Axial Force Research Articles

Real‐time hybrid simulation for investigating the seismic response of a bridge isolated with lead rubber bearings

AbstractThis study investigates the seismic response of lead rubber bearings (LRBs) under constant and time‐varying axial forces using real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS). Although shake table testing can provide realistic seismic responses, it is often expensive and quite challenging for large‐scale structures. RTHS, however, offers a cost‐effective alternative by experimentally testing only the structural component of interest while analytically modeling the remaining structure. With the use of an advanced real‐time force control method, this study implemented RTHSs for a bridge isolated with two LRBs, where the LRBs are subjected to various constant axial forces due to self‐weight as well as time‐varying axial forces induced by vertical ground motions. The lateral response of LRBs was found to be significantly influenced by the magnitude of constant axial force, highlighting the importance of incorporating the effect of axial force due to self‐weight into numerical simulations. Additionally, it is crucial to satisfy the axial force boundary condition when conducting RTHS or cyclic loading tests to obtain more reliable test results. On the other hand, the time‐varying axial force generated by the vertical vibration of the bridge due to vertical ground motions has a limited impact on the lateral response of LRBs.

On buckling of compact I-section beams subjected to biaxial bending

This paper aims at providing a new insight into the lateral-torsional buckling behavior of compact I-section steel beams subjected to biaxial bending, without axial force, a subject seldom treated in the literature. This investigation is based on both analytical and numerical results, the latter obtained using a two-node geometrically exact beam finite element developed by one of the authors (Gonçalves, 2019), which has all the required features. Several geometrically non-linear analysis (GNA) types are used to characterize the buckling behavior, namely with geometric imperfections (GNIA), with material non-linearity (GMNA) and combining material non-linearity and imperfections (GMNIA). Different boundary conditions along the two principal planes are allowed and particular attention is paid to cases which involve the same first-order bending moment diagrams but different support schemes. As a consequence, it is shown that the buckling behavior depends not only on the slenderness and the first-order moment diagrams, but also on the supports. On the basis of results obtained concerning the application of the Eurocode 3 provisions for different support conditions, it is shown that unsafe results can be obtained but may be resolved using the recommendations presented in the paper.

Position–Force Control of a Lower-Limb Rehabilitation Robot Using a Force Feed-Forward and Compensative Gravity Proportional Derivative Method

The design and control of lower-limb rehabilitation robots for patients after a stroke has gained significant attention. This paper presents the dynamic analysis and control of a 3-degrees-of-freedom lower-limb rehabilitation robot using combined position–force control based on the force feed-forward and compensative gravity proportional derivative methods. In the lower-limb rehabilitation robot, the interaction force between the patient with the joints and links of the robot is uncertain and nonlinear due to the disturbance effect of Coriolis force, centrifugal force, gravitational force, and friction force. During recovery stages, the forces exerted by the patient’s lower limbs are also considered disturbances. Therefore, to meet the quality requirements in using the rehabilitation robot with different recovery stages of patient training, combining position control and force control is essential. In this paper, we proposed a combination of proportional–derivative gravity compensation motion control and force feed-forward control to form an advanced combined controller (position–force feed-forward control—PFFC) for a 3 DOF lower-limb functional rehabilitation robot. The forces can be sensed using a 3-axis force sensor. In addition, the robot’s position parameters are also measured by encoders. The control algorithm is implemented on the STM32F4 Discovery board. A verified test of the proposed control method is shown in the experiments, showing the good performance of the system.

Research and application of a new method for axial force test of prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles.

In order to figure out actual shaft resistance, axial forces of pile shaft have to be calculated based on strain test, which is a challenge for heat and steam cured prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles. Disadvantages of three common methods of strain test and the empirical linear equation between axial force and strain are analyzed. A new strain test method, namely the slot-forming wood method, is proposed and applied in laboratory and field test. Taking pipe pile PHC500AB-125 as an example, laboratory tests were performed to establish the nonlinear function between axial force and strain. Field tests were performed and strains were tested by the slot-forming wood method. Results calculated by the nonlinear function between axial force and strain were compared with that by traditional linear equation to reveal the difference. The tests indicated that the new method of strain test was applicable and useful since the survival rate of strain gauges was high and the accuracy has been improved. Overcoming the disadvantages of the traditional linear equation, the proposed function between axial force and strain is more accurate. The study provides theoretical basis for technology innovation in pile test and for revision of related technical standards.

Influence of Horizontal Distance Between Earthmoving Vehicle Load and Deep Excavation on Support Structure Response

The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of earthmoving vehicle load position on the deformation and internal force characteristics of a deep excavation (DE) support structure. The position of the earthmoving vehicle load near a DE is described by the horizontal distance between the earthmoving vehicle load and the DE. A two-dimensional finite element model is established for simulating DE engineering under the earthmoving vehicle load. The load of the earthmoving vehicle is treated as the static load, and the influence of the earthmoving vehicle load on the excavation support structure is considered from the static point of view. The numerical results of the finite element model agree well with the measured data from the field, which verifies the validity of the model. On the basis of this model, multiple models are established by changing the horizontal distance (D) between the earthmoving vehicle and the DE. The influence of D on the support structure and its critical magnitude for ensuring safety were studied. The results show that the underground diaphragm wall (UDW) is the main component for which horizontal displacement occurs under the earthmoving vehicle load. The horizontal displacements of the support structure exhibit an asymmetric distribution. When D decreases from 20 m to 0.5 m, the horizontal displacement of the UDW near the loading side increases, and the maximum horizontal displacement occurs at the top of the excavation support structure. The critical magnitude of D for ensuring safety is found to be 1 m. When D is less than 1 m, the DE is in an unsafe state. The UDW is the main component subject to the bending component. The bending moment distribution exhibits an “S” shape. The maximum bending moment increases with the decrease in D, and it occurs at the intersection of the second support and the UDW. As D decreases, the axial force in the first internal support changes from pressure to tension. The axial forces in the second and third internal supports are both pressures. The axial force in the third internal support is the largest. The research results have a positive effect on the design and optimization of DE support structures under the earthmoving vehicle load.

A Finite Element Analysis of Peri-implant Stresses Surrounding Zirconium and Titanium Dental Implants

ABSTRACT Introduction: Stresses tend to vary depending on the kind of implant material (titanium or zirconium) because of differences in their mechanical and physical characteristics. Objectives: The current research was done to assess the peri-implant stresses around zirconium and titanium dental implants using finite element analysis. Materials and Method: Three distinct implant configurations were used to create three-dimensional finite element models (M1, M2, and M3) using ANSYS (11.0 Version) software, a P4 CPU running at 3 GHz, and hardware with three gigabytes of RAM. These configurations are typical for zirconium and titanium implants. Under 250 N of axial force and 50 N of nonaxial load, the stress surrounding the implants was examined. Result: When compared to titanium implants, zirconium implants displayed higher strains in cancellous bone and lower stresses in cortical bone. Overall, titanium implants caused larger stresses in the bone than zirconium implants. Conclusion: Compared to titanium implants, zirconium implants resulted in reduced peri-implant stresses.

Reducing the Brace Correction Stress on the Secondary Lumbar Curve Results in Excellent Muscle, Bone, and Disc Mechanical Performance: A Musculoskeletal Finite Element Simulation of AIS Patient With Rigo A3.

The biomechanical mechanism of brace intervention on bone, muscle, and disc should be comprehensively considered for AIS patients. We aimed to developmentally construct a musculoskeletal finite element model of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to simulate the coupling of corrective forces and analyze the mechanical properties of bone, muscle, and disc. Investigateing, more effective clinical interventions to break the vicious cycle of patients during growth. A finite element model, including muscle, bone, and disc, was established using computed tomography data of a patient with RigoA3 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The three-point force coupling, antigravity, and bending effects of the Chêneau brace were simulated, and the correction force of the secondary lumbar bend was gradually reduced while observing the mechanical characteristics of bone, muscle, and disc. The correction force in line with symmetrical spine growth was comprehensively evaluated. The correction rate of the main thoracic (MT) curve, the intervertebral space height on the concave side of the vertebrae at the apex, and the stress ratio of the intervertebral discs were optimal when the maximum corrective pressure threshold was reached. However, the proximal thoracic (PT) curve was aggravated and the axial forces on the concave side were unbalanced. At this time, the biomechanical performance of the model is also not optimal. The correction rate of the Cobb Angle of the MT curve decreased with the decrease of the correction pressure in the lumbar region. When reduced to 25% of the maximum threshold, the convex side of disc stress, intervertebral space, and muscle axial force is more in line with the biomechanical mechanism of correction and can avoid sacrificing the PT curve. Downward adjustment of the corrective force to the secondary lumbar curve, using the Chêneau brace, results in better primary thoracic curvature mechanics in the musculoskeletal finite element model, suggesting that breaking the vicious cycle of scoliosis progression to guide benign spinal growth is beneficial.

Inclusion of Muscle Forces Affects Finite Element Prediction of Compression Screw Pullout but Not Fatigue Failure in a Custom Pelvic Implant

Custom implants used for pelvic reconstruction in pelvic sarcoma surgery face a high complication rate due to mechanical failures of fixation screws. Consequently, patient-specific finite element (FE) models have been employed to analyze custom pelvic implant durability. However, muscle forces have often been omitted from FE studies of the post-operative pelvis with a custom implant, despite the lack of evidence that this omission has minimal impact on predicted bone, implant, and fixation screw stress distributions. This study investigated the influence of muscle forces on FE predictions of fixation screw pullout and fatigue failure in a custom pelvic implant. Specifically, FE analyses were conducted using a patient-specific FE model loaded with seven sets of personalized muscle and hip joint contact force loading conditions estimated using a personalized neuromusculoskeletal (NMS) model. Predictions of fixation screw pullout and fatigue failure—quantified by simulated screw axial forces and von Mises stresses, respectively—were compared between analyses with and without personalized muscle forces. The study found that muscle forces had a considerable influence on predicted screw pullout but not fatigue failure. However, it remains unclear whether including or excluding muscle forces would yield more conservative predictions of screw failures. Furthermore, while the effect of muscle forces on predicted screw failures was location-dependent for cortical screws, no clear location dependency was observed for cancellous screws. These findings support the combined use of patient-specific FE and NMS models, including loading from muscle forces, when predicting screw pullout but not fatigue failure in custom pelvic implants.

Estimation of joint kinetics during manual material handling using inertial motion capture: a follow-up study.

Musculoskeletal models based on inertial motion capture and ground reaction force (GRF) prediction hold great potential for field-based risk assessment of manual material handling. However, previous evaluations have identified inaccuracies in the methodology?s estimation of spinal forces, while the accuracy of other key outcome variables is currently unclear. This study evaluated knee, shoulder, and L5-S1 joint reaction forces (JRFs) derived from a musculoskeletal model based on inertial motion capture and GRF prediction against a model based on simultaneously collected optical motion capture and force plate measurements. Data from 19 healthy subjects performing lifts with various horizontal locations, deposit heights and asymmetry angles were analyzed, and the consistency and absolute agreement of the model estimates statistically compared. Despite varying levels of agreement across tasks and variables, considerable absolute differences were identified for the L5-S1 axial compression (RMSE = 63.0-94.2%BW) and anteroposterior shear forces (RMSE = 40.9-80.6%BW) as well as the bilateral knee JRFs (RMSE = 78.9-117%BW). Glenohumeral JRFs and vertical GRFs exhibited the highest overall consistency (r = 0.33-0.91, median 0.78) and absolute agreement (RMSE = 7.63-34.9%BW), while the L5-S1 axial compression forces also showed decent consistency (r = 0.04-0.89, median 0.80). The findings generally align with prior evaluations, indicating persistent challenges with the accuracy of key outcome variables. While the modelling framework shows promise, further development of the methodology is encouraged to enhance its applicability in ergonomic evaluations.

Experimental investigation of the electromagnetic acceleration mechanisms in an Applied-field Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster

Abstract The high specific impulse and efficiency of the applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster make it one of the most promising electric thrusters in deep space exploration. However, the crucial electromagnetic acceleration mechanisms are still not clearly investigated, which limits performance improvement. The electromagnetic acceleration mechanism is closely related to the current path and magnetic field distribution in the plume. Experiments are conducted using a water-cooled Hall probe in the steady-state applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic thruster plume. The radial, azimuthal and axial magnetic fields are measured, then the current density and Lorentz force density are calculated. The results show that the outflow current accounts for 63% to 82% of the thruster discharge current depending on the strength of the applied magnetic field. Moreover, the outflow current can extend the range of electromagnetic force action, which in turn increases the effect of electromagnetic acceleration. The radial Lorentz force is numerically dominant, and the combined effect of the radial Lorentz force and axial Lorentz force is to compress the plasma toward the axis. In electromagnetic acceleration, Self-field contributions are less than 5%, while E × B acceleration constitutes -12.2-21.2%, and Diamagnetic acceleration dominates at approximately 76.7-90.5%. Finally, a method for evaluating the rotational velocity was presented based on the MHD equations. The centrifugal force was then calculated by combining this with the plasma density. At the thruster outlet, the centrifugal force is significant and cannot be ignored in comparison to the radial Lorentz force.

Influence of Water Ingress at the Shield Tunnel Portal on Tunnel Deformation and Load Capacity Weakening

Abstract. During the construction of shield tunnels, adverse geological conditions can lead to tunnel segment settlement and damage. This study investigates the deformation patterns and changes in load capacity of shield tunnels under water ingress conditions at the portal, using a segment of the Jinan Metro as a case study. Through field measurements and numerical simulations, we analyzed the structural deformation and weakening of load capacity caused by water ingress. The results indicate that significant settlement occurs at both the tunnel crown and invert after water ingress, with a maximum settlement of 181.2 mm compared to the original design axis. The deformation profile of the tunnel primarily resembles a transverse "duck egg" shape, while the segments near the portal exhibit vertical "duck egg" deformations due to grouting and other factors. Multiple cracks and damages were observed in the segments, with up to 16 cracks found in a single ring. Compared to the original design conditions, the bending moment in the tunnel lining increased by approximately 7%, and the axial force increased by about 9%, leading to an 11% reduction in tunnel resistance effects. The findings of this study regarding tunnel lining deformation and load capacity weakening provide valuable insights for similar engineering projects.

Experimental and numerical investigation of failure modes in RC frame structures designed using the equivalent linearization method

The codes of many countries currently employ the column-to-beam flexural strength ratio (CBFSR) based on frequent earthquake internal forces to achieve the expected strong-column-weak-beam (SCWB) ductile failure mode. However, real earthquake damage indicates a general failure to achieve SCWB. The design method based on frequent earthquake internal forces struggles to consider factors such as internal force redistribution and variable axial forces under rare earthquakes. Therefore, developing a seismic design method directly based on rare earthquake internal forces is crucial. The equivalent linearization method is a practical approach for obtaining the internal forces of RC frame structures under strong earthquakes without extensive nonlinear computations. In this paper, nonlinear finite element analyses of RC frame structures with expected SCWB failure modes under various structural parameters were conducted to obtain ductility coefficients under rare earthquakes. Using the equivalent linearization method based on secant stiffness, the equivalent stiffness and damping of beams and columns were calculated. Simplified parameters were determined for engineering applications to facilitate seismic design based on rare earthquake internal forces. Two RC frame structures were designed using both the equivalent linearization method and the CBFSR code method, and then subjected to pseudo-static low-cycle reciprocating loading tests. The study investigated failure modes and hysteretic energy dissipation, as well as overall stiffness and bearing capacity under earthquake conditions. Results showed that the equivalent linearization method can effectively direct RC frame structures to achieve the expected strong earthquake failure mode.The dynamic time history analysis was performed on finite element models of different heights, and the results indicated that the equivalent linearization method significantly reduced plastic hinge occurrences and ductility coefficients of column ends, resulting in improved seismic performance compared to the CBFSR code method.

Analysis of fluid forces impacting on the impeller of a mixed flow blood pump with computational fluid dynamics.

This study presents four different impeller designs to compare hydrodynamic forces. Numerical simulation studies are performed via computational fluid dynamics to specify and investigate the hydraulic forces impacting the impeller of the mixed-flow blood pump with a volute. The design point of this pump is that the flow rate is 5 L/min, the rotational speed is 8000 rpm, and the manometric head is 100 mmHg. The designed impellers are placed in the same volute and simulation studies are performed with the same mesh size (17.3 million cells) of the pumps. The simulation studies have been conducted in setting 1050 kg/m3 blood density, 35 cP fluid viscosity, and SST-kω turbulence model. Additionally, this study examines the changes in hydraulic forces and hydraulic efficiency with fluid viscosity. As a result of experimental simulation studies, the highest hydraulic efficiencies of 40.87% and 39.5% are achieved in the case of the shaftless-grooveless and shafted-grooveless impeller, respectively. The maximum axial forces are obtained from the pump with the shaftless-grooveless impeller. Whereas radial forces, maximum values are calculated in the pump with the shaftless-outer groove impeller for all flow rates. Finally, the wall shear stresses, which are important for blood pump designs, are evaluated and the maximum value of 227 Pa is observed in the pump impeller with a shaftless-grooved.

Characterization of scleral rupture of canine globes following compression via mechanical testing unit.

To determine the load at failure of canine intact cadaveric eyes and to describe the anatomic location and length of the rupture following external compression. Sixty-six canine cadaveric globes. Globes were subjected to an axial force impacting the cornea or equator using a commercially available mechanical testing unit. Following rupture, eyes were inspected to document the anatomical site and length of rupture. The mean ± SD force necessary to induce scleral rupture was 310 ± 120 N OD and 294 ± 113 N OS. Increasing body weight (OD p = .000015, OS p = .0074) as well as cranial-to-caudal (OD p = .000045, OS p = .0075) and medial-to-lateral (OD p = .00027, OS p = .0083) globe diameter were associated with a higher force necessary to induce rupture. The median (25%, 75%) length of the scleral rupture was 8.5 (7.0, 11.0) mm OS and 10 (7.0, 12.5) mm OD. The median location was 8.0 (5.0, 10.0) mm posterior to the limbus at the most cranial extent OS and 6.5 (3.3, 10.0) mm OD. Rupture orientation in relation to the limbus was perpendicular (n = 35), parallel (n = 13), or other (n = 16). Globe laterality (i.e., OD or OS), sex, and age did not have a significant influence on the force necessary to induce rupture (p > .05). Following external compression, the canine globe frequently ruptures in a region approximating the equator extending 1 cm posteriorly, which may not be readily apparent on clinical examination.

A SPECIALIZED SYSTEM FOR IN VITRO TEST OF ANATOMIC GLENOIDS BASED ON ASTM F2028-14

Glenoid loosening, primarily induced by the “rocking horse” phenomenon from humeral head load on the glenoid rim, is the foremost complication and cause of failure in anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty. The dynamic load exerted by universal fatigue testing machines significantly deviates from the standard ASTM F2028-14 in the rocking test. To accurately conduct the in vitro loosening test on anatomic glenoids, a specialized system and customized test methods are developed to achieve anatomic glenoid rocking and subluxation tests. The horizontal and vertical loading can be achieved synchronously or asynchronously by two self-developed high-performance electromagnetic linear motors. In addition, the subluxation tests on anatomic glenoids are verified by finite element simulation. The results show that the subluxation load and translation of anatomic glenoids in the subluxation tests are consistent with those in numerical simulations. The error of the applied axial force in the rocking tests is only 5[Formula: see text]N, strictly meeting the standard of ASTM F2028-14. During the rocking tests, the system runs smoothly and the software works well, indicating the feasibility of the in vitro shoulder joint test system. This study provides an approach to accurate dynamic evaluation of glenoid loosening or disassociation.

Steel stresses and shear forces in reinforcing bars due to dowel action

AbstractReinforcing bars in structural concrete are typically designed to carry axial forces. Nevertheless, due to their bending stiffness, the bars can also carry transverse forces, that are associated with the localized bending mechanism (dowel action) resulting from the relative displacements (or slip) wherever a crack interface or a discontinuity interface (between two concrete parts cast at different times) intercept the bar. Such localized bending induces stress concentrations in both the bars and the concrete. The relative displacement can occur at interfaces either perpendicular to the bar or inclined with respect to its axis. Thanks to steel ductility, the bending stresses in the bars due to dowel action do not impair the sectional capacity at the ultimate limit state. Fatigue verifications, however, require an accurate evaluation of these stresses under imposed transverse displacements or shear forces. As well known, dowel action can be described by means of the traditional unidimensional Winkler's model (beam on an elastic foundation), where the bearing stiffness of the concrete embedment is typically introduced through a couple of parameters, namely the bar diameter and the concrete strength in compression. The actual behavior of a dowel, however, is definitely more complex and for such a reason, improvements are needed for the Winkler's model to introduce other parameters typical of actual structures. Hence, a new formulation is introduced in this study for the bearing stiffness, that is calibrated based on mechanical considerations and measurements with optical fibers. The proposed formulation also accounts for the following parameters: angle between the crack and the bar, concrete‐cover thickness, number of load cycles and the softening effect caused by the local secondary cracks radiating from bar ribs during the pull‐out process. The predictions of the model—implemented with the proposed bearing stiffness—fit fairly well the test results under both monotonic and cyclic loads, in terms of shear force–transverse displacement response and peak stress in the reinforcing bars.

Developments on friction surfaced coatings for corrosion, wear-resistant and composite

Friction surfacing is the most recent technology applied in surface engineering for developing surface materials. It is a solid-state technique employed to coat one material over another material in order to reconstruct the worn-out parts, to enhance protection from ware and corrosion, to develop mechanical features and composite materials.This is an environmentally-safe process in which a consumable rod is deformed plastically and forms a deposit of viscoelastic material over the substrate. The thickness and properties of the layer can be controlled by the rotational speed, axial downwards force, horizontal motion, time and tilt angle. Different materials have been taken in friction surfacing for deposition. The friction surfaced coating is also modified in different way according to requirement. Friction surfacing has been significantly applied to industrial applications. This paper reviews thoroughly the properties and microstructure of friction surfaced coating using different operating parameters and processes, focusing alternative technology on future research.

Transport of a Mixture of Sand and Water Through a Pump Characterized by Dual Inlets and a Double-Layered Impeller

A centrifugal pump incorporating two inlets and a double-layered impeller is proposed for transporting a mixture of sand and water. The double-layered impeller (primary impeller) encircles a secondary impeller. To reveal the operating and flow characteristics of such a pump, numerical work is conducted with a validated numerical method. The effects of the feed rate of sand and the rotational speed of the impeller are investigated. The results show that the pump efficiency is not monotonically related to the solid volume fraction. At a feed rate of sand of 2.10 m3/min and a rotational speed of 950 rpm, the lowest pump efficiency is reached. In the volute chamber, vortices of various sizes are evidenced. With increasing rotational speed, the overall solid volume fraction in the pump decreases. Meanwhile, when the solid volume fraction attains 0.28, sand particles tend to accumulate near the outer rim of the volute chamber. The axial force acting on the primary impeller increases with the rotational speed. Under different operating conditions, the radial forces point unanimously toward the third and fourth quadrants.

Research on the Dynamic Response of a Bedding Rock Slope Reinforced by Pile–Anchor Structures Under Earthquakes: A Case Study of a Section of the Duyun-Shangri-La Expressway Project in Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China

Pile and anchor structures are extensively employed for slope stabilization. However, their dynamic response under seismic loading remains unclear and current seismic designs primarily use the pseudo-static method. Here, a three-dimensional numerical simulation of the dynamic behavior of a bedding rock slope supported by pile–anchor systems under earthquakes is conducted. The dynamic calculation for the slope subjected to seismic forces with varying excitation directions and acceleration amplitudes is performed. The dynamic behavior of both the slope and the pile–anchor system is investigated with respect to the slope’s failure mode, the dynamic soil pressure behind the pile, the anchor axial force, the bending moment, and the lateral displacement of the pile. The results indicate that the anti-slide piles cause a reflective and superposition effect on seismic waves within weak rock layers. As the input seismic intensity increases, the axial force in the anchor cables also increases, with the peak axial force occurring during the main energy phase of the seismic waves. The dynamic soil pressure acting behind the piles varies with the stratification of the slope rock layers, with lower peak dynamic earth pressure observed in weak layers. The weak layers on the slope surface experience through-shear failure. Under strong seismic loading, the structural element state undergoes significant changes.

Parameter Study and Optimization of Static Performance for a Hybrid Cable-Stayed Suspension Bridge

The hybrid cable-stayed and suspension (HCSS) bridge is known for its stability and cost-effectiveness, with significant application potential. This study examined the static performance of an HCSS bridge with a 1440 m main span. A finite element model (FEM) was developed to assess key parameters, such as the span-to-rise ratio, cable-to-hanger ratio, pylon stiffness, steel–concrete interface, and cable stiffness. Through FEM analysis and parameter optimization using the zero-order and first-order optimization methods in an ANSYS module, key design variables were optimized. The results show that an inappropriate span-to-rise ratio negatively impacts mid-span girder forces, while increasing the cable-stayed area enhances the overall stiffness. Main cable stiffness plays a crucial role in load-bearing and deformation control. Significant force differences were observed between stay and hanger cables, with axial force in the main girder increasing from the side span to the pylon under dead load. Bending moments in the transition region varied widely under combined loads. Optimizing parameters, such as the span-to-rise and cable-to-hanger ratios, significantly improved the mechanical performance of HCSS bridges, offering valuable insights for future designs.