Axial Patterns Research Articles

Coherent flow structures and magnetic field patterns in rotating spherical shell convective dynamos: A data-driven approach

The Earth's outer core dynamics involve convective fluid motion generating an observable geomagnetic field. The velocity and magnetic fields exhibit characteristic spatiotemporal features possessing geophysical significance for which extensive datasets are available from direct observations and computational simulations. This study demonstrates the robustness of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), a data-driven technique, in detecting prominent and relevant features in these datasets. Improvising on previous practices, the POD efficiently detects infinitesimal instabilities at the onset of convection, providing an accurate and objective methodology to determine the convective threshold, even for heterogeneous buoyancy forcing. Time evolution of paired, phase-shifted modes efficiently reconstructs the azimuthally drifting of traveling wave instabilities. Simultaneously reduced order modeling of velocity components clearly distinguish the equatorial and polar coherent flow structures. Supercritical convection-driven magnetic field data over long periods, generated using numerical simulations, produce dominant modes that are more accurately representative of time-averaged patterns than geocentric axial dipole patterns. Moreover, the quantitative significance of the dominant modes determines the extent of dimensional reduction complementing established diagnostics for dipolarity. Finally, analysis of observational geomagnetic field data reveals long-lived dominant patterns influenced by thermal core–mantle interaction consistent with numerical models employing tomographic heat flux boundary conditions in present as well as previous studies.

Regional/ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children.

To determine the regional and ethnic differences in ocular axial elongation and refractive error progression in myopic and non-myopic children. A retrospective analysis of 15 longitudinal clinical and population-based studies was conducted in the UK, Sweden, Australia (classified as European), China, and Vietnam (classified as East Asian) between 2005 and 2021. A total of 14,593 data points from 6208 participants aged 6-16 years with spherical equivalent from +6 to -6 D were analysed. Progression was annualised from longitudinal axial length and cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) refraction. Generalised estimating equation models including main effects and interactions were used for model building. Age and region-specific estimates for myopes and non-myopes and confidence intervals are reported. Factors affecting axial elongation and SE progression in children included being myopic, followed by age, region/ethnicity and sex. The magnitude of regional/ethnic differences was dependent on myopia and age. Axial elongation and SE progression were lower in European compared with East Asian children, but differences were reduced with increasing age and differences in axial elongation were larger in myopes than non-myopes. Age-specific regional/ethnic differences indicated that axial elongation for a 6-year-old East Asian myopic child was greater than a European child by 0.15 mm/year (0.58 vs. 0.43 mm/year) and by 0.09 mm/year (0.35 vs. 0.26 mm/year) for a 10-year-old myope. SE progression was lower in a 6-year-old European myope by 0.48 D/year and at 10 years of age by 0.34 D/year compared with an East Asian myope. There are regional/ethnic differences in age-specific refractive and axial growth patterns in both myopic and non-myopic eyes, with more marked differences in younger East Asian children who demonstrated a higher axial growth and greater negative SE shift than their non-Asian peers. Regional/ethnic differences in progression reflect environmental and ethnic variations. Age and region/ethnicity-specific estimates could contribute as a reference for future comparisons.

Exploring the Coordination of Park Green Spaces and Urban Functional Areas through Multi-Source Data: A Spatial Analysis in Fuzhou, China

The coordinated development of park green spaces (PGS)with urban functional areas (UFA) has a direct impact on the operational efficiency of cities and the quality of life of residents. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the coupling patterns and influencing factors between PGS and UFA is fundamental for efficient collaboration and the creation of high-quality living environments. This study focuses on the street units of Fuzhou’s central urban area, utilizing multi-source data such as land use, points of interest (POI), and OpenStreetMap (OSM) methods, including kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse, coupling coordination degree model, and geographical detectors, are employed to systematically analyze the spatial distribution patterns of PGS and UFA, as well as their coupling coordination relationships. The findings reveal that (1) both PGS and various UFA have higher densities in the city center, with a concentric decrease towards the periphery. PGS are primarily concentrated in the city center, exhibiting a monocentric distribution, while UFA display planar, polycentric, or axial distribution patterns. (2) The spatial distribution centers of both PGS and UFA are skewed towards the southwest of the city center, with PGS being relatively evenly distributed and showing minimal deviation from UFA. (3) The dominant type of coupling coordination between PGS and various UFA is “Close to dissonance”, displaying a spatial pattern of “high in the center, low on the east-west and north-south wings”. Socioeconomic factors are the primary driving force influencing the coupling coordination degree, while population and transportation conditions are secondary factors. This research provides a scientific basis for urban planning and assists planners in more precisely coordinating the development of parks, green spaces, and various functional spaces in urban spatial layouts, thereby promoting sustainable urban development.

Enhancing sand liquefaction resistance through microbial-induced partial saturation: An experimental study

The liquefaction potential of saturated sand can be significantly reduced by inducing partial saturation in the soil. Conventional soil liquefaction mitigation methods, namely soil densification, drainage, cementing, and groundwater lowering, pose environmental concerns and are challenging to apply to pre-existing structures. However, the microbially induced partial saturation (MIPS) method is emerging as a novel and eco-friendly approach to mitigate liquefaction. The MIPS method involves microbial denitrification, which produces nitrogen gas and results in a desaturating effect in the saturated soil. The current study conducted a series of stress-controlled undrained cyclic triaxial tests on saturated sandy soil and microbially-desaturated sandy soil under different relative densities and loading conditions. In addition, the study systematically analyzed the effects of temperature and pH on bacterial activity and the denitrification process. Batch experiments were conducted to establish a relationship between the initial nitrate concentration in the bacterial media and the resulting desaturation.Comprehensive analyses of cyclic resistance curves were performed to gain a thorough understanding. Additionally, the study conducts detailed analyses of the accumulation of excess pore pressure and the resulting axial strains and deformation patterns in both treated and untreated sand. This study demonstrates that the MIPS treatment considerably enhances the liquefaction resistance of treated sand.

Genetic mechanisms of axial patterning in Apeltes quadracus

Abstract The genetic mechanisms underlying striking axial patterning changes in wild species are still largely unknown. Previous studies have shown that Apeltes quadracus fish, commonly known as fourspine sticklebacks, have evolved multiple different axial patterns in wild populations. Here, we revisit classic locations in Nova Scotia, Canada, where both high-spined and low-spined morphs are particularly common. Using genetic crosses and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we examine the genetic architecture of wild differences in several axial patterning traits, including the number and length of prominent dorsal spines, the number of underlying median support bones (pterygiophores), and the number and ratio of abdominal and caudal vertebrae along the anterior–posterior body axis. Our studies identify a highly significant QTL on chromosome 6 that controls a substantial fraction of phenotypic variation in multiple dorsal spine and pterygiophore traits (~15%–30% variance explained). An additional smaller-effect QTL on chromosome 14 contributes to the lengths of both the last dorsal spine and anal spine (~9% variance explained). 1 or no QTL were detected for differences in the numbers of abdominal and caudal vertebrae. The major-effect patterning QTL on chromosome 6 is centered on the HOXDB gene cluster, where sequence changes in a noncoding axial regulatory enhancer have previously been associated with prominent dorsal spine differences in Apeltes. The QTL that have the largest effects on dorsal spine number and length traits map to different chromosomes in Apeltes and Gasterosteus, 2 distantly related stickleback genera. However, in both genera, the major-effect QTL for prominent skeletal changes in wild populations maps to linked clusters of powerful developmental control genes. This study, therefore, bolsters the body of evidence that regulatory changes in developmental gene clusters provide a common genetic mechanism for evolving major morphological changes in natural species.

A one-dimensional high-order dynamic model for twin-cell box girders with deformable cross-section

A one-dimensional high-order dynamic model for single-box twin-cell box girders is presented together with the pattern recognition algorithm. The model takes into account the deformable cross-section and can accurately predict its 3D dynamic behaviors. The cross-section deformation is captured by basis functions satisfying displacement continuity condition, which is essential to construct the initial model formulation based on the Hamilton principle. The axial variation patterns of generalized coordinates are decoupled by solving the eigenvalue problem. On this basis, the combinations of basis functions are obtained to bring out cross-section deformation. The cross-section deformation, hierarchically organized and physically meaningful, are used to update the basis functions in the reconstructed high-order model. Numerical analysis has verified the accuracy and applicability of the reconstructed one-dimensional high-order model.

Axial Involvement in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Cross-sectional Clinical and Radiologic Studies.

This study aimed to investigate spinal involvement in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients using clinical and radiographic methods. A cross-sectional clinical study was conducted on 50 PsA patients diagnosed according to the CASPAR criteria. Clinical examinations and functional assessments were performed. A radiographic assessment of the spine was performed. Out of 50 PsA patients (mean age of 45.50 ± 9.90 years), (males and females constituted 27 (54.0%) and 23 (46.0%) respectively), 76% had radiological axial involvement; (26%) with inflammatory axial pain and (50%) without inflammatory axial pain (subclinical). Three axial radiographic patterns were detected including spondylitis without sacroiliitis (15.78%), spondylitis with sacroiliitis (78.94%), and sacroiliitis without spondylitis (5.26%). In axial PsA patients, males were more affected than females (χ2=11.679, p = 0.003), with older age (H = 15.817, p < 0.001) and higher body mass index (BMI) (F = 5.145, p = 0.010), increased psoriasis duration (H = 9.826, p = 0.007) and severity (Η=25.171, p < 0.001), and more spinal movement limitations than PsA patients without axial involvement (F = 26.568, p < 0.001). Cervical involvement was higher than lumbar involvement. Axial radiographic severity assessed by the PsA Spondylitis Radiology Index was associated with increased disability as assessed by the Health assessment questionnaire (rs = 0.533, p = 0.001) and decreased quality of life assessed by short form-36 score (rs = -0.321, p = 0.050). This study shows that a high percentage of PsA patients had axial involvement with a high percentage of them having asymptomatic radiological findings. The cervical spine is more frequently and severely affected than the lumbar spine. Axial PsA occurs in males more than females with characteristic older age and higher BMI, increased psoriasis duration, and more limitation of spinal mobility.

State-Space Formulation for Buckling and Free Vibration of Axially Functionally Graded Graphene Reinforced Nanocomposite Microbeam under Axially Varying Loads.

This paper focuses on the size-dependent free vibration and buckling behaviors of the axially functionally graded (AFG) graphene platelets (GPLs) reinforced nanocomposite microbeams subjected to axially varying loads (AVLs). With various axial grading patterns, the GPL nano-reinforcements are distributed throughout the polymer matrix against microbeam length, and the improved Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model and the rule of mixture are adopted to evaluate the effective material properties. Eigenvalue equations of the microbeams governing the static stability and vibration are derived based on the modified couple stress Euler-Bernoulli beam theory via the state-space method, and are analytically solved with the discrete equilong segment model. The effects of axial distribution patterns, weight fraction, and geometric parameters of GPLs, as well as different types of AVLs, on the size-dependent buckling load and natural frequency are scrutinized in detail. The results show that the synchronized axial distributions of GPLs and AVLs could improve the buckling resistance and natural frequency more powerfully.

Axial performance of cold-formed steel single-stud wall panels with dissimilar fibre-cement and calcium silicate boards sheathing configuration

In practical applications, it is typical for different types of sheathings (referred to as dissimilar) to be connected at both flanges of the stud (lipped channel-section) in cold-formed steel (CFS) panelised construction (e.g. one-side has interior sheathing and the other exterior sheathing). However, limited studies are available on the axial behaviour of CFS studs with different combinations of sheathings present at both-flanges of a stud. This novel experimental study investigates the structural behaviour of fourteen (14) CFS panels with sheathing on one-side only and different sheathing on both flanges of the wall panel using combinations of seven (7) different sheathing boards [fibre-cement boards (FCB) (8 mm/10 mm/12 mm thick); calcium silicate boards (CSB) (12 mm thick); and heavy duty FCB (6 mm/9 mm/12 mm thick)]. The ultimate axial strength, load-deformation behaviour and failure patterns are the parameters compared. Analytical/semi-analytical design methodologies namely; Rayleigh-Ritz (R-R) method, finite-strip method based on direct strength method (DSM) and differential equation of equilibrium method (DEEM) are validated based on the experiments. Limited studies are available to verify the efficacy of these methods to estimate the axial strength of CFS wall panels with dissimilar sheathing on both flanges. Results establish that DSM may be used efficiently rather than the R-R method and DEEM.

Simulation of the Multi-Wake Evolution of Two Sandia National Labs/National Rotor Testbed Turbines Operating in a Tandem Layout

The future of wind power systems deployment is in the form of wind farms comprised of scores of such large turbines, most likely at offshore locations. Individual turbines have grown in span from a few tens of meters to today’s large turbines with rotor diameters that dwarf even the largest commercial aircraft. These massive dynamical systems present unique challenges at scales unparalleled in prior applications of wind science research. Fundamental to this effort is the understanding of the wind turbine wake and its evolution. Furthermore, the optimization of the entire wind farm depends on the evolution of the wakes of different turbines and their interactions within the wind farm. In this article, we use the capabilities of the Common ODE Framework (CODEF) model for the analysis of the effects of wake–rotor and wake-to-wake interactions between two turbines situated in a tandem layout fully and partially aligned with the incoming wind. These experiments were conducted in the context of a research project supported by the National Rotor Testbed (NRT) program of Sandia National Labs (SNL). Results are presented for a layout which emulates the turbine interspace and relative turbine emplacement found at SNL’s Scaled Wind Technologies Facility (SWiFT), located in Lubbock, Texas. The evolution of the twin-wake interaction generates a very rich series of secondary transitions in the vortex structure of the combined wake. These ultimately affect the wake’s axial velocity patterns, altering the position, number, intensity, and shape of localized velocity-deficit zones in the wake’s cross-section. This complex distribution of axial velocity patterns has the capacity to substantially affect the power output, peak loads, fatigue damage, and aeroelastic stability of turbines located in subsequent rows downstream on the farm.

Morphological instability of geometrically incompatible bilayer tubes

Surface morphological instability, induced by geometric incompatibility, is ubiquitous in nature and plays a pivotal role in maintaining specific biological functions in organs. In this study, we experimentally reveal that geometric incompatibility effectively regulates the morphological instability of bilayer tubes. Building upon these experimental findings, we develop a theoretical model to elucidate the underlying mechanical mechanism of the observed morphological instability. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that by manipulating geometric incompatibility, various patterns including circumferential, two-dimensional (2D), and axial patterns can be generated in bilayer tubes. Specifically, as the axial geometric incompatibility parameter increases, the instability pattern transitions from the circumferential pattern to the 2D pattern and eventually to the axial pattern. Furthermore, we conduct a series of quantitative experiments and finite element simulations to validate our theoretical model. Both the numerical simulations and experimental observations show excellent agreement with our theoretical predictions, demonstrating that linear stability analysis can be employed not only to predict wrinkles but also to determine the number of creases in tubular soft materials roughly. This study significantly advances our understanding of the morphological instability of geometrically incompatible bilayer tubular tissues and provides valuable insights for the fabrication of morphology-related multifunctional surfaces.

Computational Tools for the Analysis of Meiotic Prophase I Images.

Prophase I is a remarkable stage of meiotic division during which homologous chromosomes pair together and exchange DNA by meiotic recombination. Fluorescence microscopy of meiotic chromosome spreads is a central tool in the study of this process, with chromosome axis proteins being visualized as extended filaments upon which recombination proteins localize in focal patterns.Chromosome pairing and recombination are dynamic processes, and hundreds of recombination foci can be present in some meiotic nuclei. As meiotic nuclei can exhibit significant variations in staining patterns within and between nuclei, particularly in mutants, manual analysis of images presents challenges for consistency, documentation, and reproducibility. Here we share a combination of complementary computational tools that can be used to partially automate the quantitative analysis of meiotic images. (1) The segmentation of axial and focal staining patterns to automatically measure chromosome axis length and count axis-associated (and non-axis associated) recombination foci; (2) Quantification of focus position along chromosome axes to investigate spatial regulation; (3) Simulation of random distributions of foci within the nucleus or along the chromosome axes to statistically investigate observed foci-axis associations and foci-foci associations; (4) Quantification of chromosome axis proximity to investigate relationships with chromosome synapsis/asynapsis; (5) Quantification of and orientation of focus-axis distances. Together, these tools provide a framework to perform routine documentation and analysis of meiotic images, as well as opening up routes to build on this initial output and perform more detailed analyses.

Characteristics of aerodynamic interference and flow phenomenology around inclined square prisms

This study conducts large eddy simulations (LES) to investigate the aerodynamic interference effects and flow field characteristics of the flow around square cylinders, taking into account the inclination of the disturbed structure. The configurations of the structures involve tandem and side-by-side arrangements with the inclination angles of the disturbed structure including +15°, 0°, and −15°. The identification of flow field characteristics involves the examination of multiple components, particularly time-averaged velocity streamlines, axial flow patterns, instantaneous spanwise vortices, and time-averaged wake vortex structures. The results indicate that the vortex structure features of the flow field are significantly influenced by the arrangement type and the inclination angle of the disturbed structure. In contrast to the tandem arrangement, structures arranged in the side-by-side arrangement undergo a considerably reduced intensity of influence from aerodynamic interference effects. The blocking effect of the tandem arrangement and the channel effect of the side-by-side arrangement are undermined when the inclination angle is positive (α &amp;gt; 0). This study enhances the comprehension of aerodynamic interference in inclined prisms and simultaneously establishes a theoretical foundation for the wind resistance design of building structures.

Axial compressive behaviour of composite steel elements incorporating rubberised alkali-activated concrete

This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation into the axial compressive behaviour of steel tubes infilled with rubberised alkali-activated concrete. An experimental programme involving circular and square concrete filled steel tubes with different length-to-diameter or length-to-width ratios and concrete infill mix designs with varying rubber contents, of up to 60% crumb rubber replacement of natural aggregates, is firstly described. A detailed account of the experimental results, including the axial capacity, stiffness, toughness, ductility, stress-strain response, and failure patterns, is given. The numerical study is performed in ABAQUS/CAE and the concrete compressive behaviour is modelled using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity model with a modified function for the compressive behaviour. The numerical results are validated against the experimental results, and a parametric study involving 315 finite element models is carried out to cover a wide range of concrete and steel material properties and different steel tube dimensions. The results show that an increase in rubber content in the concrete infill leads to a reduction in the axial capacity; however, this reduction is lower than that observed for unconfined specimens. The results also illustrate an increase in ductility with higher rubber content, which is mainly noticeable for members with circular sections as compared to those with square sections. The experimental and numerical results are used to examine the axial capacity prediction approaches in Eurocode 4 and AISC 360, with particular focus on assessing the confinement effects. It is shown that codified prediction equations for square concrete filled steel tubes give reasonably accurate results. Both codes, however, result in poor predictions for circular concrete filled steel tubes, with Eurocode 4 leading to unsafe predictions while AISC 360 gives overly conservative estimates. Modifications to Eurocode 4 and AISC 360 axial capacity approaches for circular tubes are proposed and are shown to offer significant improvement in terms of safety and accuracy of design.

Experimental evaluation of axial compression performance of precast panels from bamboo-reinforced concrete

This research aimed to determine the performance of bamboo-reinforced concrete precast panels (BRCPP) subjected to axial compressive loads, validated using numerical simulations. Axial compressive load capacity, crack, and failure patterns were investigated and compared with steel-reinforced concrete precast panels (SRCPP) as a control. Eight panels were made with details of four BRCPP and SRCPP, having dimensions of 1200 × 400 × 50 mm3 each. The four SRCPPs consisted of two panels, produced in laboratories and two manufactured by local companies. The variations in bamboo reinforcement spacing were 150 mm and 180 mm, while the gap between steels was 180 mm, and panels were tested under axial compressive load. The results showed that the axial compressive load capacity of BRCPP with a bamboo reinforcement size of 12 × 12 mm2 at a distance of 150 mm was sufficient to meet the specifications of SRCPP panels produced by the local industry. Based on experimental, theoretical, and numerical simulation analysis, the performance of BRCPP showed suitability, making it a considerable choice, specifically for precast panels. The special advantage of BRCPP encompassed eco-friendliness and sustainability.

Cold compression behavior of alumina particles with different grain sizes under high pressure

The cold compression behavior of alumina samples, with average grain sizes of 350 nm, 7.9 μm, and 18.2 μm, has been investigated under non-hydrostatic conditions by using a diamond anvil cell. After treatment with various pressures, the in situ axial X-ray diffraction patterns, transparency variations, and microstructures after decompression of the samples were also analyzed. The results showed that the submicron grains became easily translucent. The larger the grain size, the higher the pressure needed to compress the sample to transparency. On the other hand, for a similar grain size, the various geometrical shapes of the grains did not affect the pressure dependency on transparency. The elastoplastic characteristics of the alumina grains of different sizes under cold compression were found to be consistent with the transparency variation. As a conclusion, alumina particles under cold compression were found to be applicable in the pressure-assisted preparation of alumina transparent ceramics.

Experimental and computational investigation of the vortical structures generated from a blended-wing-body UAV model

The current study presents a combination of experimental and computational investigations of a scaled-down Blended Wing Body (BWB) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) model. The BWB model features highly swept wings. The experiments are conducted in a subsonic windtunnel in the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Turbomachinery, in the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. More specifically, surface oil flow visualization and Laser-Doppler Anemometry (LDA) are employed to investigate the vortical structures emanating from the leading edge and the wingtips of the model and provide the corresponding velocity and vorticity profiles. Using the windtunnel measurement data as a reference point, both steady-state and transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are also conducted. The flow around the BWB scaled-down model is modeled by adopting four turbulence models, three of them based on the concept of the eddy-viscosity and one, on the Reynolds-stress transport equation modeling. The modeling results are compared to the experimental measurements, emphasizing on the streamwise and spanwise velocity profiles, axial vorticity profiles and separation patterns. The results of this study provide insight on the vortical phenomena dominating the flowfield over and around BWB configurations and conclusions concerning the tradeoffs between accuracy and computational efficiency are drawn.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces axial elasticity patterns of Hydra extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays crucial roles in animal development and diseases. Here, we report that Wnt/β-catenin signaling induces the ECM remodeling during Hydra axis formation. We determined the micro- and nanoscopic arrangement of fibrillar type I collagen along Hydra's body axis using high-resolution microscopy and X-ray scattering. Elasticity mapping of the ECM exvivo revealed distinctive elasticity patterns along the body axis. A proteomic analysis of the ECM showed that these elasticity patterns correlate with a gradient-like distribution of metalloproteases along the body axis. Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in wild-type and transgenic animals alters these patterns toward low ECM elasticity patterns. This suggests a mechanism whereby high protease activity under control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling causes remodeling and softening of the ECM. This Wnt-dependent spatiotemporal coordination of biochemical and biomechanical cues in ECM formation was likely a central evolutionary innovation for animal tissue morphogenesis.

Additive Design Mimics the Strength and Architect of Nature

Abstract: It is believed that the best parts’ design and performance is that which mimics the creation of nature. Palm is a very good example of an extra ordinary tree which must attract the attention of engineers and designers. In contrast with other types of trees, palms have a vascular, jumble, and spongy tissue stem instead of a wooden one. This is the reason why palm trees can with stand strong hurricanes while trees cannot. The stem of a palm is composed of three main parts. Those are the main stem body, the central core, and the leaves growing from the central core in circular and axial patterns along the core. This natural combination tissues of different construction provides an extra-flexibility to the main stem, enhance the relative movement of these components, and as a result enables the palm to bend massively without any catastrophic fracture. This exceptional construction inspired the author to design and manufacture a part which mimics the most public tree at the home country. The model was additively manufactured from 316L, tested for bending with and without heat treatment, and compare with cast part of similar material and dimensions. The aim was always to achieve improved mechanical properties and performance of AM parts with complex geometry.

Segregation behavior of particles with Gaussian distributions in the rotating drum with rolling regime

The mixing and segregation of granular materials are essential to provide valuable insights and references for practical industrial production. In this paper, the segregation behaviors of particles with Gaussian distributions and 40% filling level in the rotating drum with rolling regime were numerically studied by the discrete element method. The effects of rotation speed and particle size parameter λ (size ratio of the largest versus smallest particles) on the segregation behavior (mixing index, segregation rate), flow characteristics (particle velocity and trajectory, gyration degree and radius, particle size distributions) and the microscopic properties (collision, contact force, axial diffusion, and kinetic energy) of granular systems were systematically investigated. The results show that the segregation rate and degree of particles with Gaussian distributions gradually increase with the increase of the rotation speed and particle size parameter λ. The radial and axial segregation patterns become more obvious with the increase of λ. And the variation of the flow characteristics of particles with different sizes in the same system is also inconsistent. The microscopic properties of Gaussian-dispersed particles change with the rotation speed and λ. The rapid radial segregation depends on the larger pores existed in the granular system, which leads to a gradual increase of the axial dispersion coefficient of large particles and a gradual decrease of the axial dispersion coefficient of small particles.