Awareness Of Threats Research Articles

Awareness and preparedness of health systems and emergency medicine systems to the climate change challenges and threats: an international survey.

Climate change is widely recognised as a critical public health challenge. The objective of this study was to assess the awareness, preparedness and mitigation plans for climate change threats. A cross-sectional observational study targeting emergency medical societies in different countries was conducted between 15 February and 15 March 2024. The survey featured 16 closed questions on climate change awareness, preparedness and risks. Focus groups of 4-6 members were organised by country. Results were correlated to income levels, United Nations (UN) regional classification and the World Risk Index. The questions were ranked using a Likert-like scale from 0 to 9 (9 being the highest). Descriptive statistics used central tendency estimators, and inferential analysis used chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests, with the significance level set at P < 0.05. Forty-two focus groups responded, representing 36 countries: 21 (50%) high-income, seven (16.7%) low-income, five (11.9%) lower middle-income and nine (21.4%) upper middle-income countries, representing 31 of the 22 UN regions. According to the World Risk Index, the respondent countries belonged to the different categories as follows: very low risk, 6 (14%); low risk, 8 (19%); medium risk, 5 (12%); high risk, 8 (19%) and very high risk, 14 (34%). The estimated impact of climate change on national health systems had a mean score of 6.75 (SD = 2.16), while on Emergency Medical Systems was 6.96 (SD = 2.05). Overall, assessment and preparedness measures were reported by just 21.4 and 37.6% of respondents, respectively. Analysis by income did not show significant differences, with the exception of food supply. The main differences in the analysis by region were the risks of extreme weather events, vector-borne diseases and wildfires, whereas the World Risk Index was food and chain of supplies. Education and integration of health services were indicated by all as the main mitigation actions. Geographical position and country risk index influence risk perception among focus groups more than income economy, with vector-borne diseases, extreme weather events and food shortages being the threats with the most variability. The most important actions identified to mitigate Climate Change effects are educational and strategic plans.

Mental health support for healthcare workers: what is it about governance and policy implementation

Abstract Background We adopt a health system and governance perspective to address the mental health needs of healthcare workers, considering the nature of interventions and the levels and actors involved in governance. The aim is to move the debate forward by identifying governance gaps hampering the implementation of health workforce policies and exploring strategies to effectively increase mental health support. Methods A qualitative comparative methodology is applied based on a case study design utilising a multi-level intersectoral governance matrix. The assessment matrix comprises four key categories: health policy and data, social policy and psycho-social conditions, organisation of work, and job and professional conditions. We conducted a rapid assessment of healthcare workforce developments in the European context, drawing on secondary sources and country experts. The country sample comprises Germany, Portugal, Romania, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Results Awareness of mental health threats among healthcare workers increased, but policy discourse is driven by service delivery and labour market demands. The attention to healthcare workers’ needs is stronger on the international level especially supported by WHO action, and weakest at national/regional levels. Although organisations and professions demonstrate varying degrees of activity, their efforts are scattered and lack sustainability. Similar challenges were identified across healthcare systems, including limited action, disconnected actors, missing coordination, and a lack of attention to governance gaps and system weaknesses. Conclusions There are similar problems across countries. Mental health policy is driven by labour market needs and ignores research evidence and the individual needs. Successful mental health policy implementation needs multi-level governance and coherent coordination mechanisms, and generally greater attention to the ‘human side’ of the healthcare workforce. Speakers/Panelists Sara Alidina Central Administration of the Health System, Lisbon, Portugal Tomas Zapata WHO/Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark

We need to aim at the top: Factors associated with cybersecurity awareness of cyber and information security decision-makers.

Cyberattacks pose a significant business risk to organizations. Although there is ample literature focusing on why people pose a major risk to organizational cybersecurity and how to deal with it, there is surprisingly little we know about cyber and information security decision-makers who are essentially the people in charge of setting up and maintaining organizational cybersecurity. In this paper, we study cybersecurity awareness of cyber and information security decision-makers, and investigate factors associated with it. We conducted an online survey among Slovenian cyber and information security decision-makers (N = 283) to (1) determine whether their cybersecurity awareness is associated with adoption of antimalware solutions in their organizations, and (2) explore which organizational factors and personal characteristics are associated with their cybersecurity awareness. Our findings indicate that awareness of well-known threats and solutions seems to be quite low for individuals in decision-making roles. They also provide insights into which threats (e.g., distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, botnets, industrial espionage, and phishing) and solutions (e.g., security operation center (SOC), advanced antimalware solutions with endpoint detection and response (EDR)/extended detection and response (XDR) capabilities, organizational critical infrastructure access control, centralized device management, multi-factor authentication, centralized management of software updates, and remote data deletion on lost or stolen devices) are cyber and information security decision-makers the least aware of. We uncovered that awareness of certain threats and solutions is positively associated with either adoption of advanced antimalware solutions with EDR/XDR capabilities or adoption of SOC. Additionally, we identified significant organizational factors (organizational role type) and personal characteristics (gender, age, experience with information security and experience with information technology (IT)) related to cybersecurity awareness of cyber and information security decision-makers. Organization size and formal education were not significant. These results offer insights that can be leveraged in targeted cybersecurity training tailored to the needs of groups of cyber and information security decision-makers based on these key factors.

The Role of Disaster Memorial Facilities in Disaster Risk Reduction: Experiences from the Tohoku Region in Japan

Disaster memorials have emerged as pivotal approaches for not only commemorating disasters but also imparting lessons to future generations. However, despite discussions on preservation, little involvement has been reflected in the impacts of different memorial patterns in disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study examines the roles of disaster-related memorial facilities in DRR, exploring how distinct memorial patterns transfer disaster experiences to future generations. This research is based on a quantitative strategy, applying an online questionnaire with 538 respondents who visited the three selected sites under the background of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET) to identify their triggers and purpose for visiting, the impact of facilities on raising disaster awareness, the practical contents, and the important roles of DRR. The findings reveal that while all three facilities contribute to DRR with the same most important role as disseminating the lessons of the GEJET, their impact on visitors’ disaster awareness varies. Sendai Arahama Elementary School particularly raises awareness of disaster threats, while the Higashi-Matsushima Memorial Museums and the 3.11 Memorial Community Center enhance visitors’ disaster-related knowledge. Visually stimulating exhibits in the facilities, such as remains, photos, and videos, underscore the importance of disaster preparedness, while panels and science exhibits offer comprehensive insights into disaster-related knowledge. However, none of the three sites have significant roles in deepening regional exchange.

Examining the Influences of Message Formats, Context-Induced Moods, and Issue-Relevant Determinants on the Effectiveness of Ecolabels

We examined how young adults processed ecolabels (i.e. environmental warning labels), specifically by investigating how different warning message conditions and issue-relevant factors influenced the effectiveness of environmental warning messages. Findings from a 3 (message context formats: ads vs. positive PSAs vs. negative PSAs) x 3 (product categories: conservation vs. recycling vs. eco-friendly) mixed within- and between-subjects experimental design indicated that the effectiveness of ecolabels, assessed via message recall, message recognition, attitudes, and behavioral changes, was influenced by various issue-relevant determinants, as well as message context formats and context-induced moods. We also found that these predictors exhibited distinct patterns of influences for different types of environment-friendly products. Theoretical implications, as well as empirical suggestions for environmental communication professionals and policymakers to enhance the effectiveness of ecolabels and young adults’ awareness of environmental threats, were discussed.

Security in the era of wireless innovations: analysis of potential threats and protective measures

In today's interconnected world, wireless data transmission technologies have seamlessly integrated into the fabric of modern business operations. As reliance on these technologies grows, so does the imperative to ensure robust cyber security measures. Particularly in the age of wireless innovations, exemplified by the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), the discourse surrounding the security of wireless technologies underscores the necessity of comprehending both established threats and the continuous emergence of new vulnerabilities. This underscores the urgent need for timely detection and mitigation strategies. While the convenience afforded by wireless data transmission technologies grants society unprecedented access to information and facilitates the management of diverse devices, processes, and systems, it also exposes users and modern information and communication systems (ICS) to significant cyber threats and vulnerabilities. Consequently, there arises a pressing need to address these challenges comprehensively. This research dissects contemporary methodologies aimed at restricting access to wireless networks, identifying potential vulnerabilities, and crafting effective responses to cyberattacks. It delves into various facets of cyber security, including data encryption, user authentication mechanisms, traffic monitoring protocols, and anomaly detection algorithms. Furthermore, it delves into the crucial aspect of educating personnel on wireless security practices, equipping them with threat awareness and incident response capabilities. Given the dynamic landscape of cybersecurity technologies and threats, this work seeks to establish a foundational understanding of the security landscape within wireless networks. By doing so, it aims to outline pragmatic strategies for effectively managing security risks, thereby fortifying the resilience of modern organizations and safeguarding critical information assets.

Creating a more inclusive approach to wildlife trade management.

Global wildlife trade involves a diverse array of species. Although sustainable trade underpins livelihoods for communities worldwide, unsustainable trade, whether legal or illegal, threatens thousands of species and can lead to extinctions. From plants and fungi to fish, amphibians, mammals, invertebrates, and reptiles, a diverse array of species across taxa are affected by trade. Attention to wildlife trade has increased in recent years, but its focus has largely remained on a narrow range of high-profile species, with taxa deemed less charismatic frequently overlooked, despite some having significant trade volumes and levels of threat to wild populations. These biases can hamper effective policy interventions, reduce awareness of wider threats from trade, and prevent conservation efforts from focusing on the most pressing issues. It is important to broaden the scope of research and policy discussions and create a more inclusive approach to trade management. The diversity of approaches to wildlife trade can be improved by expanding monitoring of trade to a wider variety of taxa; collecting fundamental ecological data to underpin assessments of trade sustainability; improving and codesigning conservation interventions with key stakeholders and trade actors; and developing appropriate strategies for managing the supply, trade, and demand in diverse wildlife products to ensure species and livelihoods are protected.

Evaluation of Soldiers' Knowledge and Sense of Threats Regarding Exposure to Biological Risk Factors at the Place of Service.

Exposure to harmful biological agents and the level of knowledge about specific risk factors are extremely important topics, especially among military personnel. This study evaluates the knowledge and perceptions of soldiers regarding exposure to biological risk factors during their service. This research was conducted using an online survey distributed through the WBBS research panel, in which 1331 soldiers from various demographic groups and ranks participated. The survey assessed awareness of biological threats, the level of knowledge about preventive measures, and the perceived adequacy of occupational health and safety training. The findings reveal that over 80% of respondents possess some level of knowledge about the types of biological agents they may encounter, yet significant gaps remain, particularly in training related to region-specific infectious diseases, with more than 75% of participants having not received such training. Additionally, approximately 5% of respondents reported high exposure, and around 4% reported very high exposure to harmful biological agents, highlighting the need for enhanced educational programs and preventive measures in military contexts. The study underscores the importance of continuous education and training to mitigate risks associated with biological hazards in military environments.

Flu seasons during the period 2018-2023 in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina: possible impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the influenza A and B virus circulation.

During the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), many countries reported a significant decrease in the prevalence of influenza virus cases. The study aimed to characterize the flu seasons from 2018 to 2023 in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), and to assess the possible impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the influenza A and B virus circulation. The CDC Human Influenza Virus Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panels were used for the detection of influenza virus A and B, and subtyping of influenza virus A (H1pdm09 virus and H3). The data for this registry-based retrospective study were collected at the Clinical Centre of the University of Sarajevo, Unit for Clinical Microbiology (the laboratory that acts as a referral for the detection and characterization of influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 in Federation B&H). In the 2018/2019 and 2019/2020, an equal percentage of positive cases was recorded (148/410; 36%, and 182/504; 36%, respectively). The absence of the influenza virus was observed in 2020/2021. During 2021/2022, influenza virus was detected among 19/104 (18%) patients and slightly increased in 2022/2023 (45/269; 17%). The switch of the influenza B virus lineage was observed. The SARS-CoV-2 virus had an impact on the prevalence of influenza virus infection among the population of the Sarajevo Canton, B&H. Since the interactions between these two viruses are not entirely clear, awareness of a possible threat to public health is crucial.

Assessment on functionalized conjugated acetylide and its designated acetylide-imine moieties towards Acanthamoeba sp.: An in vitro bioindicator study

The demand for developing bioindicators to assess environmental pollution has increased significantly due to the awareness of potential threats of diseases. Herein, the eukaryotic ubiquitous microorganism Acanthamoeba sp. was used as a bioindicator to explore further the influence of functionalized organic molecules containing –CC- and –CHN- moieties prior application in the potential electronic components. The acetylide and hybrid acetylide-imine derivatives (FYD3A, FYD4B, and FYD4C) were tested for their cytotoxicity potentials based on dose-response analysis, morphological observation, and mode of cell death assessment on Acanthamoeba sp. (environmental-isolate). The biological activities of optimized compounds were evaluated by HOMO-LUMO energy gap and MEP analysis. The determination of the IC50 value through the MTT assay showed functionalized organic molecules of FYD3A, FYD4B, and FYD4C, revealing the inhibition growth of Acanthamoeba sp. with IC50 values in the 3.515–3.845 μg/mL range. Morphological observation displayed encystment with cellular agglutination and overall cell shrinkage. AO/PI-stained moieties-treated Acanthamoeba sp. cells appeared with shades of red to orange in necrotic Acanthamoeba cells whilst green to yellow apoptotic Acanthamoeba cells when compared to entirely green fluorescence untreated cells. Moreover, the results of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay demonstrate the integrity and functionality potential of the mitochondrial membrane in cells, where a decrease in the MMP assay is linked to apoptosis. This study confirmed that the functionalized organic molecule featuring acetylide and its designated acetylide-imine moieties exhibit cytotoxicity towards the Acanthamoeba sp. by apoptotic and necrotic mode of cell death. This indicates that seeping these derivatives as electronic components can lead to the leaching of hazardous chemicals and contribute to environmental pollution that negatively affects the ecosystem. This study proposes the selection of efficient systems and elements for functionalized organic molecules that are safe to be released into the environment.

Opportunities for meaningful climate change engagement in vulnerable nature settings

Abstract Nature‐based tourism has a unique opportunity, and arguably responsibility, to promote widespread action on climate change. However, research suggests an aversion to providing information that might appear divisive or ‘ruin’ peoples day, particularly in places that are vulnerable to degradation. We explore how exposure to climate change information in vulnerable nature settings influences indicators of (i) the visitor experience and (ii) climate change engagement. Using a quasi‐experimental approach, we provided climate information on tourist boats operating on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and compared visitor experiences with a control condition where climate information was not provided. Visitor surveys (n = 656) assessed perceptions and experiences. Overall, visitors on trips where climate information was provided were more likely to report that the reef experience exceeded their expectations and did not report any reduction in subjective trip satisfaction. However, we detected minimal effects of climate information on indicators of climate engagement (threat awareness, action awareness, or information seeking), suggesting room for improvement in interpretation approach and design. Indeed, visitors reported high levels of acceptability for incorporating more information about climate change, particularly about actions. Synthesis and applications: These results suggest that providing climate information does not undermine visitor experiences and while further research is required to determine the most effective approach for influencing climate change engagement, an appetite for more information exists. It is possible that what tourism operators are fearful of, may be an opportunity to improve outcomes aligned with both industry and environmental objectives. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Ransomware attack awareness: analyzing college student awareness for effective defense

There are growing concerns about security as the usage of computers in academic settings continues to increase. This research aims to investigate the level of awareness among university students regarding security threats associated with ransomware. This study examines students' behaviour and preventive motivation for ransomware attacks, along with the measures taken to mitigate these security threats. The study model combines the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and preventive motivation theory (PMT) with additional threat awareness (TA) variables. The research findings indicate a high level of awareness regarding the dangers. TA has a positive influence on other factors, as indicated by the significant t-values (perceived severity (PS)=4.479, perceived vulnerability (PV)=3.251, response efficacy (RE)=14.344, and self-efficacy (SE)=8.034). This research also demonstrates that subjective norm (SN) and affective responses (AR) have a key impact on behavioural intention (BI). Moreover, two of the preventive motivation factors, PS and PV, significantly contribute to BI, while the other two (RE and SE) did not show a significant contribution to BI.

Cybersecurity preparedness of small-to-medium businesses: A Western Australia study with broader implications

This study was prompted by the scarcity of focused quantitative research on the cybersecurity of SMBs. Our research aimed to understand the factors influencing SMBs' approach to cybersecurity, their level of threat awareness and the importance placed on cybersecurity. It also explored the extent to which NIST CSF practices are implemented by SMBs while also detecting and ranking the prevalent challenges faced by SMBs. Additionally, resources that SMBs turn to for help and guidance were also evaluated. While the survey-based study was on Western Australian SMBs, the results are of more general and wider interest. Our study found the lack of funds to be the biggest hindrance to cybersecurity, along with a lack of knowledge on where to start implementing good security practices. SMBs also lacked familiarity with relevant regulations and frameworks. The study highlights areas for improvement, such as access control mechanisms, individual user accounts, formalised policies and procedures, and dedicated budgets. SMBs heavily rely on Google search for cybersecurity information, emphasising the need for optimised search results from authoritative sources. IT service providers and informal networks also emerge as important sources of cybersecurity guidance, while local universities could assist SMBs but remain underutilised in this regard. Interestingly, factors such as organisational size, industry sector, and revenue level did not significantly impact SMBs' perception of vulnerability to cyber threats. However, further investigation is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of different IT service models for SMBs' cybersecurity needs. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the specific gaps and challenges faced by SMBs in the cybersecurity domain, as well as their preferred methods of seeking and consuming cybersecurity assistance. The findings can guide the development of targeted strategies and policies to enhance the cybersecurity posture of SMBs.

Clashes of knowledge: ‘Green deal’ concepts and challenges for sustainable rural systems

The content-related scope of the article includes primarily an attempt to take a broad look at the issues of research topics undertaken in research on sustainable development of rural areas. This topic is of great importance in the context of global environmental problems and various concepts of the ‘green deal’ included in the development policies of countries, primarily the EU member states. These issues were the subject of considerations during the 30th Annual Colloquium of the Commission on the Sustainability of Rural Systems of the International Geographical Union, which took place on June 5–9, 2023 at the University of Lodz, at the Faculty of Geographical Sciences. To comprehensively identify the topic, the methodology of content analysis of the abstracts submitted by the authors was used. This approach and the analysis of the sample of research papers presented at the conference made it possible to identify key issues related to sustainable development of rural areas. The approach used shed light on the relationship between society and nature, and revealed a variety of perspectives and solutions proposed by researchers from around the world. An attempt to integrate the thoughts of many scientists (conference participants) and highlight basic issues in the field of sustainable development of rural areas led to the construction of a model of environmental research in relation to the geographical specificity of understanding reality. This specific thought study (synthesis of views) highlights the importance of different perspectives and knowledge systems in understanding the foundations of sustainable rural development. The content-related analysis of the conference abstracts revealed four groups of processes influencing the sustainable development of rural areas, i.e. exploitation of natural resources and its social context, changes in land use, building social awareness of environmental threats and the evolution of connections between urban and rural areas.

Jaga Warga di DIY: Mengokohkan Solidaritas Komunitas untuk Keamanan dan Kesejahteraan

The "Jaga Warga" program in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is a policy of the Governor in an effort to foster community initiatives that aim to improve community security and welfare. This program mobilizes citizens to look after each other, provide assistance, and increase awareness of potential threats in the surrounding environment. The research aims to find out how the social impact of the policy, especially in strengthening solidarity among local communities. Through a qualitative research approach based on literature, a comprehensive and in-depth picture will be obtained, especially related to the social impact of the "Jaga Warga" program. The results show that the Jaga Warga program is able to encourage community participation to look after each other, provide assistance, and increase awareness of potential threats in the surrounding environment.

Safety Awareness in Governmental and Private Hospitals in Saudi Arabia

Objectives: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are exposed to several occupational health risks that affect their safety and require enhancement of their knowledge and awareness towards the safety practices. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety awareness among HCWs in governmental and private hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A pre-designed safety questionnaire was distributed among HCWs in selected hospitals through emails or WhatsApp groups including the Saudi and non-Saudi staff who have been working for more than a year. Results: Only 30% of the participants showed awareness of the noise hazard, 43% were aware of the radiation hazard, whereas 53.7% were aware of the lighting hazard. The awareness of fire threats was comparatively greater at 68.5%. Conclusion: Our results highlight the need for focused education and training programs to guarantee a safer working environment in healthcare units, particularly large hospitals and evaluate the safety awareness levels among HCWs regularly to monitor progress and prepare responsive training programs.

OpenVPN is Open to VPN Fingerprinting

VPN adoption has seen steady growth over the past decade due to increased public awareness of privacy and surveillance threats. In response, certain governments are attempting to restrict VPN access by identifying connections using “dual use” DPI technology. To investigate the potential for VPN blocking, we develop mechanisms for accurately fingerprinting connections using OpenVPN, the most popular protocol for commercial VPN services. We identify three fingerprints based on protocol features such as byte pattern, packet size, and server response. Playing the role of an attacker who controls the network, we design a two-phase framework that performs passive fingerprinting and active probing in sequence. We evaluate our framework in partnership with a million-user ISP and find that we identify over 85% of OpenVPN flows with only negligible false positives, suggesting that OpenVPN-based services can be effectively blocked with little collateral damage. Although some commercial VPNs implement countermeasures to avoid detection, our framework successfully identified connections to 34 out of 41 “obfuscated” VPN configurations. We discuss the implications of the VPN fingerprintability for different threat models and propose short-term defenses. In the longer term, we urge commercial VPN providers to be more transparent about their obfuscation approaches and to adopt more principled detection countermeasures, such as those developed in censorship circumvention research.

Measuring Cybersecurity Awareness in a South African Military Sample

Cyberspace has been identified as a new domain of warfare; awareness of cyber threats is therefore crucial for members of the military because it allows for greater insight into potential cyber threats and attacks. Furthermore, developing cybersecurity awareness may assist in the detection of cyber threats in the workplace, and may further assist members of the military to be cognisant of their own vulnerability in cyberspace. In South Africa, cybersecurity is a topic of interest, and the South African National Defence Force has highlighted the need to enhance its cybersecurity capacity. The Cybersecurity Orientation Questionnaire was developed for members of the South African military with the fundamental objective of assessing their cybersecurity awareness as part of a larger study. The purpose of the study on which this article is based, was to explore the initial validation of the Questionnaire using a South African military sample. The study design was quantitative, and the reliability and factor structure of the Questionnaire were analysed by means of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The sample size consisted of 182 military participants who were based at two military educational institutions. The Questionnaire showed acceptable reliability for research purposes (r = .79; p = .000) and the prominent three-factor structure was in line with the theorised factors envisioned during the development of the Questionnaire. Initial validation of the Questionnaire showed promising results for assessing cybersecurity awareness in the South African military sample. This study therefore emphasises the importance of developing instruments specifically for the South African military context.

Household preparedness for multi-natural hazards in coastal communities

Natural hazards have generated significant human and economic losses throughout history. This issue concerns the Pacific Ring of Fire (PRF) coastal cities. Chile is located on the PRF and is one of the countries with the highest seismic activity in the world. Consequently, this has resulted in a high seismic culture among the inhabitants but less knowledge and awareness of other threats, such as hydrometeorological events. Therefore, this study assessed household preparedness for multiple natural hazards in two coastal cities in Chile.To achieve this goal, we used the results of a survey conducted on a statistically representative sample of two of the main coastal cities in Chile: Valparaíso (n = 548) and Concepción (n = 585). The survey assessed household preparedness, participation in preparedness activities, and sociodemographic variables.The results showed that regardless of the study area, people perceive they are more prepared for earthquakes/tsunamis than fires and floods. Inhabitants from both cities rarely participate in preparedness activities, evidencing the importance of encouraging community members to become involved in activities to learn skills and strategies to cope with multiple hazards. Finally, the results show significant differences in preparedness based on sociodemographic characteristics; middle-aged adults declare participating more in disaster-related activities and being more prepared at home against earthquakes, tsunamis, and fires. The implications of these findings to prepare communities are discussed.

Understanding the Factors Affecting Trust and Security in Online Transactions for Maid Service Websites

In today's digital landscape, trust and security hold significant importance, especially in the realm of online transactions, particularly on maid service websites. This paper delves into the complex factors that influence users' perceptions of trust and security when engaging with these platforms. Through a thorough examination of existing literature and empirical analysis, this research identifies the key factors that shape users' perceptions of trust and security during online transactions within the maid service industry. The study explores various aspects, including website design, encryption protocols, payment gateways, privacy policies, and customer reviews, among others, to understand their impact on users' trust and security perceptions. Additionally, it investigates how factors like customer demographics, previous online experiences, and awareness of cybersecurity threats contribute to shaping these perceptions. Furthermore, the research delves into the strategies and best practices adopted by maid service websites to enhance trust and security. This includes implementing secure payment gateways, transparent communication channels, and robust data protection measures. The insights gained from this study provide a deeper understanding of the dynamics influencing consumer trust and security in the context of maid service websites. These findings offer valuable implications for industry practitioners to improve trust-building strategies and strengthen security measures, ultimately creating a safer and more trustworthy online environment for users. Keywords: MaidIn, Maid Service, Maid Jobs, Maid Service near me, Maid Service Project, Maid Service full Stack Web Development