Axial Regions Research Articles

Trueness and adaptation of screw-retained implant-supported monolithic zirconia crowns fabricated using 3-dimensional gel deposition

Implant-supportedmonolithic zirconia restorations manufactured using the additive 3-dimensional (3D) gel deposition technique have been introduced. However, studies determining the trueness and adaptation of implant-supported crowns made with the technique are lacking. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trueness and adaptation of implant-supported zirconia crowns fabricated using additive 3D gel deposition in comparison with zirconia crowns made with the widely used subtractive milling technique. Crowns were fabricated for wide-diameter titanium implants and wide-neck abutments. Self-glazed zirconia (SGZ) crowns were fabricated using 3D gel deposition (n=10) and from 2 brands of zirconia blanks, Wieland and Upcera, using subtractive milling (WMZ and UMZ, n=10). All crowns were digitalized by a scanner, and then 3D deviation analysis was applied. The trueness was assessed by root mean square (RMS). Marginal and internal adaptations were evaluated using the direct-view technique (DT) and replica technique (RT). The results were analyzed by using the 1-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests (α=.05). The RMS and marginal discrepancy of SGZ exhibited the lowest values among the 3 groups (P<.05), and the 2 types of milled zirconia crowns had comparable RMS and marginal discrepancy values (P>.05). The internal discrepancy values of SGZ were significantly lower than those of WMZ and UMZ in all regions (P<.05). Compared with the WMZ, UMZ showed comparable internal discrepancy values in the axial and axio-occlusal transition regions (P>.05) but had significantly lower internal discrepancy value in the occlusal region (P<.05). The adaptation of 3 types of wide-diameter implant-supported zirconia crowns can meet the clinical requirements. Compared with the subtractive milling process, 3D gel deposition produced implant-supported zirconia crowns with improved trueness and adaptation.

Impact of chronic low back pain on implicit motor imagery assessed by a new laterality judgment task

It is clear that implicit motor imagery (IMI) is impaired by chronic pain in peripheral regions (hand, feet), but unclear in axial regions (neck, shoulder, back). Previous IMI tasks displayed small-amplitude movements of axial regions, which limits person-centered IMI processes mobilization. This study aimed to assess the impact of chronic low back pain (CLBP) on IMI processes with a new task displaying large-amplitude whole-body movements mobilizing the lumbar spine. Twenty patients with CLBP and twenty age-matched controls performed a laterality judgment task on four distinct whole-body movements (trunk flexion, trunk rotation, capoeira, kickboxing). Participants viewed images from four different body viewpoints (back, left, right and front), randomly presented. Mixed ANOVAs were used to compare judgment accuracy and response times between groups and conditions. In participants with CLBP, response times were longer than in controls. The response times of participants with CLBP were also associated with DN4 scores, a self-reported questionnaire assessing neuropathic pain. We validated the use of a person-centered IMI because, for all participants, the accuracy decreased and the response times increased for images presented in the front viewpoint, i.e. when a 180° turn in IMI was required, compared to other viewpoints. The laterality judgment task proposed here confirmed that CLBP impacts IMI processes, and that the nature of pain (neuropathic or mechanical) needs to be considered because it seems to modulate IMI processes. PerspectivesA laterality judgment task with large-amplitude lumbar movements is key to show that CLBP alters processing speed of sensorimotor information originating from the painful region. This task could become an objective tool, transferable in clinical settings, for assessing the impact and the progression of CLBP on motor control processes.

Conservation of rib skeleton regionalization in the homoplastic evolution of the snake-like body form in squamates.

Squamates have independently evolved an elongate, limb-reduced body form numerous times. This transition has been proposed to involve either changes to regulatory gene expression or downstream modification of target enhancers to produce a homogeneous, deregionalized axial skeleton. Analysis of vertebral morphology has suggested that regionalization is maintained in snake-like body forms, but morphological variation in the other primary component of the axial skeleton, the dorsal ribs, has not been previously examined. We quantified rib morphology along the anterior-posterior axis in limbed and snake-like squamates to test different regionalization models. We find that the relative position of regional boundaries remains consistent across taxa of differing body types, including in the homoplastic evolution of snake-like body forms. The consistent retention of regional boundaries in this primaxial domain is uncorrelated with more plastic abaxial region markers. Rather than loss of regions, rib shape at the anterior and posterior of the axis converges on those in the middle, resulting in axial regions being distinguishable by allometric shape changes rather than by discrete morphologies. This complexity challenges notions of deregionalization, revealing a nuanced evolutionary history shaped by shared functions.

Assessment of neurodynamic and hydrodynamic components of somatic dysfunctions of the axial regions of the body in children with scoliosis of various localization

Assessment of neurodynamic and hydrodynamic components of somatic dysfunctions of the axial regions of the body in children with scoliosis of various localization

Axial Growth Characteristics of Optically Active InGaAs Nanowire Heterostructures for Integrated Nanophotonic Devices.

III-V semiconductor nanowire (NW) heterostructures with axial InGaAs active regions hold large potential for diverse on-chip device applications, including site-selectively integrated quantum light sources, NW lasers with high material gain, as well as resonant tunneling diodes and avalanche photodiodes. Despite various promising efforts toward high-quality single or multiple axial InGaAs heterostacks using noncatalytic growth mechanisms, the important roles of facet-dependent shape evolution, crystal defects, and the applicability to more universal growth schemes have remained elusive. Here, we report the growth of optically active InGaAs axial NW heterostructures via completely catalyst-free, selective-area molecular beam epitaxy directly on silicon (Si) using GaAs(Sb) NW arrays as tunable, high-uniformity growth templates and highlight fundamental relationships between structural, morphological, and optical properties of the InGaAs region. Structural, compositional, and 3D-tomographic characterizations affirm the desired directional growth along the NW axis with no radial growth observed. Clearly distinct luminescence from the InGaAs active region is demonstrated, where tunable array-geometry parameters and In content up to 20% are further investigated. Based on the underlying twin-induced growth mode, we further describe the facet-dependent shape and interface evolution of the InGaAs segment and its direct correlation with emission energy.

Marginal fit of three different nanocomposite inlays fabricated with computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology: a comparative study.

This study aimed to compare and evaluate the marginal fit of nanocomposite computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) inlays. Three types of nanocomposite CAD/CAM blocks (HASEM, VITA Enamic, and Lava Ultimate) were used as materials. Class II disto-occlusal inlay restorations were prepared on a typodont mandibular right first molar using diamond rotary instruments. The inlays were fabricated using CAD/CAM technology and evaluated using the silicone replica technique to measure marginal gaps at five locations on each inlay. The data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests ( α=0.05). There were no significant differences in the marginal gaps based on the type of nanocomposite CAD/CAM inlay used (p=0.209). However, there was a significant difference in the marginal gaps between the measurement regions. The gingival region consistently exhibited a larger marginal gap than the axial and occlusal regions (p<0.001). Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the measurement location significantly influenced the marginal fit of class II disto-occlusal inlay restorations. However, there were no significant differences in the marginal gaps among the different types of CAD/CAM blocks. Furthermore, the overall mean marginal fits of the class II disto-occlusal inlay restorations made with the three types of nanocomposite CAD/CAM blocks were within the clinically acceptable range.

A Novel Fission-Matrix Based Radial Boundary Correction Methodology and its Implementation into the RAPID Code System

The RAPID code system utilizes a novel combined fission matrix methodology to rapidly solve the whole-core eigenvalue problem. To represent axial and radial reflector regions, the fission density distribution in the boundary assemblies, a fission density correction factor methodology was devised and demonstrated. Although, accurate results were achieved, because of the need for a full core Monte Carlo calculation, this technique requires significant computing resources. To address this issue, this paper introduces a novel FM based methodology, which achieves accurate results, however at very small computing expense. The methodology has been implemented into the RAPID code system, and successfully demonstrated for the Watts Bar whole core OECD/NEA

Transient Tip Clearance Prediction Model Considering Transient Radial Temperature Distribution of Discs in a Gas Turbine Engine

Abstract The tip clearance of turbomachinery components, such as compressor and turbine, significantly impacts the gas turbine engine performance, including the thrust and fuel consumption. Therefore, an appropriate prediction of the turbomachinery tip clearance is indispensable in improving the accuracy of engine performance evaluations. The traditional 1D transient tip clearance prediction model does not consider the radial temperature distribution of the disk (also called disc). However, as the engine performance keeps improving, the radial temperature gradient of the disk also increases. In order to maintain the prediction accuracy within an acceptable range, a generic transient tip clearance prediction model is developed in this paper. Based on the special treatment of the axial and radial convective heat transfer boundary regions of the disk, a 2D transient heat transfer model is established, and the radial temperature of the disk is predicted. At the same time, the interaction effect of the thermal expansion between the two different layers of the shroud is studied to improve the prediction accuracy further. In addition, the centrifugal deformation of the blade and disk with variable-thickness characteristics is considered in the new transient model. Compared with the traditional 1D transient prediction model, the model developed in this paper further improves the predicting accuracy of the transient tip clearance, which is verified by the high-fidelity fluid–solid–thermal coupling method. The prediction model provides a useful tool for evaluating the transient tip clearance. It may also benefit the future design strategy of active clearance control.

Thermal-Hydraulic modelling and analysis of VVER-1200 reactor core

A mathematical model has been developed to simulate the thermal–hydraulic performance of the VVER-1200 pressurized water reactor under normal operation. The energy equation and the heat conduction equation are solved analytically in order to predict the coolant, clad and fuel temperature distributions. The core active length is divided into axial regions and the fuel rod is divided into radial zones, nodal calculation is performed for three types of cooling channels; the core mean channel with mean core power, and both the mean and hot channels of the most intensive energy fuel assembly. Through this model, the heat flux leading to the Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB) as well as the Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio (DNBR) predicted at each axial node for each channel using EPRI correlation. High accuracy correlations and/or models valid under the reactor operating conditions are selected to estimate the heat transfer coefficients under single-phase forced convection, subcooled boiling and bulk boiling regimes. The vapor quality and void fraction are estimated for boiling regimes as well. The model is then used to simulate the VVER-1200 reactor performance under both the rated and conservative operational parameters where boiling is predicted in the hot channel under both cases. The results are verified against the available calculations in the literature for coolant temperature, clad temperature and void fraction, where a very good agreement is achieved. The developed model is considered an appropriate tool for independent thermal–hydraulic safety assessment of VVER-1200 reactor core under steady-state operation.

Seismic behavior of shear walls partially strengthened with UHPC in boundary element

Inspired by studies on shear walls reinforced with high performance cement-based materials, this paper explores the applicability of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) for improving the seismic behavior of shear walls. In this study, a novel shear wall partially strengthened with UHPC in the boundary element was developed, in which the UHPC was cast into the potential plastic hinge region of the boundary element. Partial application of UHPC can reduce construction costs and promote its use in building structures. To study the influence of distribution height and width of UHPC and axial load ratio on the seismic performance, six shear walls with a shear span ratio of 2.1 were tested under axial load and cyclic lateral load. The failure modes, lateral load-lateral displacement hysteretic behavior and ductility of the shear walls were also investigated. The experimental results indicated that the partial application of UHPC in boundary elements could effectively improve the performance of shear walls. Moreover, even if the volume ratio of UHPC was only 0.12, the shear wall partially strengthened with UHPC still showed good seismic performance under a high axial load ratio, indicating that this type of shear wall can be applied to the high seismic intensity and high axial load ratio regions.

Volumetric Ultrasound Analysis of the Abdominal Aorta Enhances Strain Assessment in Hypertensive Mice

Aortic stiffness (AS) is a well-described and underutilized predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, particularly in hypertension (HTN). Employing noninvasive ultrasound technology to quantify AS metrics could have therapeutic application, but regional variation has compromised integration. We hypothesize that integrating 4-dimensional (4D) ultrasound with volumetric analysis will enhance the AS analysis in hypertensive mice as a foundation for clinical translation. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was captured by Coda tail-cuff in normotensive C57Bl/6 mice (n = 3) on day 0. Under inhaled anesthetic, the Vevo3100 high-resolution micro-ultrasound was utilized to capture images of the infrarenal aorta which included (1) axial plane at three segments (proximal, middle, and distal); (2) longitudinal plane; and (3) 4D images of volumetric changes across the cardiac cycle. VevoVasc software enabled quantification of distensibility, pulse propagation velocity, global radial strain, and volumetric strain (VS). HTN was then induced by osmotic pump angiotensin-II infusion (1.46 mg/kg/day). SBP and ultrasound measurements were reassessed at 21 days. The t test was utilized to compare strain metrics at day 0 vs 21 with significance at P < .05. With AngII infusion, SBP increased 32 ± 2% (P < .05). Values for distensibility significantly decreased from proximal to distal aortic regions at day 0, and demonstrated a 50 ± 5% reduction with HTN at day 21 (P < .05). As another indicator of aortic stiffness in HTN, pulse propagation velocity increased >2.8-fold. Global radial strain, on the other hand, provided discordant results along the axial aortic regions at day 0 as well as day 21, and no change could be detected in the longitudinal plane. With 4D ultrasound to capture volume and normalize by pulse pressure to create the VS analysis, however, we detected a significant reduction in VS (0.74 ± 0.3 μL/mm Hg to 0.36 ± 0.1 μL/mm Hg; P < .05) to effectively quantify infrarenal aortic strain as an indicator of increased AS. Methodology to ensure sensitive, specific, and reproducible quantification of AS is vital to establishing clinical utilization. Ultrasound-derived VS analysis decreased regional variability and further investigation is warranted to define this technique in the medical management of HTN and other regional aortic pathology.

Digital evaluation of the effect of nanosilica-lithium spray coating on the internal and marginal fit of high translucent zirconia crowns

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of a nanosilica–lithium spray coating on the internal and marginal fit of high translucent zirconia crowns using a digital evaluation method. MethodsA three-dimensional analysis model of a zirconia abutment was digitally scanned using a dental scanner, and 30 monolithic high translucent zirconia crowns were designed and fabricated. They were divided into groups (n = 10) according to the surface treatment method: (1) no treatment: as-sintered zirconia; (2) airborne-particle abrasion with 50 μm Al2O3 particles; and (3) nanosilica–lithium spray coating. Three-dimensional data for the abutment, crown, and crown seated on the abutment were obtained using a dental scanner. The three-dimensional seated fit between the crown and abutment was reconstructed using registration technology, and a three-dimensional (3D) deviation analysis was used to evaluate the effect of different modification methods on the internal and marginal fit of the crowns using root mean square (RMS) values. ResultsThe 3D deviation analysis of all groups conformed to a normal distribution (P > 0.05), and the variance was homogeneous (P > 0.05). The different surface treatments had no significant effect on the RMS values in the occlusal, axial, and marginal regions of the high translucent zirconia crowns (P > 0.05). ConclusionsNanosilica-lithium spray coating for the modification of as-sintered zirconia is clinically feasible and does not affect the internal or marginal fit of high translucent zirconia crowns. Clinical significanceNanosilica–lithium spray coating does not affect the adaptation of zirconia crowns and is a clinically feasible surface treatment method for zirconia. It is unnecessary to add the setting values of the internal and marginal fit when fabricating nanosilica–lithium-sprayed zirconia crowns.

Transient Electromagnetic Process in the Waters of the Sea Shelf with Axial and Equatorial Electric Installations and a Field Experiment

A change in the non-stationary electromagnetic (EM) signal over the conducting polarizable Earth covered by sea water on measuring lines located in the axial and equatorial regions of the source – a pulsed horizontal electric line (HEL) – is considered. When the HEL operates under pulsed conditions, it creates a galvanic and eddy current in the medium. If the medium affected by the HEL is heterogeneous, both influences lead to the separation of bound charges. After attenuating the impact of an artificial source, relaxation (depolarizing) processes of various nature appear in such a medium, manifesting themselves, in particular, in the form of an EM signal. As a result, the transient process recorded by the grounded line after the pulsed effect of the HEL is at least a superposition of three components: the transient electromagnetic (TEM) signals, galvanically induced polarization (GIP) and inductively induced polarization (IIP). As the contribution of the TEM field component to the overall signal decreases, the IP signal is manifested in the transient process by a change in the time response of the decay, to the point where the signal reverses polarity. As shown earlier by numerical simulations for the axial region of the HEL, the manifestation of the IIP signal at late transient process times, for most of the geoelectric conditions on land, is invisible against the GIP manifestation (Ageenkov et al., 2020). These calculations also show that in the axial region, the GIP signal manifests itself in the form of a deceleration of the transient process rate, and the IDP signal – an acceleration of the decay rate, to the point where the signal changes its sign. Field measurements performed by the aquatic differential-normalized method of electrical prospecting (ADNME), which uses axial electrical installations, record transient processes with a change in the time response of the decay: it becomes more delayed or, vice versa, runs faster and may be accompanied by a change in the polarity of the signal. In other words, measured signals of different forms are observed, which are presumably associated with the manifestation of the GIP or IIP signals. The relevance of the publication lies in the need to explain the results of field measurements performed offshore, to understand the relationship between the course of the transient process and the geoelectric conditions existing in the water area. And in general, to describe the formation of the transient response of the medium in the axial and equatorial region of the HEL for the conditions of aquatic geoelectrics. The calculated signal for axial and equatorial electrical installations with several spacings under the conditions of the sea shelf water area is studied when the installation is located on the surface of and inside the water layer, and on the seabed of the water area – on geological formations. For axial installations, calculations are made of the quantities used in the ADNME: the transient process ΔU(t), the finite difference of the transient process Δ2U(t) and the transformant P1(t) – the ratio of Δ2U(t) to ΔU(t). For equatorial installations, the signal ΔU(t). is calculated. The signals of a two-layered model of the medium with polarizable and non-polarizable bases are compared.

Nr6a1 controls Hox expression dynamics and is a master regulator of vertebrate trunk development

The vertebrate main-body axis is laid down during embryonic stages in an anterior-to-posterior (head-to-tail) direction, driven and supplied by posteriorly located progenitors. Whilst posterior expansion and segmentation appears broadly uniform along the axis, there is developmental and evolutionary support for at least two discrete modules controlling processes within different axial regions: a trunk and a tail module. Here, we identify Nuclear receptor subfamily 6 group A member 1 (Nr6a1) as a master regulator of trunk development in the mouse. Specifically, Nr6a1 was found to control vertebral number and segmentation of the trunk region, autonomously from other axial regions. Moreover, Nr6a1 was essential for the timely progression of Hox signatures, and neural versus mesodermal cell fate choice, within axial progenitors. Collectively, Nr6a1 has an axially-restricted role in all major cellular and tissue-level events required for vertebral column formation, supporting the view that changes in Nr6a1 levels may underlie evolutionary changes in axial formulae.

The azimuthal currents in the ion-driven magnetic nozzle

Ion-driven magnetic nozzles (Ti > Te) are designed as intrinsic parts of cutting-edge propulsive technologies such as variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rockets (VASIMRs) and applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters. Employing a two-dimensional axisymmetric particle-in-cell (PIC) code, in the ion-driven magnetic nozzle, the compositions and distributions of azimuthal currents in different axial regions are investigated under various inlet ion temperatures Ti0 and found to differ dramatically from that in the electron-driven magnetic nozzles. Previously reported to be all paramagnetic and vanishing under a high magnetic field, the azimuthal currents resulting from the E × B drift are shown to turn diamagnetic and sustain a considerable magnitude when Ti0 is considered. The previously reported profile of diamagnetic drift current is altered by the introduction of inlet ion temperature, and the paramagnetic part is significantly suppressed. Moreover, a wide range of paramagnetic currents appear downstream due to the inward detachment of ions, which can also be reduced by increasing inlet ion temperature. Albeit considered in this paper, the azimuthal currents resulting from grad-B and curvature drift are still negligible in all cases of interest. The magnitude of diamagnetic azimuthal currents increases with amplifying Ti0, indicating a clear physical image of energy transformation from ion thermal energy to the directed kinetic energy through electromagnetic processes in the magnetic nozzle. Additionally, the magnetic inductive strength also has noticeable impacts on the azimuthal currents, the current magnitude tends to decrease as the magnetic field increases, and over-increment of it may result in larger divergence angles and lower nozzle efficiency.

Specific cutting energy of Eucalyptus wood with different densities

The aim of the study was to evaluate how the specific cutting energy is influenced by the variation of the wood basic density in Eucalyptus spp. clones. Five clones, 10 years old, were used in the study: three hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla, one of Eucalyptus grandis and one of Eucalyptus urophylla. From each clone, five trees were cut down and divided into 2.0 m long logs. In two axial regions of the trunk (from 2.5 to 4.5 m and from 4.5 m to 6.5 m) the logs were cut into boards and reduced to specimens with dimensions of 660 x 110 x 21 mm. The basic density was determined by the hydrostatic method in two opposite wedges obtained from discs removed at 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5 m from the total height of the tree. To analyze the specific cutting energy, 10 specimens were selected for each axial region and clone. A frequency inverter was used to monitor the cutting process. Analysis of variance was applied to evaluate the specific cutting energy and the wood basic density. The results obtained appointed a significant difference between the woods of the clones for basic density and specific cutting energy. For the wood in the different axial regions, only the specific cutting energy was significant. Clone 1 required less specific cutting energy, as it was influenced by the lower basic density. In the 2.5 to 4.5 m axial region, a higher specific cutting energy was observed even with lower basic density.

Marginal and Internal Fit and Intaglio Surface Trueness of Temporary Crowns Fabricated with Stereolithography, Digital Light Processing, and Milling Technology.

To evaluate the fit and trueness of temporary crowns fabricated with 3D printing vs milling technologies and to analyze any existing correlations between fit and trueness. Marginal and internal fit and trueness were evaluated. Groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis H test (α = .05), and correlations were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation analysis (α = .0016). Intaglio surface trueness was partially correlated with the marginal and internal fit (P < .0016). High intaglio surface trueness in the axial and occlusal regions may result in poor marginal fit. In the axial region, high intaglio surface trueness may adversely affect both the marginal and internal fit.

Poster 195: Inverse Relationship of Hip Capsular Thickness on Magentic Resonance Imaging and Increased Axial Distraction Under Anesthesia: Further Characterization of Hip Laxity

Objectives:The hip joint derives its stability from several biomechanical and anatomic factors, including the ligaments of the hip capsule. Recent research has implicated the hip capsule in the pathogenesis of hip instability, which is especially important when considering the inherent violation of the hip capsule with arthroscopic procedures. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between quantitative axial hip distraction and capsular thickness on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that thinner hip capsules would be associated with increased axial distraction distances at maximal traction force.Methods:A retrospective review of the senior author’s primary hip arthroscopic procedures was conducted from November 2018 to June 2021. Inclusion criteria were 1) diagnosis of FAI, 2) pre-operative MRI, 3) and intra-operative fluoroscopic imaging conducted at 0 and 100 pounds (lbs) of axial distraction. Intra-operative, fluoroscopic images were obtained at the beginning of the procedure prior to any instrumentation at 0 lbs and 100 lbs of axial traction force. Distraction distance was calculated by comparing the difference of the initial joint space to the total joint space at 100 lbs and measured using a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Hip capsule thickness was measured on pre-operative MRI or MRA imaging. Anterior and posterior capsular thickness was measured in the axial plane, while superior and inferior capsule thickness was measured in the coronal plane. Anterior and superior measurements approximated the iliofemoral ligament, with posterior and inferior measurements approximating the ischiofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments. Three measurements were taken in each region of the hip capsule and averaged to produce an accurate estimate of hip capsule thickness in each region. Statistical analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression and independent samples t-tests with an alpha of <0.05.Results:Eighty patients were included from 121 charts reviewed, with 41 patients being excluded for lack of appropriate preoperative imaging to evaluate joint distraction or capsular thickness. Bivariable regression demonstrated increased distraction associated with female sex (B = -4.303, p <0.001). Axial distraction was also shown to be increased in relation to decreased capsular thickness in the anterior axial (B = -1.291, p < 0.001), superior coronal (B = -1.433, p <0.001), and posterior axial regions (B = -1.293, p = 0.028). Multivariable regression of the hip capsular measurements demonstrated increased axial distraction associated with decreased superior coronal capsular thickness (B = -1.402, p < 0.001). Independent samples t-tests showed females had significantly decreased hip capsular thickness in the superior coronal, anterior axial, and posterior axial regions (p = <0.05).Conclusions:Our results show several significant associations with hip capsular thickness and hip axial distraction. Patients with thinner hip capsules in the anterior axial, posterior axial, and superior coronal regions were found to have increased axial distraction distances at 100 lbs of force. These findings are in line with previous descriptions of the importance of the iliofemoral ligament and hip stability, which was approximated in this study using the anterior axial and superior coronal measurements. While female sex was observed to be associated with increased axial distraction, this may potentially be secondary to females having statistically thinner hip capsules as shown by our findings. This observation provides a more nuanced anatomic explanation for this association that has been previously reported regarding patient sex and hip laxity. Our findings further demonstrate the importance of the hip capsule as it pertains to hip joint stability, providing a quantitative method to evaluate hip capsular thickness and joint distraction. Clinically, these results are important to consider in the evaluation of hip instability and capsular insufficiency.Table 1.Multivariable regression results with axial distraction at 100 1bs of force as the independent variable

Three-dimensional fit of self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns fabricated by wet deposition.

This study evaluated the 3-dimensional (3D) fit of self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns fabricated by wet deposition, in comparison with milled zirconia and lithium disilicate monolithic crowns. Dual-scan protocol was used to assess the fit of crowns. Root mean squares (RMS) and uniformity index (UI) were calculated to describe the gap size and uniformity. The self-glazed zirconia crowns had significantly lower RMS values for the gaps at axial wall and transition regions than the milled zirconia crowns, and for the gaps at occlusal region than both milled crowns. All 3 types of crowns had comparable RMS values for the gaps at marginal and chamfer regions and comparable UI values for both marginal and internal gaps. The 3D fit of the self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns was clinically acceptable and they exhibited better fit at occlusal region than the milled crowns.

Effects of Temperature (In)homogeneity during Hot Stamping on Deformation Behavior, Structure, and Properties of Brass Valves

Herein, assessing the effects of initial temperature (in)homogeneity on a hot‐stamped CuZn40Pb2 medical gas valve (fitting) via numerically and experimentally defining mutual relations of selected deformation parameters and optimizing temperature distribution within the original semi‐product heated via induction are focused. For these purposes, three preheating regimes are simulated, and deformation behaviors are evaluated. The predicted results are validated by experimental stamping and subsequent evaluation of the structure and properties of stamped fittings. The results show that preheating the semi‐product with a certain temperature gradient occurring between the axial and (sub)surface regions is favorable, as homogeneous initial temperature distribution results in rapid surface cooling by the effect of heat transfer from semi‐product to die, which imparts inhomogeneous stress distribution, local changes in structural phases, and possible occurrence of oxides. Too low (sub)surface temperature of the semi‐product can result in a significant (local) increase in flow stress, which consequently results in the danger of occurrence of forming defects. The brass fitting stamped with the optimized preheating procedure features an average grain size of 5.8 μm, uniform grains’ orientations with maximum texture intensity of two times random, and ultimate tensile strength of almost 400 MPa, while maintaining elongation to failure of more than 35%.