Awakening Effect Research Articles

0143 Effects of Optimal-timed Automatic Awakening from a Short Daytime Nap on Cognitive Performance and Fatigue

0143 Effects of Optimal-timed Automatic Awakening from a Short Daytime Nap on Cognitive Performance and Fatigue

Early Birds Can Fly: Awakening the Literal Meaning of Conventional Metaphors Further Downstream

ABSTRACT Conventional metaphors such as early bird are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is so because they might be stored as lexicalized, non-compositional expressions. In a previous study, employing a maze task, we showed that, after reading metaphors (John is an early bird so he can …), participants took longer and were less accurate in selecting the appropriate word (attend) when it was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of conventional metaphors is awakened or made available immediately after their metaphorical interpretation. But does the literal meaning remain available further downstream during sentence comprehension? In two experiments also employing a maze task, we examined whether the awakening effect can be obtained when there is a medium (6 to 8 words) and a large (11 to 13 words) distance between the metaphor and lexical choice. Results indicated that the metaphor awakening effect persists but decreases as word distance increases. An analysis of our data based on a GPT model showed that our maze effects could not be attributed to target predictability. Overall, our results suggest that the literal meaning of a metaphor is accessed and remains available for about three seconds, fading as the sentence unfolds over time. The results support a model of metaphor comprehension that postulates the availability of both literal and metaphoric content in the course of sentence processing.

Determination of modafinil in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and a study of its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability

AbstractModafinil has a strong and long-lasting awakening effect. Short-term use can improve cognitive and work efficiency. Therefore, it has been known to be abused by students and parents as a “smart drug.” It is in the first category of psychotropic drugs and strictly controlled. To detect modafinil in rat plasma and study the differences in the pharmacokinetics of modafinil between oral and sublingual administration in rats, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed. Rats were injected with modafinil by oral gavage and sublingual vein, respectively, blood was collected within a certain period, and the plasma was obtained by centrifugation. Midazolam was used as the internal standard, and the concentration of modafinil in the plasma was determined by UPLC-MS/MS, where a drug-time curve was created to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. The standard curve for modafinil ranged from 1 to 2000 ng mL−1 with good linearity. The intra-day accuracy of modafinil was between 86% and 104%, and the intra-day accuracy was between 90% and 103%. Intra-day precision (RSD%) was less than 15%, inter-day precision (RSD%) was less than 15%. The matrix effect was between 93% and 102%, and the recovery was greater than 91%. The UPLC-MS/MS method established in this work has good selectivity and high sensitivity, and the UPLC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics of modafinil by oral gavage and sublingual injection in rats. The bioavailability of modafinil was calculated to be 55.8%.

Exploring the “awakening effect” in knowledge diffusion: a case study of publications in the library and information science domain

• Uncovered the general mechanisms that may not only be held responsible for the awakening of SBs but also the attention received by papers. • Proved that the awakening effect does exist ubiquitously, and tried to quantify it. • Proposed a super-network model that may be used to depict the knowledge diffusion trajectory and a systematic feature-searching method that can find complicated features efficiently. Inspired by “sleeping beauties in science”, we proposed that the awakening effect in knowledge diffusion is ubiquitous, whereas the “prince” paper has the strongest effect. To test this hypothesis, a three-layer super-network model depicting the knowledge diffusion trajectory is designed and the diffusion path of the awakening effect (defined on the basis of influential strength) is simulated. In detail, the model is built based on the citation network and collaboration network of 63785 publications in the library and information science domain. Through meta-paths in this super-network, the influential strength of a paper and the awakening effect from neighboring papers can be quantified into 36 numerical features. By testing the effectiveness of these features in citation counts prediction, we try to prove our hypothesis. Thus an effective predictor in machine learning is trained upon these features. Using this predictor, we showed that most neighboring papers in the super-network had effects on future citation counts. The effectiveness of these features is again demonstrated through experiments on papers with different publication years. We also did a case study on papers that were significantly affected by the awakening effect, and found that the model proposed in this paper can also be used to explain some common phenomena in knowledge diffusion. All results show that the awakening effect could be not only ubiquitous but also quantifiable.

The Effect of Interaction with a Dog on Heart Rate

Abstract Animal Assisted Intervention (AAI) is widely used in therapeutic and educational situations. It is necessary to describe the effects of AAI based on objective indices to facilitate the effective use of AAI. We investigated the effects of interacting with a dog on sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activities by evaluating heart rate variability (HRV) using the Lorenz plot method. Participants were thirty-four healthy volunteers (17 females and 17 males, 20-29 years of age), randomly assigned to one of three groups: the dog group, the stuffed dog group, and the plant group. Participants rated their impressions of the target (the dog, the stuffed dog, or the plant) by touching it between task blocks. The participants completed a mood scale in each block, and we measured their heart rate, respiration rate, and skin conductance response. Results indicated that interactions with the dog increased the cardiac sympathetic index of Lorentz plot, skin conductance responses, and “high-arousal and pleasant mood” score compared to the other conditions. These results suggest that short interactions with a dog activate the sympathetic nervous system, which causes an awakening effect.

Can you mend a broken heart? Awakening conventional metaphors in the maze.

Conventional metaphors such as broken heart are interpreted rather fast and efficiently. This is because they might be stored as lexicalized, noncompositional expressions. If so, they require sense retrieval rather than sense creation. But can their literal meanings be recovered or "awakened"? We examined whether the literal meaning of a conventional metaphor could be triggered by a later cue. In a maze task, participants (N = 40) read sentences word by word (e.g., John is an early bird so he can . . .) and were presented with a two-word choice. Participants took longer and were less accurate when the correct word (attend) was paired with a literally-related distractor (fly) rather than an unrelated one (cry). This suggests that the literal meaning of a conventional metaphor is not circumvented, nor that metaphors simply involve sense retrieval. The metaphor awakening effect suggests that the mechanisms employed to process conventional metaphors are dynamic with both metaphorical sense and literal meaning being available.

Short Nighttime Sleep Duration and High Number of Nighttime Awakenings Explain Increases in Gestational Weight Gain and Decreases in Physical Activity but Not Energy Intake among Pregnant Women with Overweight/Obesity.

Pregnant women are at a high risk for experiencing sleep disturbances, excess energy intake, low physical activity, and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG). Scant research has examined how sleep behaviors influence energy intake, physical activity, and GWG over the course of pregnancy. This study conducted secondary analyses from the Healthy Mom Zone Study to examine between- and within-person effects of weekly sleep behaviors on energy intake, physical activity, and GWG in pregnant women with overweight/obesity (PW-OW/OB) participating in an adaptive intervention to manage GWG. The overall sample of N = 24 (M age = 30.6 years, SD = 3.2) had an average nighttime sleep duration of 7.2 h/night. In the total sample, there was a significant between-person effect of nighttime awakenings on physical activity; women with >1 weekly nighttime awakening expended 167.56 less physical activity kcals than women with <1 nighttime awakening. A significant within-person effect was also found for GWG such that for every increase in one weekly nighttime awakening there was a 0.76 pound increase in GWG. There was also a significant within-person effect for study group assignment; study group appeared to moderate the effect of nighttime awakenings on GWG such that for every one increase in weekly nighttime awakening, the control group gained 0.20 pounds more than the intervention group. There were no significant between- or within-person effects of sleep behaviors on energy intake. These findings illustrate an important need to consider the influence of sleep behaviors on prenatal physical activity and GWG in PW-OW/OB. Future studies may consider intervention strategies to reduce prenatal nighttime awakenings.

Habitual sleep disturbances and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study.

ObjectiveSleep disturbances are associated with increased risk of migraine, however the extent of shared underlying biology and the direction of causal relationships between these traits is unclear. Delineating causality between sleep patterns and migraine may offer new pathophysiologic insights and inform subsequent intervention studies. Here, we used genetic approaches to test for shared genetic influences between sleep patterns and migraine, and to test whether habitual sleep patterns may be causal risk factors for migraine and vice versa.MethodsTo quantify genetic overlap, we performed genome‐wide genetic correlation analyses using genome‐wide association studies of nine sleep traits in the UK Biobank (n ≥ 237,627), and migraine from the International Headache Genetics Consortium (59,674 cases and 316,078 controls). We then tested for potential causal effects between sleep traits and migraine using bidirectional, two‐sample Mendelian randomization.ResultsSeven sleep traits demonstrated genetic overlap with migraine, including insomnia symptoms (rg = 0.29, P < 10−31) and difficulty awakening (rg = 0.11, P < 10−4). Mendelian randomization analyses provided evidence for potential causal effects of difficulty awakening on risk of migraine (OR [95% CI] = 1.37 [1.12–1.68], P = 0.002), and nominal evidence that liability to insomnia symptoms increased the risk of migraine (1.09 [1.02–1.16], P = 0.02). In contrast, there was minimal evidence for an effect of migraine liability on sleep patterns or disturbances.InterpretationThese data support a shared genetic basis between several sleep traits and migraine, and support potential causal effects of difficulty awakening and insomnia symptoms on migraine risk. Treatment of sleep disturbances may therefore be a promising clinical intervention in the management of migraine.

Fathers’ and Mothers’ Infant Directed Speech Influences Preterm Infant Behavioral State in the NICU

Preterm infants’ behavioral state and physiological parameters are affected by environmental noise and adult voices. Only a handful of studies have explored the effects of direct maternal vocal communication on preterm infants’ autonomous nervous system responses. Furthermore, to our knowledge, no study to date has investigated the effect of the father’s voice on preterm infant’s behaviors and physiological parameters. This study evaluated the effects of both mothers’ and fathers’ infant-directed speech on preterm infants’ behavioral states. Fourteen stable, premature infants serving as their own controls were videotaped while their mother and father were speaking to them for 5 min over 2 consecutive days. Infants’ behavioral states and state lability were coded for each voice presentation (father and mother), in the three different conditions, before, during, and after the intervention. Present results show an interaction between vocal intervention and infant behavioral state. Both maternal and paternal speech modified infant behavioral state, but no significant difference in the behavioral state distribution was observed between mother’s and father’s voice presentation. Infants spent more time in a quiet alert state when they heard both voices compared to no vocalization baseline. These findings indicate the importance of both the fathers’ and the mothers’ voice for preterm infants. The parental vocal intervention has an awakening effect. Further studies are needed to better identify the benefits for preterm infants of a relational care approach.

Changes in autonomic nervous activity and mood after using an aroma oil with an awakening effect

Changes in autonomic nervous activity and mood after using an aroma oil with an awakening effect

Impact of Adolescents' Screen Time and Nocturnal Mobile Phone-Related Awakenings on Sleep and General Health Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Nocturnal media use has been linked to adolescents’ sleeping problems in cross-sectional studies which do not address reverse causality. To prospectively assess the new occurrence of sleep problems or health symptoms in relation to electronic media use and nocturnal mobile phone use, we used data from the longitudinal Swiss HERMES (Health Effects Related to Mobile phone usE in adolescentS) cohort on 843 children from 7th to 9th grade. Logistic regression models were fitted and adjusted for relevant confounders. Adolescents reporting at baseline and follow-up at least one nocturnal awakenings from their own mobile phone per month were more likely to have developed restless sleep (Odds Ratio (OR): 5.66, 95% Confidence Interval: 2.24–14.26) and problems falling asleep (3.51, 1.05–11.74) within one year compared to adolescents without nocturnal awakenings. A similar pattern was observed for developing symptoms, although somewhat less pronounced in terms of the magnitude of the odds ratios. With respect to high screen time at baseline and follow-up, associations were observed for falling asleep (2.41, 1.41–4.13), exhaustibility (1.76, 1.02–3.03), lack of energy (1.76, 1.04–2.96) and lack of concentration (2.90, 1.55–5.42). Our results suggest a detrimental effect of screen time and mobile phone-related awakenings on sleep problems and related health symptoms. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously with respect to adolescents’ natural changes in circadian rhythm, which may coincidence with an increase in mobile phone and media use.

Effects of zolpidem and zaleplon on cognitive performance after emergent morning awakenings at Tmax: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Prescription sleep aids are frequently used in the general population and even more frequently in spaceflight. To evaluate the risk to operational safety, a ground-based, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the emergent awakening effects of zolpidem and zaleplon was conducted. N = 34 participants (age M = 42.1 ± 9.7; 25 males; 9 Astronauts, 7 Astronaut candidates, and 18 Flight Controllers) were investigated for three nights separated by M = 10 days. They were randomized to ingestion of one of the following at lights out: placebo, 10 mg zaleplon, and either 5 mg (N = 20) or 10 mg (N = 14) zolpidem. They were awakened abruptly by alarm at the expected PK,max (1 hr after lights out for zaleplon; 1.5 hr for placebo/zolpidem). Participants were required to turn off the alarm and perform a cognitive test battery twice, separated by a 20-30 min reading break. They then returned to sleep and were awakened to perform the same cognitive tasks at an average of 6.7 hr after drug ingestion. Relative to placebo, the effects of 10 mg zaleplon and 5 mg zolpidem on cognitive performance were minor. In contrast, 10 mg zolpidem adversely affected cognitive throughput (p < 0.001), psychomotor vigilance (p < 0.001), working memory (p < 0.01), delayed word recall (p < 0.05), and subjective sleepiness (p < 0.01) at the first emergent awakening. At terminal awakening, neither cognitive performance nor subjective sleepiness was impaired after ingestion of zaleplon or zolpidem (5 mg and 10 mg) compared with placebo. Presleep ingestion of sleep medications, especially 10 mg zolpidem, poses a risk for performance errors after emergent awakenings near the expected PK,max. Optimize Astronaut Sleep Medication Efficacy and Individual Effects (clinicaltrials.gov ID NCT03526575).

Application of remifentanil combined with propofol in the diagnosis of colon cancer with awakening painless digestive endoscopy.

Anesthetic effect of remifentanil combined with propofol in awakening painless endoscopy was analyzed. Retrospective analysis of 120 cases of colon cancer were treated in Dongying People's Hospital from June 2015 to December 2017. All of them were treated by awakening painless digestive endoscopy, divided into 60 cases in observation group (combined with remifentanil and propofol anesthesia), and 60 cases in control group (combined intravenous anesthesia of finanib and propofol). The data were respectively recorded at time-points of oxygen inhalation, intubation for 10 min, awakening time, waking time, and the time-points for each represented as the time-points of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and recorded the diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR), and compared the awakening effect and the occurrence of adverse reaction. There was no significant difference in the DBP index between the two groups at time-point T1 (P>0.05). The time-points of T2, T3, T4 and T5 were significantly different from the observation group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in RR index between the two groups and between the same groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the awakening time and consciousness recovering of the observation group is lower (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions after awakening operation between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The local pain rate in the observation group after the awakening operation was lower than the control group. The combined use of trace remifentanil and small dose propofol in the awakening painless digestive endoscopy can make the patients with colon cancer more stable when they are in the awakening state, so as to improve the safety of awakening painless digestive endoscopy. It is worth promoting in clinical practice.

In vivo cell type-specific CRISPR knockdown of dopamine beta\xa0hydroxylase reduces locus coeruleus evoked wakefulness

Locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in the brainstem have long been associated with attention and arousal. Optogenetic stimulation of LC-NE neurons induces immediate sleep-to-wake transitions. However, LC neurons also secrete other neurotransmitters in addition to NE. To interrogate the role of NE derived from the LC in regulating wakefulness, we applied in vivo cell type-specific CRISPR/Cas9 technology to disrupt the dopamine beta hydroxylase (dbh) gene selectively in adult LC-NE neurons. Unilateral dbh gene disruption abolished immediate arousal following optogenetic stimulation of LC. Bilateral LC-specific dbh disruption significantly reduced NE concentration in LC projection areas and reduced wake length even in the presence of salient stimuli. These results suggest that NE may be crucial for the awakening effect of LC stimulation and serve as proof-of-principle that CRISPR gene editing in adult neurons can be used to interrogate gene function within genetically-defined neuronal circuitry associated with complex behaviors.

Effects of Bright Light with Reduced Blue Light on Sleepiness on Rising: A Small Exploratory Study.

Bright light therapy is a treatment modality for seasonal affective disorder and circadian rhythm disorders in which artificial light of 2,500 lux or higher at the eye is effective. Although short-wavelength visible light is more effective than long-wavelength visible light, it may be hazardous to the retina. Recently, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used as the light source in bright light therapy apparatuses. We developed goggles for bright light therapy equipped with LEDs as the light source. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of our goggles when emitting 10,000-lux light with its short-wavelength light content reduced by 30% or 50% (denoted as 30%-cut and 50%-cut light, respectively, henceforth). Six healthy young males participated in this study. They were administered no light, 50%-cut light, and 30%-cut light for 30 min early in the morning for 4 days each. Subjective sleepiness and sleep quality were evaluated by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and the Oguri–Shirakawa–Azumi sleep inventory MA version (OSA-MA), respectively. Subjective sleepiness evaluated by the SSS and the subscale of the OSA-MA significantly decreased with 30%-cut light compared with no light. Psychomotor performance evaluated by a calculation task improved with the 30%-cut light, although not significant after multiple comparisons were considered. No abnormality was found by ophthalmoscopy and the vision test. In conclusion, our goggles with 30%-cut light may be safe and have an awakening effect.

Night awakening in infancy: Developmental stability and longitudinal associations with psychomotor development.

Fragmented sleep is common in infancy. Although night awakening is known to decrease with age, in some infants night awakening is more persistent and continues into older ages. However, the influence of fragmented sleep on development is poorly known. In the present study, the longitudinal relationship between fragmented sleep and psychomotor development (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development [Bayley-III]; Bayley, 2009) was investigated in infants with (≥3 night awakenings, n = 81) and without fragmented sleep (≤1 night awakening, n = 70) within the CHILD-SLEEP birth cohort at 8 and 24 months of age. Differences in parent-reported (Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire [BISQ]) sleep parameters were studied at 8, 18, and 24 months of age. Group differences in night awakening were stable across all assessment points. Infants with fragmented sleep slept less in total than infants without fragmented sleep and they did not compensate their nocturnal sleep during daytime. Additionally, infants with fragmented sleep spent more time awake at night than infants without fragmented sleep. However, psychomotor development did not differ between infants with and without fragmented sleep at 8 or 24 months of age. Our findings indicate that early onset fragmented sleep did not have a negative effect on psychomotor development within the first 2 years despite the differences in sleep length among infants with and without fragmented sleep. In the future, more specific domains of cognitive development and various factors affecting sleep fragmentation should be taken into account when studying the developmental effects of night awakening in infancy. (PsycINFO Database Record

The study of the analeptic activity of derivatives of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles on the model of thiopental narcosis

The range of the use of analeptics covers a number of urgent states (shock, collapse, anesthesia, asphyxia, hypoxia, bacterial intoxication with chemical compounds or drugs suppressing the CNS functions), i.e. almost all areas of urgent therapy of peacetime, military medicine and disaster medicine. However, over the past 50 years, their arsenal has not only been renewed, but even reduced to 6 drugs. This is because of the lack of standardized methods for assessing analeptic efficacy and the theoretical basis for their development.Aim. To search and study the promising substances with the analeptic effect among derivatives of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles on the standardized model of thiopental narcosis.Materials and methods. The results of the experiment conducted confirm the adequacy of the method tested, which allows to compare the effect of original substances and classical analeptics on the central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory center (RC) objectively qualitatively and quantitatively (statistically reliably) by intraperitoneal administration of optimal doses: anesthesia (sodium thiopental); at the peak of anesthesia the classical analeptic sulfocamphocaine (SCC) for the first group of animals, the test substances for the second and third groups with the subsequent observation of the anesthesia sleep duration, the dynamics of the frequency of respiratory movements, the psychomotor state and the physiological functions of mice in anesthesia and after awakening.Results. It has been found that the optimal depth and duration of anesthesia is achieved by the intraperitoneal injection of 42 mg/kg of thiopental sodium. The most effective was the traditional analeptic SCC, which in the optimal dose (20 mg/kg) accelerated the awakening of animals by 35 %. Heterosides-21, -31 provided a reliable reduction in duration of anesthesia by 26.8 % and 24.4 % in the dose of 2 mg/kg. After introduction of the test substances the frequency of respiratory movements (RM) increased significantly (p < 0.05) for 10 min compared to the control group, reaching the maximum (85.3 DD/min) in the SCC group. It indicates its superiority in the rate of RC stimulation compared to both Heterosides, which with the concentration of 10 times less than SCC were statistically insignificantly inferior to it by 8.2 % and 10.6 %, respectively.Conclusions. The model of thiopental narcosis makes it possible to statistically reliably compare the effectiveness of classical drugs and original substances by the signs of the awakening effect on the CNS and RC; it can be recommended as a reference model for the purposeful search of analeptics. On the example of studying heterosides the adequacy of the screening model proposed and the prospects of derivatives of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocycles for the search of effective analeptics have been confirmed.

6-15 ドライバへの香り提示に基づく覚醒効果に関する検討(第6部門 ヒューマンインフォメーション2)

6-15 ドライバへの香り提示に基づく覚醒効果に関する検討(第6部門 ヒューマンインフォメーション2)

Sommeil et réveil chez Proust

ABSTRACTFor Proust, sleep is a door to knowledge. Not that it sharpens the sleeper's reason; on the contrary, it neutralizes it. But it is exactly because he is deprived of his reason (a tricky faculty that confers a false concreteness on things) that the truth becomes visible. Hence, in À la recherche du temps perdu, truth and sleep have a privileged relation. It happens that dreams are as transparent as rational knowledge. Must we assume—the narrator wonders—that rational knowledge is the dream, i.e. an illusion, a chimera ? “J’étais effrayé pourtant de penser que ce rêve avait eu la netteté de la connaissance. La connaissance aurait-elle, réciproquement, l'irréalité du rêve ?” (RTP, III, 375) (“I was horrified, however, to think that this dream had had the clarity of knowledge. Would knowledge then have the irreality of a dream ?” (my translation)). In this article, I propose to use this question to interrogate, on the one hand, the landscape that sleep opens up, and, on the other, the fatal effects of awakening, which, in the overturned world created by Proust, can be considered a farewell to truth.

Levodopa improves learning and memory ability on global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats in the Morris water maze test

Previous studies have shown that levodopa (L-dopa) for 1–7days improved the consciousness level of certain patients who suffered from ischemia-reperfusion injury and were comatose for a long time period after cerebral resuscitation treatment. It also has an awakening effect on patients with disorders of consciousness. This study aimed to investigate whether L-dopa, which is used clinically to treat Parkinson's disease, might also ameliorate the behavior of rats following global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Fifty-six healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: shamoperated, global cerebral ischemia mode, 25mg/kg/d L-dopa intervention, and 50mg/kg/d L-dopa intervention. The level of consciousness and modified neurological severity score (NSS) of the rats in each group were measured before reperfusion and 6, 24, and 72h and 1–4 weeks after reperfusion. The Morris water maze test was used to assess behavior of rats 1 week after reperfusion and 2 weeks after reperfusion in each group. The results showed that after global cerebral ischemiareperfusion injury, neurological deficits of rats are severe, and space exploration capacity and learning and memory capacity are significantly decreased. L-dopa can shorten the duration of coma in rats following global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and improve the symptoms of neurological deficits and advanced learning and memory. In the range of the selected doses, the relationship between L-dopa and improvement of the neurological behavior in rats was not dose-dependent. Dopamine may be useful for treating severe ischemia-reperfusion brain injury.