studied. The evolution of the ACE-inhibitory activity with the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of protein hydrolysates was also investigated. Hydrolysates of horse mackerel and small-spotted catshark, both obtained with the simultaneous addition of subtilisin and trypsin, showed the highest antihypertensive activity (IC50 of 279 and 302 µg/mL, respectively). For horse mackerel hydrolysate, fraction B (130–2350 Da) exhibited the highest ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50 = 85 µg/mL). In the case of small-spotted catshark hydrolysate, fraction D (<470 Da) presented the lowest IC50 value (27 µg/mL). In addition, 14 novel ACE-inhibitory peptides were identified in horse mackerel and small-spotted catshark hydrolysates. The peptide VAMPF, identified in fraction D of small-spotted catshark hydrolysate, is one of the most promising peptides according to its low IC50 value obtained by the QSAR-model (IC50 = 0.44 µM).

Implications for catch composition and revenue in changing from diamond to square mesh codends in the northeastern Mediterranean

The objective of this study was to estimate the potential short-term economic loss as a result of replacing the commercial diamond codend with a square mesh codend, and to compare fish lengths captured in 40 mm square (S40) vs 44 mm commercial hand-woven diamond (CD44) mesh codends for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus), bogue (Boops boops), European hake (Merluccius merluccius), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), and brushtooth lizardfish (Saurida undosquamis). A total of 20 hauls (10 hauls for S40 and 10 hauls for CD44) were conducted onboard a commercial trawler between 27 February and 11 April 2012 in Mersin Bay in the northeastern Mediterranean. Results showed that the 40 mm square mesh codend caught significantly fewer juveniles of all aforementioned species. However, when changing from the commercial diamond codend to the 40 mm square mesh codend the potential economic loss of revenue was found to be 40% in the study period, which covered the final 6 weeks of the fishing season.

Surveillance of viruses in wild fish populations in areas around the Gulf of Cadiz (South Atlantic Iberian Peninsula).

This report describes a viral epidemiological study of wild fish around the Gulf of Cadiz (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) and is focused on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV). One fish species (Chelon labrosus) was sampled inside the gulf, at the mouth of the San Pedro River. Another 29 were sampled, in three oceanographic campaigns, at sites around the Bay of Cadiz. The fish were processed individually and subjected to isolation in cell culture and molecular diagnosis. VHSV was not isolated from any species. Thirteen IPNV-type isolates were obtained from barracuda (Sphyraena sphyraena), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris), common pandora (P. erythrinus), Senegal seabream (D. bellottii), and surmullet (Mullus surmuletus). Six VNNV isolates were obtained from axillary seabream, common pandora, black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), red mullet (Mullet barbatus), Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus), and tub gurnard (Chelidonichtys lucerna). In the river mouth, viruses were detected only after reamplification, obtaining prevalence percentages of IPNV and VNNV (44.4 and 63.0%, respectively) much higher than those observed in the oceanographic campaigns (25.7 and 19.6%, respectively). The opposite results were obtained in the case of VHSV after reamplification: 11.1% in the river mouth and 43.6% in the oceanic locations. Analyzing the results with respect to the proximity of the sampling sites to the coast, an anthropogenic influence on wild fish is suggested and discussed. The type of viruses and the presence of natural reassortants are also discussed.

Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates obtained from discarded Mediterranean fish species

In this study, five discarded species in the Mediterranean Sea, namely sardine, horse mackerel, axillary seabream, bogue and small-spotted catshark, were evaluated as raw material for obtaining fish protein hydrolysates exhibiting antioxidant activity. The DH of the hydrolysates ranged from 13.2 to 21.0%, with a protein content varying from 60.7 to 89.5%. The peptide profile of all hydrolysates was very similar, except for the hydrolysate of small-spotted catshark. Their lipid content was found to be between 4.6 and 25.3%. The highest DPPH scavenging activity was found for the hydrolysates of sardine and horse mackerel with EC50 values varying from 0.91 to 1.78mg protein/mL. Sardine and small-spotted catshark hydrolysates exhibited the highest ferrous chelating activity with an EC50 value of 0.32mg protein/mL. Moreover, sardine and bogue hydrolysates presented the highest reducing power. Finally, a total of six antioxidant peptides were theoretically identified within the structure of myosin and actin proteins from sardine and small-spotted catshark. The potential antioxidant activity exhibited by the hydrolysates suggests that it is feasible to obtain added-value products such as natural antioxidants from these discarded species.

Discarded species in the west Mediterranean sea as sources of omega‐3 PUFA

Five discarded fish species in the Alboran Sea, namely axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), small‐spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), and bogue (Boops boops) were evaluated as novel sources for the production of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The lipid content of the five species varied significantly within the different seasons, being maximum in spring for axillary seabream, small‐spotted catshark, and bogue (5.1, 2.7, 2.5%, respectively) and in summer for sardine and horse mackerel (13.6 and 6.2%, respectively). Sardine and horse mackerel presented also the maximum amount of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosohexaenoic acid (DHA), 3000 and 1300 mg/100 g fish, respectively. Their oils exhibited a composition of EPA + DHA higher than 23% and they were mainly composed by triacylglycerols. Axillary seabream, small‐spotted catshark, and bogue presented a lower amount of EPA + DHA, 960, 650, and 157 mg/100 g fish, respectively, but their oils also exhibited a composition of EPA + DHA higher than 20%. Particularly important was the composition of DHA, 23%, of the oil extracted from small‐spotted catshark. Therefore, the five discarded species studied were found to be valuable raw material for the production of fish oil presenting a high content in EPA and DHA.Practical applications: This work is in line with ongoing EU regulations avoiding fish discards. This has boosted research on the potential of these raw materials for the production of high added‐value products such as omega‐3 PUFAs, which are experiencing a growing commercial demand. This study provides a complete characterization of five discarded species in the Alboran Sea, with special focus on the availability of their omega‐3 content throughout the year. Despite their different lipid content, all the species were good sources for the production of omega‐3. The oils extracted from these species presented a maximum composition of EPA + DHA higher than 20%. Interestingly, small‐spotted catshark's oil was relatively rich in DHA (up to 23%), which makes this oil an excellent functional ingredient for brain and children's health applications. The results obtained provide valuable information for food scientists interested in the production of omega‐3 PUFAs from traditional and alternative fish species.

Spontaneous melanotic lesions in axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne (Risso)

In this article, we describe spontaneous melanotic lesions in the skin of axillary seabream, Pagellus acarne (Risso), from a defined area of the Portuguese Coast, located in Cabo da Roca and Foz do Arelho. The lesions corresponded to the black pigmentation spots on the skin of the head, fins, lips and conjunctiva and, additionally, black nodules on the skin of the head and lips. In some specimens, the nodular formations in the head changed their anatomical conformation. Histologically, there were melanophores scattered along the basement membrane or forming aggregates in the dermis, infiltrating the subcutaneous tissue but not invading the adjacent muscle tissue. The aim of this study was to characterize the macroscopic and microscopic features of the pigmented lesions. These fish show sessile hyperpigmented lesions (spots) that correspond to proliferative lesions of melanophores in the dermis and nodular lesions that correspond to neoplastic lesions, melanophoromas. The melanophores in such lesions showed high concentration of melanin in the cytoplasm, moderate pleomorphism and compact distribution throughout all of the dermis.

The use of bottom longline on soft bottoms: An opportunity of development for fishing tourism along a coastal area of the Strait of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea)

The crisis of small-scale fisheries is causing the progressive abandonment of ancient fishing traditions and customs along a coastal area of the Strait of Sicily. For instance, worthwhile mentioning is the rapid decline in the use of bottom longline, which used to be one of the most popular gears in this area in past times. This study aims at investigating the potential of bottom longline for tourism purposes, in the perspective of recovering ancient fishing crafts. Experimental surveys were carried out to explore the effectiveness of this gear on soft bottoms, which are not usually exploited by local fishermen. An analysis of catches was carried out to assess their suitability within fishing tourism actions. The results gathered during the period of investigation demonstrate a reasonable variety of catches, with large-size specimens representing the bulk of captures. The highest values in terms of abundance and biomass were recorded for bogue Boops boops (L.) and axillary seabream Pagellus acarne (Risso). The possible enhancement of these two low commercial value species is discussed. Results also highlight the suitability of the use of bottom longline during tourism low seasons. The use of longline would produce several positive impacts in the framework of fishing tourism in the study area, such as for instance the creation of alternative sources of income for artisanal fishers, the enhancement of underexploited species in the perspective of environmental sustainability, the recovery and re-launch of a disappearing fishing gear, thus contributing to safeguard cultural diversity.

Selectivity of 40 mm square and 50 mm diamond mesh codends for five species in the Eastern Mediterranean demersal trawl fishery

The aim of this study was to determine the selectivity of 40 mm square (40S) and 50 mm diamond (50D) mesh codend for five species, red mullet ( Mullus barbatus ), annular sea bream ( Diplodus annularis ), common Pandora ( Pagellus erythrinus ), axillary sea bream (Pagellus acarne ) and blotched picarel ( Spicara maena ) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Selectivity data were collected by the covered codend method and analyzed. Mean selection curves were analyzed and compared using the between haul variations model for red mullet and annular sea bream. Pooled data were used for common Pandora, axillary sea bream and blotched picarel. In total, 22 valid hauls, 10 with 40S and 12 with 50D codends were carried out. The 50% retention lengths (L 50 ) of 40S and 50D codend were found as 14.5 and 15.3 cm for red mullet, 9.5 and 11.3 cm for annular sea bream, 13.1 and 15.0 cm for common Pandora, 14.4 and 15.3 cm for axillary sea bream, 14.5 and 17.2 cm for blotched picarel, respectively. This study showed that codends with 40S and 50D L 50 results improve the selectivity when considering commercially used 40 mm nominal diamond mesh codend in Turkish seas for given species. However, in multi-species, it seems likely that a separation of species system would potentially be of more value than size-selective systems. Therefore, different selective techniques such as grid and separation panel and behaviour of the species against the gear need to be investigated. Key words: Codend selectivity, 40 mm square mesh, 50 mm diamond mesh, Eastern Mediterranean, demersal trawl.