Awareness Of Prejudice Research Articles

A virtue intervention for interracial interactions increases motivation to respond without prejudice

ABSTRACT Multicultural scholars suggest that effective Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) training must raise awareness of prejudice and racism while also including strategies for changing behavior by developing certain approach goals (e.g. the goal of becoming a more courageous and patient person). This study examines how virtue interventions that cultivate courage and patience may be a useful approach for increasing motivation to respond without prejudice during interracial interactions. Virtue interventions were tested in 292 White college students (69.2% female; M Age = 20.9) across four conditions (control, virtue only/no race salience, virtue and race salient, and race salient/no virtue). Results suggest that White college students receiving the virtue/race salient intervention increased internal motivation to respond without prejudice, but those who received the race salient/no virtue condition reported decreased levels of courage and decreased motivation to respond without prejudice. Findings are discussed in light of positive psychology, DEI, anti-racism training and interventions, and virtue development.

Marriott Hotel’s Practices in Mitigating Discrimination Through Inclusionary Employee Resource Groups

Human resources experts play a crucial role in fostering safe, healthy, and equitable workplaces, emphasizing inclusivity, diversity, and anti-discrimination. Marriott International serves as a prime example by prioritizing ongoing education to create a diverse and inclusive workforce, empowering employees to cater to a global clientele. Their initiatives inspire and educate HR professionals from other companies while reinforcing Marriott's commitment to bias reduction through continuous training in areas like unconscious bias, cultural competency, harassment prevention, and prejudice awareness. Marriott's dedication extends to providing resources and training to address workplace discrimination, promoting tolerance and diversity. The company's unwavering focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion underscores the importance of senior management support and consistent promotion of these values. Marriott's transparency in disclosing diverse data sets a benchmark for organizational growth, serving as a guiding principle for HR professionals to drive similar initiatives in their respective organizations. Ultimately, Marriott's efforts illustrate the potential for creating more equitable and inclusive workplaces globally, where employees are valued, respected, and supported to thrive.

The scope and limits of implicit bias training: An experimental study with Swedish social workers

Implicit bias reduction has become an increasingly popular feature of so-called ‘diversity training’ in both public and private organizations. It remains popular, despite a lack of robust evidence suggesting that it is possible to accomplish lasting changes to individual implicit bias. In addition, previous research relies almost entirely on laboratory experiments; almost nothing is known about the scope of these findings. The present study aims to engage theoretically and empirically in this debate. An implicit bias reduction intervention developed by psychologist Patricia Devine will be tested and approached from a sociological perspective. The study is based on an experiment setting with social workers at 13 Swedish social assistance units. Beyond testing the scope of this particular intervention, the study highlights some of the methodological problems that come with the unrealistic standards of exact replication within the social sciences. The results show that the intervention increased the participants’ awareness of prejudice and implicit bias, but it did not reduce the participants’ implicit biases. The scientific and social policy consequences of these findings are discussed.

The Effect of Prejudice and Discrimination Education Given to University Students on Gender Perception and Attitude

University education may influence attitudes toward gender roles. The awareness of students in the field of health services about the gender inequalities they will encounter both during the education process and in the future while providing health services will play a role in providing health services in a more effective and equitable way. In order for university students to approach men and women with an egalitarian perspective at an early age, their gender stereotypes must first decrease and their perspectives on social relations must change positively. Therefore, university education can play an important role in influencing gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles. There is no special course on prejudice and discrimination in the training programs of Vocational Schools of Health Services that train health technicians in Turkey. Based on this, this study aimed to examine the effect of the training program given to raise awareness of prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination on the gender perception and attitude of students who will provide health care in the future. For this purpose, answers were sought to the following questions: Is there a difference in students' gender perceptions of prejudice and discrimination before and after training? Are there any differences in students' gender role attitudes regarding prejudice and discrimination before and after education? Is there a relationship between gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles? As a method, a single-group the pretest-posttest semi-experimental method was used. The research was conducted with students taking the Prejudice and Discrimination course at the Vocational School of Health Services. 95 second-grade students participated in the research. The reason why sophomore students from the Disabled Care and Rehabilitation program, the Pharmacy Services program, and the Occupational Therapy Program were selected in the study is that the "Prejudice and Discrimination" course is given in the second-grade student spring semester. Descriptive Information Form, Gender Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS), and Gender Perception Scale (GPS) were used to collect data. Before the course program started, GRAS and GPS were administered to the participants as a pretest. Afterwards, a fourteen-week course period on "Prejudice and Discrimination" was carried out. At the end of the course, GRAS and GPS were administered to the participants as posttests. According to the students' descriptive characteristics, it was found that the mean age of the participants in the study was 21.6±3.3, and that 73.7% of them were female. According to the study, most students' mothers (56.9%) and fathers (38.9%) had completed elementary school. The families of 73.7% of the participants are nuclear families. The students' average number of siblings was found to be 2.8±2.1, and the majority (51.6%) of them had both brothers and sisters. The investigation discovered that 43.2% of the students lived primarily in the city center. Most students who participated in the study said that the Black Sea region was where they spent most of their lives (46.3%). The research revealed that prejudice and discrimination training provided via online distance education methods did not affect the gender perception and gender role attitudes of second-year Vocational School of Health Services students (respectively; p = 0.890, p = 0.976). However, a positive relationship was found between gender perception and attitudes towards gender roles (pretest r = 0,825, p < 0,01; posttest r = 0,893, p< 0,01). While the total scale score of women was higher than men according to GPS and GRAS scores according to sex before the training (GPS, p = 0.002; GRAS, p

Training for coordinating professionals as part of Dutch integrated care for childhood overweight and obesity – a mixed-methods evaluation

Introduction: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) play an important role in childhood overweight and obesity care, yet they often feel ill-equipped to manage this complex and sensitive health problem. As part of Dutch integrated care for childhood overweight and obesity, a training for coordinating professionals (CPs) was designed and carried out. This study evaluates the training based on the four levels of Kirkpatrick’s model of training evaluation: (1) reaction, (2) learning, (3) behaviour, and (4) results.
 Method: Eleven CPs who completed the training participated in this mixed-methods study. First, completed questionnaires on the four levels were analysed with Qualtrics. Next, the transcripts of semi-structured interviews on levels 1, 3 and 4 were analysed in MAXQDA using thematic analysis. 
 Results: On level 1, participants were satisfied with the training as it stimulated their professional and personal development, for instance awareness of prejudices about people with overweight and obesity. Barriers, improvements and needs from the training varied between participants based on their background. On level 2, CPs improved perceived knowledge about integrated care and its practice, skills for providing overweight and obesity care, coaching attitudes, and trust and commitment towards local integrated care. On level 3, the extent to which the learnings were practised depended on the experience and local context of the CP. Last, on level 4 CPs mentioned noticing post-training practical results for themselves, the child and the family, integrated care partners, and the participants’ organisation.
 Conclusion: This study evaluated a training for CPs for the support and care they provide to children with overweight and obesity and their families as part of Dutch integrated care. The training contributed to improve perceived knowledge, skills and attitudes of CPs. This study recommends sufficient implementation of local integrated care, to optimally practise what was learned during the training. More on-time evaluations of the training and taking the perspective of the organisation into account is needed. This would improve the training and give CPs confidence to adequately provide support and care to children with overweight and obesity and their families.
 Keywords: Pediatric obesity, education, health care providers, primary health care, mixed-methods appraisal

To overcome gender inequality in legal education: Ethical awareness

We claim that to combat stereotyping regarding gender inequalities in law, students should gain ethical awareness which includes awareness of prejudices and stereotypes. For this reason, we organized our clinical legal education in such a way as to combat students’ bias and make a transformation. In our lectures we used transformative methodology that includes intersectional analysis. In this article we explain our educational experience and describe our courses with its main principles.

Experiences of parent allies of LGBTIQ people during the Australian Marriage survey.

Public campaigns debating the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer (LGBTIQ) individuals to be treated as equal under the law highlight stigma and prejudice harmful to health and well-being. Previous research documenting the negative effects of political campaigns on LGBTIQ people's health and well-being has largely left unexplored the effects on their families and allies. The present study analyzed open-ended responses of the parent allies of LGBTIQ people (N = 232) to questions about the effects of the public debate during the 2017 Australian Marriage Law postal survey. Parents expressed some positive experiences of connection to other supporters of marriage equality. Parents also reported many negative emotions and experiences. The debates increased their awareness of prejudice and discrimination targeting their children and made them fearful for their own and their children's safety. Parents reported negative impacts on some interpersonal relationships with friends, family members, co-workers, and other community members. They expressed feelings of alienation and anger toward the government, media, and religious institutions for fostering anti-LGBTIQ prejudice and discrimination. Some parents reported feeling discouraged about society or humanity in general because of the public debate. Findings are discussed in relation to affiliate stigma and parental minority stress, and the need to consider in research and practice the effects of LGBTIQ stigmatization on family systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Anticipation of Stigma upon Parenthood Impacts Parenting Aspirations in the LGB Community in Israel

This study compared childless Israeli lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals to their heterosexual counterparts on anticipation of stigma upon parenthood and assessed its mediating role in the association between being a member of a sexual minority and lower parenting desires, intentions, and likelihood estimations. A total of 612 childless participants (174 self-reported as LGB people) ranging in age from 18 to 49 (M = 31.18, SD = 3.89) were recruited through convenience sampling between November 2019 and February 2020. They completed online questionnaires assessing their anticipation of stigma upon parenthood, parenting desires, intentions, and likelihood estimations. LGB individuals reported a higher anticipation of stigma upon parenthood than their heterosexual counterparts. The anticipation of stigma upon parenthood fully mediated the association between being a sexual minority and lower parenting desires and intentions and partially mediated the association between being a sexual minority and lower estimated likelihood of parenthood. The findings are interpreted in light of LGB possible awareness of prejudice and discrimination by local legislation that prohibits or impedes sexual minorities from pursuing parenthood. Policymakers and health professionals should be alerted to the impact of anticipation of stigma when accounting for the disparities in parenting aspirations between LGB individuals and heterosexual counterparts and its possible connections to discriminatory Israeli social policies toward LGB rights.

Is One’s Own Ethnic Prejudice Always Subtle? The Inconsistency of Prejudice Endorsement and Prejudice Awareness Depends on Self-Related Egalitarian Standards and Motivations

In light of current egalitarian norms, it seems intuitive to assume that people endorsing ethnically prejudicial beliefs are largely unaware of their xenophobic content. However, a cognitive consistency perspective would suggest that individuals with low anti-prejudice standards might care less if their opinions are prejudiced. Corroborating this idea, Study 1 (N = 919) reveals that intra-individually the endorsement of prejudicial beliefs was negatively related to their evaluation as xenophobic (prejudice awareness), but more so among individuals with strong self-related egalitarian standards. Study 2 (N = 1,201) replicates these findings and shows that egalitarian standards salience led to a stronger negative association between prejudice endorsement and awareness. This suggests that low-egalitarians are less suitable targets for awareness-raising components of anti-prejudice interventions.

Hoax: Teks dan Konteks dalam Al-Quran

The development of technology has been shifted human’s way from the manual era to the digital era. Humans have been able to communicate without border and time. However, information in the modern era is not always true and many of them are false or hoaxes. Al Qur’an as a guide for humans has actually explained the hoax. Some words in the Al Qur'an illustrated the context of hoaxes such as ifk, kaẑaba, fitnah, khud'a, qaul al-zūr, buhtan, iftara, tahrif, and garur. In this paper, it will discuss the text of the hoax in the Al Qur’an in its text and textual verses when the verse is revealed. Furthermore, the context of the hoax in the Al Qur’an is explained in the context of the current issues with a semantic approach. This paper concludes that the meaning of the hoax in the Al Qur'an is in accordance with the recent context but only the media and problems are more complex. Furthermore, the Qur'an has provided solution to the issues of hoax such as checking the correctness of the data before sharing (Q. S Al-Hujurat: 6, Q. S Isra: 36), increasing the culture of literacy (Q. S Al-Qalam: 1 -2), awareness of prejudice (Q. S Al-Hujurat: 12), and so on.

Confirmatory evidence for a multidimensional model of racial-ethnic socialization for transracially adoptive families.

The purpose of the current study is to test a recently established model of racial-ethnic socialization (Langrehr, 2014) among 2 samples of White transracially adoptive parents and to assess whether the proposed model functions similarly after accounting for adopted child race. Based on a modified version of the Racial Bias Preparation Scale (Fisher, Wallace, & Fenton, 2000), confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the 3-factor model (i.e., Prejudice Awareness, Racial-Ethnic Pride, and Egalitarianism) among 172 White transracially adoptive parents with Asian children (Mage = 45.72) and 140 White transracially adoptive parents with Black children (Mage = 42.62). In addition, multigroup invariance testing was used to assess whether the proposed model functioned similarly across the 2 groups of parents. Results indicate that the proposed 3-factor model demonstrated partial measurement invariance such that the subconstruct of Egalitarianism functioned similarly across groups, whereas Racial-Ethnic Pride and Prejudice Awareness were deemed noninvariant. Findings are intended to help expand the concept of racial-ethnic socialization for transracially adoptive families and address the degree to which current research on racial-ethnic socialization can be applied to different transracially adoptive families. Results are intended to highlight ways that various social-cultural dimensions of family can culminate into different socialization experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record

Testimonial Injustice and Mindreading

Miranda Fricker maintains that testimonial responsibility is the proper corrective to testimonial injustice. She proposes a perceptual‐like “testimonial sensibility” to explain the transmission of knowledge through testimony. This sensibility is the means by which a hearer perceives an interlocutor's credibility level. When prejudice causes a hearer to inappropriately deflate the credibility attributed to a speaker, the sensibility may have functioned unreliably. Testimonial responsibility, she claims, will make the capacity reliable by reinflating credibility levels to their proper degree. I argue that testimonial sensitivity may be or involve “mindreading,” the cognitive capacity by which we predict human behavior and explain it in terms of mental states. Further, I claim that, if testimonial sensibility is or involves mindreading, and mindreading is a function of brain processes (as claimed by cognitive neuroscientists), testimonial injustice cannot be corrected by testimonial responsibility. This is because 1) it appears to rely on conscious awareness of prejudice, whereas much bias occurs implicitly, and 2) it works at the individual level, whereas testimonial injustice occurs both individually and socially. I argue that the remedy for testimonial injustice is, instead, engaging in social efforts that work below the level of consciousness.

Prejudice Toward Gender and Sexual Diversity in a Brazilian Public University: Prevalence, Awareness, and the Effects of Education

The objective of this study was to investigate how gender and sexual diversity prejudice (GenSex) expresses itself in a university, how prejudice varies in relation to socio-demographic characteristics, the effects of religious status, and how exposure to GenSex education affects levels of prejudice. Eight thousand one hundred eighty-four undergraduate students from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), in southern Brazil, completed the revised version of the Prejudice Against Sexual and Gender Diversity scale. Data reflect a concentration of ‘extreme’ and ‘high’ prejudice in students enrolled in Engineering, Agricultural Sciences, and the Exact and Geological Sciences. ‘Moderate’ and ‘low’ prejudice was over-represented in these disciplines as well as in Health, Applied Social Science, and Biological Sciences student samples. Conversely, those who have ‘very low’ or ‘minimal’ prejudice tended to cluster in Humanities and Linguistics and Arts. Most students were unaware of ongoing discrimination, reporting to have neither seen nor heard of discrimination towards LGBT students at the university. Time spent at the university had a negligible effect in prejudice mean reduction. Although a large effect was found for previous GenSex training, overall there was substantial variation across disciplines. We recommend raising student awareness of prejudice on campus, in addition to better GenSex education policy for all students, regardless of discipline.

Images that Sense Us

Miss World Peace, the ‘alter ego’ of Melbournian artist Jane Korman, travels to ‘sites of conflict’, inviting dialogue and raising an awareness of prejudices, inviting dialogue and proposing peace. This article considers Miss World Peace as an affective assemblage of people's desires, longings, fantasies and projections, and, as such, as a de- and re-remediation of performance's entangled relationship with the neoliberal dramaturgies of contemporary visual culture. It thinks through the post-performative politics of Korman's images, which offer a doubled glance towards the roles of the visual and the embodied in rupturing the political. That is, they are neither performative nor non-performative, but afformative in how they engage relations between the subjunctive and the material real.

Transracially adoptive parents' color-blind attitudes and views toward socialization: Cross-racial friendships as a moderator.

This study examined the moderating role of transracially adoptive parents' cross-racial friendships in the relationship between their color-blind attitudes and views toward cultural and racial socialization. Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses and the Johnson-Neyman technique, it was hypothesized that parents' color-blind attitudes would significantly account for 3 different dimensions of socialization beliefs (i.e., prejudice awareness, ethnic pride, and egalitarian socialization) and that self-reported cross-racial friendships would moderate the effects of color-blind attitudes. Results suggest that having several cross-racial friendships minimized the effects of participants' color-blind attitudes on their ethnic pride and egalitarian socialization beliefs, whereas having few cross-racial friendships enhanced the effects of color-blind attitudes on both socialization variables. The importance of transracially adoptive families creating diverse and multiracial social networks is discussed.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Undergraduate Multicultural Course

The American Psychological Association (APA) recently revised their Guidelines for the undergraduate psychology major in 2013. In this updated version diversity is included in the broad goal of ethical and social responsibility in a diverse world. Indicators associated with this goal include student awareness of prejudice within themselves and others, sensitivity to issues of power, privilege and discrimination, and knowledge of cultural diversity. Previous researchers have discussed the conditions necessary and processes by which intercultural learning and prejudice reduction occur. The current study utilized a measure of multicultural competence to assess the effectiveness of a semester-long undergraduate multicultural course. The results indicated the multicultural course was more effective than a personality course in increasing multicultural knowledge but had no impact on multicultural awareness. The discussion focused on the conditions that may have influenced the results.

Positive Themes in LGBT Self-Identities in Spanish-Speaking Countries

Positive self-identity is an important component of well-being. For lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender/transsexual (LGBT)-identified individuals in Spanish-speaking countries, forming and maintaining a positive identity is important to countering the negative impact of minority stress. An online survey collected self-reported data from participants in 15 Spanish-speaking countries ( n = 121). Qualitative thematic analysis revealed eight positive identity themes: personal insight and strong sense of self; strong connections with family and friends; belonging to a community and being a role model for others; authenticity and honesty; involvement in social justice activism; freedom from gender-prescribed roles and to explore sexual expression and different types of relationships; empathy and compassion for others, including an awareness of prejudice toward others; and irrelevance or neutrality of sexual or gender identities. These findings suggest that people across nationalities may have similar experiences of positive identity and well-being related to their sexual and gender identities. Community leader- and counselor-facilitated interventions that empower LGBT individuals and groups are discussed as opportunities for enhancement of well-being through engagement and activism.

Prejudice Awareness Through Cultural Self-Knowledge Development: Going Beyond the Contact Reduces Prejudice Hypothesis

This article challenges the simplicity of Allport's contact reduces prejudice hypothesis by emphasizing the importance of addressing previously learned cultural beliefs and attitudes as a possible factor in prejudice development and reduction. These cultural beliefs and attitudes were studied through classroom assignments where this type of learning can be explored. Data were collected from students in a graduate cross-cultural course after students' completion of a cultural self-assessment paper and a paper based on interviewing an ethnic family. These data revealed that, through a process of cultural self-knowledge development and later contact with an ethnic family, prejudice awareness appeared to occur, which has the potential to reduce prejudice.

The Novel and Prejudice

This essay identifies a new subgenre of the novel, the novel of prejudice, which appears at the end of the eighteenth century. Modeling an awareness of prejudice as an ethical and political problem of modernity distinct from the reader identification and empathy associated with sentimental fiction, the novel of prejudice draws on Enlightenment theories of toleration to develop a narrative focus on the self-critical and complicit conscience.

Predictive Factors of Ethnic Prejudice Toward Immigrants in a Representative Subsample of Spanish Young People1

This research aimed to study those factors that predict different types of ethnic prejudice in a representative subsample of Spanish young people. The instrument we used was Pettigrew & Meertens' (1995) blatant/subtle prejudice scale. Results show that although there is a similar underlying pattern in both types of ethnic prejudice, subtle prejudice is based more on cultural differences, whereas blatant prejudice also stresses the racial, economic, and labor effects of immigration. Moreover, blatant prejudice is also influenced by the formal level of education and political position. The results are interpreted within the Spanish context; and the implications for identity formation and maintenance, and practical programs directed toward ethnic prejudice awareness are discussed.