Awareness Of Chronic Kidney Disease Research Articles

Development and Validation of KRT Knowledge Instrument.

Awareness of kidney replacement therapies (KRT) is associated with greater home dialysis use. However, validated instruments evaluating patient knowledge and awareness of various KRTs are currently lacking and are critical for informed decision-making. We developed a 24-item KRT knowledge instrument (Know-KRT) encompassing three domains of General, Technical, and Correlative information critical for informed dialysis decision-making. We conducted a cross-sectional study among Veterans with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) to determine its reliability, dimensionality, and validity. The Know-KRT instrument dimensionality was acceptable with a root mean squared error of approximation of 0.095 for the conceptual three-domain model fit (χ2=824.6, P < .001). Corrected Item-Total Correlation indices were excellent (>0.4) for all individual items. Internal consistency was excellent for the full instrument, Cronbach's alpha, α=0.95, with α=0.86, 0.91, and 0.79 for the General, Technical, and Correlative domains, respectively. The Know-KRT score correlated strongly with the CKD knowledge score (r=0.68, P<.001). KRT awareness was low, with an ease index of 0.181 for the full instrument. The General, Technical, and Correlative domains scores demonstrated strong correlations with the Know-KRT total score (r=0.68, 0.61, and 0.48, respectively, p<.001) and CKD instrument score (r=0.95, 0.93, and 0.77, respectively, P < .001). KRT and CKD awareness correlated negatively with age and positively with health literacy, employment status, hypertension, and quality of nephrology care. We report a newly developed KRT knowledge instrument with three domains having acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and validity. We show that patients with advanced CKD have low awareness of KRTs, even for items related to basic descriptions of modalities, highlighting the need for targeted patient education efforts.

The Awareness, Prevalence, and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease Among Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Patients in the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia.

Background and objective Given its ever-increasing burden, chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant public health threat. CKD is characterized by a gradual alteration in the kidney's normal glomerular filtration rate, which results in the progressive loss of kidney function over a period of time ranging from a few months to years. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) are well-known risk factors for developing CKD and end-stage renal failure. In light of this, this study aimed to assess theawareness, prevalence, and risk factors of CKD in patients with diabetes and those with HTN in the Aseer region, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of people across Saudi Arabia. The data collection was conducted via an online questionnaire circulated on social media platforms. The study questionnaire included socioeconomic and demographic information and medical history of DM, HTN, and CKD. Also, patients' awareness of and attitude towards CKD were assessed. Results A total of 301 diabetic or hypertensive patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria completed the study questionnaire. Of them, 174 (57.8%) were aged less than 55 years, while 127 (42.2%) were aged more than 55 years; 200 (66.4%) patients were males. A total of 94 (31.2%)study patients were diabetic, 64 (21.3%) were hypertensive, and 143 (47.5%) were both diabetic and hypertensive; 226 (75.1%)study patients had an overall good awareness of CKD while only 75 (24.9%) showed a poor awareness level. Higher awareness was associated with patients' age, education, and having CKD, DM, or HTN (p<0.05). Conclusion Our findings revealed that CKD was not common among study patients, and its prevalence was found to be less than estimated based on many studies in the literature. Also, diabetic and hypertensive patients showed a higher than satisfactory level of awareness of CKD, especially young patients with high levels of education.

Diagnostic Validity of Chronic Kidney Disease in Health Claims Data Over Time: Results from a Cohort of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Germany.

The validity of ICD-10 diagnostic codes for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in health claims data has not been sufficiently studied in the general population and over time. We used data from the Berlin Initiative Study (BIS), a prospective longitudinal cohort of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥70 years in Berlin, Germany. With estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) as reference, we assessed the diagnostic validity (sensitivity, specificity, positive [PPV], and negative predictive values [NPV]) of different claims-based ICD-10 codes for CKD stages G3-5 (eGFR <60mL/min/1.73m²: ICD-10 N18.x-N19), G3 (eGFR 30-<60mL/min/1.73m²: N18.3), and G4-5 (eGFR <30mL/min/1.73m²: N18.4-5). We analysed trends over five study visits (2009-2019). We included data of 2068 participants at baseline (2009-2011) and 870 at follow-up 4 (2018-2019), of whom 784 (38.9%) and 440 (50.6%) had CKD G3-5, respectively. At baseline, sensitivity for CKD in claims data ranged from 0.25 (95%-confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.28) to 0.51 (95%-CI 0.48-0.55) for G3-5, depending on the included ICD-10 codes, 0.20 (95%-CI 0.18-0.24) for G3, and 0.36 (95%-CI 0.25-0.49) for G4-5. Over the course of 10 years, sensitivity increased by 0.17 to 0.29 in all groups. Specificity, PPVs, and NPVs remained mostly stable over time and ranged from 0.82-0.99, 0.47-0.89, and 0.66-0.98 across all study visits, respectively. German claims data showed overall agreeable performance in identifying older adults with CKD, while differentiation between stages was limited. Our results suggest increasing sensitivity over time possibly attributable to improved CKD diagnosis and awareness.

Kidney dysfunction predicts 90 days mortality after stroke thrombectomy independent of cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease.

Kidney dysfunction (KD) is a risk factor for cerebrovascular events and has been shown to have a detrimental effect on outcome after stroke. We evaluated the influence of KD at admission and pre-existing diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) before thrombectomy for anterior circulation stroke on functional independence and mortality 90 days after stroke in this cross-sectional study. We included patients with acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation treated with thrombectomy at our hospital between June 2015 and May 2022. We analyzed clinical characteristics, laboratory values and pre-existing diagnosis of CKD. KD at admission was defined as glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Outcomes were defined as a modified Rankin Scale Score of 0-2 for functional independence and mortality at 90 days. We fitted multivariate regression analysis to examine the influence of pre-treatment KD and pre-diagnosed CKD on outcome. Nine hundred fifty-three patients were included in this analysis (mean age 73.8 years, 54.2% female). KD was present in 31.8%, and patients with KD were older and more often female, presented more often with comorbidities such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation, and were less often independent before the index stroke. In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, independence before the index stroke, diabetes, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, initial NIHSS, thrombolysis treatment, and recanalization outcome, KD on admission had no significant influence on functional independence 90 days after stroke, but predicted mortality with an odds ratio of 1.80 (95% CI 1.23-2.63, p = 0.003). This influence also persisted when controlling for pre-diagnosed CKD (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.05-2.43, p = 0.027). KD might function as a surrogate parameter for comorbidity burden and thus increased risk of mortality in this cohort. KD on admission is associated with an 80% higher risk of mortality at 90 days after stroke thrombectomy independent of cardiovascular risk factors and CKD awareness. KD on admission should not exclude patients from thrombectomy but might support prognostic evaluation.

Awareness of chronic kidney disease and the perception of the community towards organ donation and renal transplantation in Riyadh province of Saudi Arabia

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant health problem associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Awareness of CKD in people is crucial to decrease mortality, morbidity, and complications. CKD can lead to end-stage renal failure that needs renal transplantation. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the awareness of chronic kidney disease and the community's perception of organ donation and renal transplantation. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 503 Saudi adults between June and September 2022 in Riyadh Province of Saudi Arabia. We distributed online self-administered questionnaires among the general adult population utilizing convenient sampling. Results: Most of the participants had university degrees (67.2%). Of the total, 40.6%, 24.5% and 29.2% of participants knew that painkillers, hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are risk factors for CKD, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between knowledge about risk factors of CKD and educational level (p&lt;0.05), but an insignificant relation with gender (p&gt;0.05). Most of the participants (53.3%) supported organ donation, and a significant relationship was observed with the gender and educational level of participants (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The current study showed low awareness of CKD and poor knowledge about kidney transplantation and organ donation in the community of Saudi Arabia. Mass media and campaigns can be central in raising awareness about CKD and organ donation to help facilitate disease identification and prevention. Keywords: Chronic renal disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, attitude

Awareness of Preeclampsia and Its Associated Factors Among Women in Al Baha Region, Saudi Arabia.

Preeclampsia is associated with the incidence of common fetal problems including intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR), premature delivery oligohydramnios, placental abruption, fetal discomfort, and intrauterine fetal death. Pregnant women are not well-informed about preeclampsia, including its symptoms, risk factors, and consequences. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the awareness of preeclampsia and its associated factors among women in the Al Baha region, Saudi Arabia. An observational cross-sectional design was employed to assess the awareness of preeclampsia and its associated factors among women in the Al Baha region of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected from April 2023 to September2023. A questionnaire was designed to gather information on participants' sociodemographic characteristics (such as age, educational level, and residency) and their awareness of preeclampsia, including knowledge about signs/symptoms, risk factors, and complications. In the current study, we included 485 pregnant women. The majority of participants were aged 40 years or older (37.5%), followed by those aged 35-39 (20.4%). Among the participants, 70.9% confirmed that they had heard about pre-eclampsia before. The most common signs and symptoms were high blood pressure (47.4%), increased protein in urine (40.2%), continuous headache (39.2%), and vomiting/nausea (40.0%). Participants demonstrated awareness of obesity (29.7%), diabetes mellitus (35.5%), chronic hypertension (47.0%), and chronic kidney disease (31.3%) as major risk factors. Participants were aware of potential risks such as kidney disorders (34.6%), heart disorders (23.7%), and preterm delivery (50.9%). The analysis reveals that younger participants below 20 years old (3.3%) and lower educational levels (5.6%) had lower awareness of preeclampsia compared to older age groups. The findings of this study highlight a reasonable level of preeclampsia awareness and knowledge among Saudi Arabian women residing in the Al Baha region. While the majority of participants were familiar with preeclampsia, there were significant knowledge gaps regarding the precise symptoms, risk factors, and consequences of the condition.

Awareness of chronic kidney disease and its risk factors in the former Soviet Union countries

&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; Assessment of public knowledge of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an essential step in&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;development of CKD prevention and screening programs. Our aim was to estimate the level of public CKD knowledge and its predictors in the former Soviet Union countries using a validated questionnaire.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Materials and methods: &lt;/b&gt;This cross-sectional survey was conducted in 10 countries using an adapted validated online questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe participants’ characteristics and assess public CKD knowledge level. A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of CKD knowledge.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;2,715 participants satisfied the inclusion criteria. Respondents having higher level of education, living in countries belonging to the lower middle-income countries, having a personal history of diabetes and hypertension, and having a family history of kidney disease showed significantly better CKD knowledge.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The level of CKD knowledge among the population of post-Soviet states was found to be low, although some personal characteristics were associated with better CKD knowledge.

Reporting chronic kidney disease in Greenland

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health burden affecting more than 10% of the global population. It is a multifactorial disease with many risk factors attributed lifestyle diseases. The prevalence of CKD in Greenland is unknown; however, the prevalence of risk factors contributing to CKD is increasing. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of CKD in Greenland. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional register-study including all Greenlandic residents aged ≥20 years with serum creatinine analysis within the last 2 years. We identified those with CKD based on eGFR and UACR and those registered with a CKD diagnosis code. Two limitations of the study are possible lack of data completeness and the reliance of a single time point to report CKD. Results: A total of 2,157 patients were identified with CKD with an age-standardised prevalence of 3.01%. Only 75 patients were registered with a diagnosis code for CKD. Approximately 80% of patients were classified with CKD stages 1–2. Conclusion: This is the first study reporting CKD in Greenland. We found a lower prevalence of CKD than reported by other studies, and a low number of patients correctly diagnosed with CKD. We call for increased awareness and diagnosis coding of CKD in Greenland.

Access to chronic kidney disease (CKD) care: Its barriers and facilitators in a community development block in Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal: A qualitative study.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), a leading public health problem, has potential risks and serious implications on the health of individuals and society at large. Few studies explored the factors that influence access to CKD care at the community level in rural areas of West Bengal. A qualitative study was planned among key stakeholders to explore their views and experiences and to identify the barriers and potential facilitators that influence access to CKD care at the primary care level. Total 23 stakeholders participated in the study. Seventeen in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted on a purposive sample of stakeholders (CKD patients, healthcare providers (HCPs) and health planners) and one focus group discussion (FGD) among six community health workers. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. The Lévesque's framework for access to care as modified by Jodie Bailie et al. was employed to construct interview guides and structure the initial codes. Thematic analysis was undertaken using QSR NVivo version 11 using both inductive and deductive approaches. The major barriers to CKD care at patient level were poor knowledge and awareness of CKD and at the health system level was shortage of skilled staffs, diagnostics and medicines and fragmented referrals. The potential facilitators identified were educational activities to increase the awareness of CKD among HCPs and patients; provision of CKD-related supplies and a system-level approach to care coordination along with m-health-based care. Targeted CKD screening programs and CKD specific trainings may improve awareness of CKD. Additionally, stronger primary care infrastructure, availability of essential drugs and diagnostics and creating an efficient referral process for the quality CKD care are the need of the hour.

Retracted: Measuring the Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) with Environmental Evaluation among Adult Diabetic Patients in Hail Region, Saudi Arabia.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/4505345.].

#5047 DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN TURKEY (DIAKIT): THE STUDY ON CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN THE CAPPADOCIA COHORT

Abstract Background and Aims Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) [1]. The prevalence of CKD is therefore increasing worldwide with increasing prevalence of DM [1]. Among those with DM, CKD prevalence varies widely between countries. The actual prevalence of CKD in patients with DM in Turkey is unknown. This study aimed to determine frequency of CKD among diabetic patients of Cappadocia cohort and patients’ awareness about the disease. Method A total of 1591 diabetic patients from the Cappadocia cohort were invited to this cross-sectional study. A trained study team administered a questionnaire for patients’ medical history, knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of the disease and measured patients’ blood pressures (BPs) at least three times using an automated device. Serum creatinine was measured and spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) measurements were performed for three consecutive days. A diagnosis of CKD was established if glomerular filtration rate (GFR)is &amp;lt;60 mL/min or ACR is &amp;gt;30 mg/g. Results The mean age of the patients was 63±10 years. Overall, 60.9% patients were obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), and 70% patients were hypertensive. HbA1c was analyzed in 98.2% of the patients; HbA1c was &amp;lt;7% in 27.4%, ≥7%-≤8% in 20.8%, &amp;gt;8%-≤9% in 17.7%, and &amp;gt;9% in 34.1% of the patients. of 1535 patients with blood and urine analyses, 231 of 1008 (22.9%) females and 154 of 527 (29.2%) males had CKD (P = .007). Among patients with GFR values, 11.4% had a GFR of &amp;lt;60 mL/min and 88.6% had a GFR of ≥60 mL/min. Among 1544 patients with ACR measurements, 18.2% had values ≥30 mg/g and 4.4% had values ≥300 mg/g. CKD was detected in 385 (25.1%) of 1535 patients with both GFR and ACR values (Figure 1). of these patients, 28.1% had Stage 1, 25.7% had Stage 2, 32.5% had Stage 3A, 11.2% had Stage 3B and 2.6% had Stage 4 or 5 CKD. Excluding two patients with missing data, 36 of 383 CKD patients (9.4%) knew that they had CKD. In the logistic regression analysis, old age (OR=1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07; p&amp;lt;0.001), male sex (OR=2.11, 95% CI 1.43-3.12; p&amp;lt;0.001), duration of DM (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05; P = .022), morbid obesity (OR=3.58, 95% CI 1.28-10.03, P = .015), a CRP level of &amp;gt;5 mg/L (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.12-2.27; P = .009), a triglyceride level of ≥150 mg/L (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.24-2.45; P = .002), and grade 3 hypertension (OR=2.13, 95% CI 1.02-4.44; P = .043) were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of CKD in patients with DM. Conclusion In the present study, CKD prevalence among diabetic patients in Turkey was 25.1%. Overall, 53.8% of the patients with CKD had a GFR of ≥60 mL/min although they had an ACR of ≥30 mg/day; that is, if albuminuria was not studied, this subgroup of patients would have been considered to have normal kidney function according to GFR. The awareness of CKD was found to be quite low in the patients. Therefore, periodic screening of diabetic patients should always include urinalysis, particularly ACR, as well as serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c.

Chronic kidney disease awareness and its determinants in middle-aged and older Japanese adults: Observations from a 5-year follow-up of the Uonuma cohort study.

Despite global efforts in public health campaigns concerning chronic kidney disease (CKD), awareness of the condition remains low. We evaluated CKD awareness and related factors to identify an effective way to raise awareness. This study assessed laboratory-confirmed CKD and self-reported CKD using a population-based cohort (baseline from 2012 to 2014, age ≥40 years) in Niigata, Japan. Self-reported CKD was obtained at a 5-year follow-up survey and laboratory-confirmed CKD was diagnosed when an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or dipstick urinary protein ≥1+ was observed in at least two health check-ups during the 5-year period. CKD awareness was defined as a match between laboratory-confirmed and self-reported CKD. The association between characteristics and CKD awareness was tested by multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for eGFR and other potential confounders. The analytic population comprised 7472 individuals (mean age, 65.6 years old, 51.2% women) and 19.4% with laboratory-confirmed CKD. The sensitivity and specificity of the survey question concerning self-reported CKD were 12.4% and 98.2%, respectively. Among the participants with laboratory-confirmed CKD, significant factors associated with CKD awareness were male sex (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.81 [1.27, 2.59]), a history of urinary tract stone (1.86 [1.06, 3.26]), age (0.97 [0.95, 0.99]), and married status (0.66 [0.44, 0.99]). Our findings suggest that known lifestyle-related diseases that could cause CKD are not associated with CKD awareness independently of kidney function and that a sex-dependent approach may help to raise CKD awareness in community-dwelling Japanese adults.

Chronic kidney disease prevalence and awareness in middle age and young old: Regional comparative study in Japan.

Patients with chronic kidney disease are not aware of the illness because of its asymptomatic nature, but the association of disease progression and awareness in general population has not been sufficiently analysed on a large scale. We analysed the nationwide annual specific health checkup covering more than a half of the overall population at aged 40-74 in Japan, approximately 29.4 million people as of 2018, in combination with parameters to represent regional characteristics. The rate of the examinees with kidney dysfunction, an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <45 mL/min/1.73 m2 , was 1.0%, while that of examinees with of dipstick proteinuria ≥ (+) was 3.7%. Next, we conducted a regional comparative study on 335 medical administrative areas divided in the country. The regional rate of examinees aged 65-74 over the total examinees was positively correlated with the prevalence of kidney dysfunction (r = 0.72, p < .0001). Additionally, the mean rate of examinees aware of their 'chronic kidney failure' was 0.6%, and the awareness rate was correlated with the prevalence of both kidney dysfunction (r = 0.36, p < .001) and positive dipstick proteinuria (r = 0.31, p < .001) in those aged 65-74 at the regional level. Association of nephrology care resources with the prevalence or awareness was unclear at the regional level. We found a regional association of chronic kidney disease prevalence and awareness in a recent young old population in Japan. Further studies are needed to evaluate the patient screen and referral at the individual level.

Chronic kidney disease awareness and updates on the management of diabetic kidney disease

AbstractThe prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising worldwide and is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. It is estimated to affect over 800 million people globally.CKD and its complications carry a substantial financial burden to the NHS in both primary and secondary care. The lack of public awareness of CKD and its complications leads to a reduction in planned follow‐up attendance; clinician awareness of the biomarkers of CKD and progression is still lacking. Measures to improve awareness are needed.Diabetes mellitus remains the single most common cause of progressive renal impairment and over 40% of patients with diabetes will develop diabetic kidney disease in their lifetime. A multidisciplinary approach to management and early intervention are therefore key to halt the progress of diabetic kidney disease. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence has set clear guidelines for the management of diabetic kidney disease, highlighting newer therapeutic agents like SGLT2 inhibitors. New guidelines are also in place for referral to secondary care involving the Kidney Failure Risk Equation, as it identifies patients at increased risk of progressing to end stage kidney disease.Without robust measures for early detection and management of CKD, progression to kidney failure may occur, exacerbating the increase in cardiovascular disease, premature deaths and poor quality of life. This article is a call to action for the optimal and timely management of CKD. Copyright © 2023 John Wiley &amp; Sons.

Investigating Knowledge Level, Awareness, Risk Factors and Preventive practices of Patients Regarding Ckd in Northern Ghana

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global health problem. CKD is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and hypertension and carries a risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and usually progress to end-stage kidney disease. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, awareness and prevalence of chronic kidney disease among patients seeking healthcare at the Tamale Central Hospital Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out and a total of 260 respondents were selected by a systematic random sampling method and structured questionnaire were used to collect data from the respondent. Consent was sought from each selected participant, privacy and confidentiality was observed during the data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Findings from this study discovered that, 96 (36.9%) of the respondents were between 25-30 years of age. Majority, 165 (63.5%) of the respondents were females, whiles 217 (83.5%) of the respondents have heard about chronic kidney disease. Regarding the source of information, majority 92 (35.4%) of the respondents heard about chronic kidney disease from healthcare workers. Majority, 212 (81.5%) of the respondents admitted it’s true that chronic kidney disease is a reduction in its ability to remove waste, 240 (92.3%) said its true chronic kidney disease means an infection of the kidney, 229 (88.1%) said its true chronic kidney disease means damage to the kidney. About 198 (76.2%) of the respondents believed drinking too little water can results in chronic kidney disease, almost all, 247 (95.0%) of the respondnets believe smoking can result into chronic kidney disease, also, majority 209 (80.4%) of the respondents believe untreated hypertension can result in CKD. Conclusion: The research question what is the knowledge level, awareness, risk factors and preventive practices of patients regarding CKD, was answered as the findings above speak to these questions. The burden of CKD remains serious and unacceptably high, appropriate preventive measures should be implemented to reduce kidney disease in Ghana and it is suggested that future research should look at a qualitative research method in order to spell out a lot of the information that respondents in this study were not able to give in detail due to the restrictions on the questionnaire used. A future study could seek to include more than one healthcare facility and increase the sample size.

Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in China

To our knowledge, there has been no update on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China since 2012. To provide periodic nationwide data on the prevalence of CKD and the associated behavioral and metabolic risk factors in China. This nationally representative cross-sectional study included data from 176 874 adults from all 31 provincial-level administrative divisions in mainland China, as reported in the sixth China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance conducted from August 2018 to June 2019. Data analysis was performed in 2021 to 2022. Serum creatinine, urinal creatinine, and urine albumin were measured for all participants. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated from serum creatinine using the CKD-EPI equation. The primary outcome was weighted prevalence of CKD in the overall population and different strata, defined as presence of impaired kidney function (eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73m2) or albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g). Secondary outcomes were awareness of CKD and control of comorbidities. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics, behavioral and dietary habits, physical activity, and comorbidities with CKD. A total of 184 876 participants contributed data to this study, and of the 176 874 adults 18 years and older with measurements of eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in 2018 to 2019, the mean age was 43.8 years and the weighted proportion of women was 44.6%. The estimated prevalence of CKD, impaired kidney function, and albuminuria were 8.2%, 2.2%, and 6.7%, respectively. A higher prevalence of CKD was observed in the subgroups characterized by older age, female gender, non-Han ethnicity, residency of rural or north and central parts of China, receiving less education or lower income, former smoking, no alcohol drinking, lacking physical activity, and presence of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and self-reported cardiovascular disease. Among the adults with CKD, 73.3%, 25.0%, and 1.8% were at stage 1 to 2, 3, and 4 to 5, respectively, and the awareness of CKD was 10.0%. This cross-sectional study found a weighted estimated of 82 million adults with CKD in China in 2018 to 2019. The prevalence appears to have decreased by 30% in the past decade. Better environmental protection, integration of CKD into the national public health surveillance program, and control of common CKD comorbidities appear to be associated with reducing the disease burden of CKD.

Trends in chronic kidney disease awareness and related clinical and demographic characteristics from 1998 to 2018 in Koreans.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common and growing problem in Korea. Although CKD awareness is the first step in CKD management, evidence indicates that the rate of CKD awareness is unsatisfactory worldwide. Thus, we investigated the trend of CKD awareness for CKD patients in Korea. Through analyzing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHAES) in 1998, 2001, 2007-2008, 2011-2013, and 2016-2018, we evaluated the rate of CKD awareness according to CKD stage in each phase of KNHANES. Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were compared between CKD awareness and unawareness groups. Multivariate regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for CKD awareness [adjusted OR (95% CI)] in given socioeconomic and clinical factors. The overall awareness rate of CKD stage 3 remained at low levels of less than 6.0% through all phases of KNHAES except that of V-VI. In particular, CKD awareness was remarkably low in stage 3 CKD. Compared to CKD unawareness group, CKD awareness group was of young age, higher income, higher education, more medical aid, higher prevalence of comorbidities, and more advanced CKD. In multivariate analysis, CKD awareness was significantly associated with age [0.94 (0.91-0.96)], medical aid [3.23 (1.44-7.28)], proteinuria [0.27 (0.11-0.69)], and renal function [0.90 (0.88-0.93)]. CKD awareness has been consistently low in Korea. This trend warrants the special endeavor to promote CKD awareness in Korea.

Knowledge, Attitudes and practices to detect and prevent Chronic Kidney Disease among hypertensive patients at primary and cardiology clinics in the Emirates of Ajman and Sharjah, UAE

The alarming association of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has urged severalresearch to investigate the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of CKD among hypertensive patients,yet none was donein the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This study aimed to assess the KAP concerning CKDand their relation to the socio-demographic and clinical factors of hypertensive patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted among hypertensive patients attending cardiology and primary clinics in the Emirates of Ajman and Sharjah in the UAE. A validated face-to-face questionnairewas conductedfrom December 2019 until February 2020. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: socio-demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and the KAP scales. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relation of the KAP scores to the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.A total of 200 patients with hypertension consented to participate. The mean age was 49.97(±9.67) years. The percentages of knowledge, attitudes and practices scores about prevention and detection of CKD were 50.8%, 66.6% and 71.7% respectively.A higherknowledge score wasrelated significantly to female gender, urban residency and university level education.Cardiology clinic setting was the only significant factor related to higher attitudes score. Furthermore, higher knowledge score, higher attitudesscoreand urban residencywas significantly related tohigher practices score.Hypertensive patients require more attentionto implement CKD awareness programs that could possibly improve theirpreventive practices.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Awareness of Chronic Kidney Disease among Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertensive Individuals at the Buea Regional Hospital, Cameroon

Background: Kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, and early mortality are just a few of the major negative effects of chronic renal disease, a serious global health issue. The considerable financial and public health burden associated with chronic kidney disease can be lessened by raising awareness and adopting better practices for its impact, prevention, and early identification. Objective: In this study, individuals with hypertension and diabetes were evaluated for their knowledge of chronic kidney disease, its prevalence, and its risk factors. Method: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted on adult (>18 years) patients with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Each participant provided written informed consent before having their data collected through interviews, medical information, and blood samples for CKD screening. The CKD epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation was used to calculate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from serum creatinine, and CKD was determined using the estimated GFR (e-GFR). To find independent CKD factors, multivariate logistic regression was employed, with a p-value of 0.05 being regarded as statistically significant. This was accomplished using SPSS (Statistical Program for Social Sciences) version 22.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY. Result: A total of 156 participants took part in the study among which 95 (60.9%) were male, most of the participants 82 (52.6%) were aged between 51 - 70 years (mean 59.42 ± 11.007), 76 (48.7%) were unemployed and 97 (62.2%) were single. Overall, the knowledge score of participants on CKD was 65.4% for good knowledge and 34.6% for poor or inadequate knowledge of CKD. More than half of the participants (60%) had chronic kidney disease. Among these, the greatest proportion of CKD patients were those who were hypertensive (88.2%) followed by those who were both hypertensive and diabetic (70.7%). Conclusion: There is poor management of CKD in the South West Region of Cameroon which has contributed greatly to the progression of CKD and increases in the mortality rate.

A Health Survey-Based Prediction Equation for Incident CKD.

Prediction tools that incorporate self-reported health information could increase CKD awareness, identify modifiable lifestyle risk factors, and prevent disease. We developed and validated a survey-based prediction equation to identify individuals at risk for incident CKD (eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2), with and without a baseline eGFR. A cohort of adults with an eGFR ≥70 ml/min per 1.73 m2 from Ontario, Canada, who completed a comprehensive general population health survey between 2000 and 2015 were included (n=22,200). Prediction equations included demographics (age, sex), comorbidities, lifestyle factors, diet, and mood. Models with and without baseline eGFR were derived and externally validated in the UK Biobank (n=15,522). New-onset CKD (eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) with ≤8 years of follow-up was the primary outcome. Among Ontario individuals (mean age, 55 years; 58% women; baseline eGFR, 95 (SD 15) ml/min per 1.73 m2), new-onset CKD occurred in 1981 (9%) during a median follow-up time of 4.2 years. The final models included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, physical activity) and comorbid illnesses (diabetes, hypertension, cancer). The model was discriminating in individuals with and without a baseline eGFR measure (5-year c-statistic with baseline eGFR: 83.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 82.2 to 84.9; without: 81.0, 95% CI, 79.8 to 82.4) and well calibrated. In external validation, the 5-year c-statistic was 78.1 (95% CI, 74.2 to 82.0) and 66.0 (95% CI, 61.6 to 70.4), with and without baseline eGFR, respectively, and maintained calibration. Self-reported lifestyle and health behavior information from health surveys may aid in predicting incident CKD. This article contains a podcast at https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.asn-online.org/media/podcast.aspx?p=CJASN&e=2023_01_10_CJN05650522.mp3.