Avocado Leaf Research Articles

Phytoconstituent and In silico Screening of Active Compounds from Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) Rhizome and Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaves Extracts as Novel Inhibitors of MRSA

Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) are empirically known as one of the medicinal plants used in Taro Village, Gianyar Regency, Bali which have great potential in treating infectious diseases caused by antibiotic resistance, such as MRSA. This study aims to analyze the phytoconstituents and anti-MRSA potential contained in red ginger rhizome and avocado leaves extracts by assessing their inhibitory effects on three proteins related to MRSA resistance and virulence (PBAP2a, transglycosylase, and glycosyltransferase). Phytoconstituents of avocado leaf and red ginger extracts were analyzed using GC-MS. Molecular docking was performed in silico to determine the similarity properties of predicted drugs, bioactivity, toxicity, identification of active sites and validation of protein structures, and docking simulations were performed between compounds found in the extract and their target proteins. Phytoconstituent analysis revealed that avocado leaves and red ginger extracts as a whole have 43 types of compounds and 10 bioactive compounds each with beneficial drug-like properties. The compound 6,11-hexadecadien-1-ol from avocado leaves extracts was predicted to have hepatotoxic properties. There were at least 3 compounds, namely beta-bisabolene from avocado leaves extract, zingiberenol and gamma-curcumene from red ginger rhizome extract, showing the lowest binding affinity for the target protein. Red ginger rhizome and avocado leaves extracts showed valuable potential as anti-MRSA agents through the mechanism of inhibition of three resistance-related proteins, as predicted by in silico analysis.

Physical Test of Avocado Leaf Extract Cream Formula

Avocado (Perseaamericana Mill) is a plant that grows widely in subtropical and tropical areas, one of which is Indonesia. The leaves of the avocado plant, which we can use as traditional medicine, are reported to be anti-bacterial and can inhibit the growth of several bacteria, including Staphylococcus aurus. The active substances contained in avocado leaves are flavonoids, quercetin and tannin which are useful as anti-bacterials and as a source of natural antioxidants. This study aims to determine the results of the physical test of the avocado leaf extract cream formula. This type of research is quantitative with a descriptive research design. In testing the cream, an organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, absorption test and adhesion test were carried out. The results obtained in the organoleptic test were seen from the yellowish brown color, the semi-solid dosage form, and the distinctive creamy smell of avocado leaves, the homogeneity test of the cream did not occur in phase separation, namely the water phase and the oil phase, the pH test of the cream had a pH of 7, the power test Spread the cream with a diameter of 6.1 cm, the cream's absorption test can absorb water optimally, and the cream's adhesion test obtains an adhesion time of 1.48 seconds. The physical test of the avocado leaf extract cream formula meets the requirements.

Formulation and Evaluation of Face Mask Gel Peel Off Combination of Avocado Leaf Extract (Perssea Americana Mill) and Jicama (Pachyrrhuzul Erosus L.)

Avocado leaves and jicama contain antioxidants. Topical use of antioxidants can reduce UVA radiation which can cause skin darkening. Utilization of avocado leaves and jicama is done by making a peel-off gel facial mask. This research was conducted to formulate and determine the physical quality of a gel peel-off facial mask combination of avocado and jicama leaf extracts. The quantitative experimental method was used and four formulas for varying the concentration of the active substance were prepared, with a comparison of the total extracts used, avocado and jicama leaf extracts. The combination of avocado leaf extract and jicama can be formulated as a gel peel off facial mask, with the results of physical evaluation have met the requirements.

ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIA ACTIVITY IN THE VIVO TEST FROM A COMBINATION OF AVOCADO LEAF EXTRACT (Persea americana Mill) AND GINGER RHIZOME (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) IN MICE WITH HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

Herbal and traditional medicine are two of the main types of treatment in developing countries, including Indonesia. Hyperlipidemia is a condition in which cholesterol levels in the body exceed normal limits, impacting cardiovascular disease. Avocado leaves and temulawak rhizomes have been shown to have antihyperlipidemic effects in animals. This study aimed to determine the anti-hyperlipidemic activity of avocado leaf (Persea americana Mill) and temulawak rhizome (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) combination extract in cholesterol levels of white male mice Sprague Dawley strain. The subjects of this study consisted of 20 white male mice Sprague Dawley strain (Rattus novergicus) and were divided into five groups: F1 (standard); F2 (hypercholesterolemic group); F3 (1:1 treatment group); F4 (1:2 treatment group); and F5 (2:1 treatment group). The induction was conducted for 14 days, while the treatment was carried out for seven days. All data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The combination extract of avocado and temulawak rhizome has an anti-hyperlipidemic activity. Giving a combination extract of avocado leaf and temulawak rhizome to all treatment groups significantly reduced total cholesterol levels in mice (p = 0.028). Avocado leaves and temulawak rhizomes have potential antihyperlipidemic activity derived from flavonoids. In this study, the potency of the extract efficacy can be achieved when given in combination.

Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Potency of Persea americana leaf extracts against specific Bacteria

Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Potency of Persea americana leaf extracts against specific Bacteria

Uji Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Hepar Mencit BALB/c

Avocado leaf ethanol extract as a traditional medicine has been proven to have various pharmacological activities, but the safety of its use is not yet known. This study aims to determine the range of LD50 values, toxic symptoms, changes in body weight, and SGPT SGOT levels of Balb/c mice. The research was carried out experimentally using a fixed dose toxicity test method with a randomized matched pre and post-test control group design. EEDA is made by 70% ethanol maceration. The acute toxicity test consists of 2 stages: preliminary and main tests. Preliminary tests were carried out with a dose of extract 300 mg/kg BW once administered. After 24 hours of observation, there were no toxic symptoms, the test dose was increased to 2000 mg/kg BW. The main test was carried out using 10 test animals which were divided into 2 groups, each given a dose of extract 2000 mg/kg BW once and CMC Na 1% (negative control). Observation of toxic symptoms and death was carried out for 14 days. The LD50 value is determined from the results of toxic symptoms and death of test animals. Toxic symptoms were analyzed descriptively, and changes in body weight and SGOT SGPT levels were analyzed statistically (95% confidence level). The research results show that avocado leaf ethanol extract has an LD50 value range of >2000 mg/kg BW. The test dose of 2000 mg/kg BW did not cause toxic symptoms and death. SGOT and SGPT levels were still within normal limits, however, changes in SGPT levels were significantly different from controls. Thus, an extract dose of 2000 mg/kg BW has an acute toxic effect on the liver of mice.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Extract of Young and Old Leaves of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)

Avocado plants (Persea americana Mill.) are widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Avocado leaves contain natural antioxidants for traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity values of young and old avocado leaves, and analyze the relationship between total phenol content and total flavonoids to the antioxidant activity value of avocado leaf methanol extract (Persea americana Mill.). The macerated avocado leaf extract was quantitatively tested for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated using the Follin-Ciocalteu and Follin-Ciocalteu methods, respectively.The results showed that the highest total phenolic content of old avocado leaves was 1.682,27mg GAE/100g dry weight. The highest total flavonoid content of avocado old leaves was 3.858,96mg QE/100g dry weight. Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of young avocado leaves has a value of IC50 321.32 ± 80.43 ppm and avocado old leaves amounted to 288.54 ± 33.06 ppm. Total flavonoid content was more influential on antioxidant activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.856

Histopathological study of renal hypertension with avocado leaf extract and fractional in male wistar rats

Histopathological study of renal hypertension with avocado leaf extract and fractional in male wistar rats

In Silico Study of Avocado Leaves (Persea americana Mill.) as Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

In Silico Study of Avocado Leaves (Persea americana Mill.) as Inhibitor of Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Antibacterial Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Avocado Leaves (Persea americana mill.) against Clinical Isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis

Multidrug resistance is a global health problem that is closely related to microbial resistance. Klebsiella pneumonia and Proteus mirabilis are opportunistic bacteria that cause urinary tract infections, especially in the use of catheters in hospitals in inpatient care. Handling it using commercial antibiotics can increase the effect of antibacterial resistance if the use is irrational and neglected. Avocado leaves have been reported to have antibacterial, antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to observe into the antibacterial activity of avocado leaves ethanol extract against K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the Kirby-Bauer method, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined using the streaking method of the inhibition zone formed, and the mechanism of bacterial membrane leakage cell was measured using UV-VIS spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. The MIC value was found to be 3.125 mg/mL in both bacteria, with an inhibition zone of 6.43 ± 0.06 mm (K. pneumoniae) and 6.73 ± 0.15 mm (P. mirabilis). The MBC value at 200 mg/mL with a percent reduction of 98.35 % (K. pneumoniae) and at 100 mg/mL with a percent reduction of 98.06 % (P. mirabilis). The supernatant of a membrane leakage cell (DNA and protein) was absorbed at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of avocado leaves has antibacterial potential against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis. HIGHLIGHTS Avocado leaves, which are typically discarded, can be repurposed as a potent antibacterial agent in traditional medicine Demonstrates a potent minimum inhibitory concentration with a minimum bactericidal concentration value that can effectively suppress bacterial growth Point number 2 is substantiated by the utilization of DNA and protein cell leakage tests, as evidenced by absorbance measurements at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm Flavonoid secondary metabolite have been successfully identified as one of the active components using the TLC analysis method GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Avocado leaf‐waste management: drying technology and quality of leaf herbal teas of different varieties cultivated in the Mediterranean area

SummaryAvocado production is globally increasing, and wastes and by‐products are becoming an emergent problem for its sustainability. The research aims to valorise the avocado waste leaves, giving them new challenges and opportunities in the herbal tea sector. In this regard, leaves of different avocado varieties cultivated in the Mediterranean area and different drying technologies were considered for the preparation of herbal teas; chemical and sensory analyses have been carried out. The results demonstrated differences in the composition, antioxidant activity, aroma volatiles, sensory features, and thus on the consumers' acceptability of the avocado herbal teas in relation to the variety and the drying technology. Herbal teas prepared with microwave‐dried leaves of Fuerte and Bacon varieties were the most appreciated by consumers for their sweet taste and anise‐like odour. The data showed the possibility of using avocado leaf waste for new herbal teas, evidencing the influence of the drying technology and variety on the functional and sensory features of the developed product. In this context, the approach here applied resulted fundamental to orientate the development of new sustainable and healthy herbal tea that meets consumers' demands.

Photosynthetic activity in avocado leaf ontogeny as a result of compatibility rootstock/scion in three locations in Colombia

Photosynthetic activity in avocado leaf ontogeny as a result of compatibility rootstock/scion in three locations in Colombia

Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Fungi Endofit Daun Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill) Terhadap Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus

Avocado (Persea americana Mill) is a plant that contains antibacterial substances, especially in its leaves. Flavonoids, saponins and alkaloids are active compounds in avocado leaves which can prevent some bacterial growth. This study aims to isolate, identify and determine the antibacterial activity of avocado leaf endophytic fungal isolates growing P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. This type of research, namely experimental research, isolates endophytic fungi using avocado leaves inoculated on PDA media which has been added with 0.005% chloramphenicol in a petri dish and incubated at a temperature of 25oC for 5-7 days. Antibacterial activity was tested using a paper disk with the agar diffusion method. This research showed that young avocado leaves produced 3 isolates, namely isolate 1 was suspected to be Trichoderma sp., isolate 2 was suspected to be Rhizoctonia sp., and isolate 3 was suspected to be Fusarium sp. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the endophytic fungi of avocado leaves from isolate 2, and isolate 3 provided an inhibition zone against P. aeruginosa and isolate 1, and isolate 3 provided an inhibition zone against S. aureus.

The Effect of Avocado Leaf Decoction on Lowering Blood Pressure in Elderly People with Hypertension in Mongolato Village

Hypertension is a condition where there is an increase in blood pressure that can affect the function of other organs, such as the heart and kidneys, and even cause death. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of avocado leaf decoction on the elderly. This type of research is quantitative research using a quasi-experimental two-group pretest – post-test research design with a control design. The sample size of 20 respondents consisted of 10 experimental groups and 10 control group respondents determined by purposive sampling techniques. The research instruments used are a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope, observation sheet, food recall sheet, and SOP. The statistical test used is the paired t-test. The results showed a decrease in blood pressure in the intervention group with P value = 0.000 in systolic and diastolic blood pressure which means there was a decrease in blood pressure. The experimental group was given a decoction of avocado leaves 1 time a day for 5 days in the morning. It can be concluded that there is an effect of avocado leaf decoction on lowering blood pressure. It is recommended that people plant avocado trees so that the leaves can be used as traditional medicine to lower blood pressure. And the fruit can be used for other needs.

Antibacterial Test Of Avocado Leaf Ethanol Extract (Persea americana Mill) On Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

Avocado leaves are one plant that can be used as an antibacterial. The chemical content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins has the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. This research aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of avocado leaves against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research uses laboratory experiments using samples of avocado leaf extract (Persea viiiegativeviii Mill). With concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% using the diffusion method. The ability of avocado leaf extract to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be seen from the size of the inhibition zone, namely positive by looking at the area of the inhibition zone around the disc using a caliper. This research shows that the diameter of the inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 20% has an inhibition zone diameter of 8.81 mm, namely the medium category, a concentration of 40% has an inhibition zone diameter of 10.11 mm, namely the strong category, a concentration of 60% has an inhibition zone diameter. of 10.71 mm, namely the strong category, a concentration of 80% has an inhibitory zone diameter of 12.16 mm, namely the strong category. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of avocado leaves has activity to inhibit staphylococcus aureus bacteria

Formulation and Evaluation of Avocado Leaf Extract (Persea americana Mill.) Cream Based on Variations Stearic Acid Concentration

Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) contain flavonoid compounds as high as 8.11 mg, so they have potential in the acne healing process. The aim of this research is to create a formulation and evaluate an avocado leaf extract cream preparation. The method used is experimental. Avocado leaf extract cream preparations are made based on varying stearic acid concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. Evaluation of the preparation includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, spreadability tests, adhesion tests, and viscosity tests. Based on the organoleptic evaluation, the results showed that FI was slightly runny and contained bubbles, FII was slightly thick and FIII was thick. The FI color is brownish white, FII is yellowish white, and FIII is white, and all formulations have a characteristic creamy odor. The homogeneity test shows that all formulas have the same homogeneous preparation. The pH test of the cream preparation showed the same pH value, namely 6. The spreadability test resulted in good spreadability of the cream, namely between 5 and 6.8 cm. The cream adhesion test has an adhesion between 00.53 and 1.38 seconds. And finally, the viscosity test has a viscosity value between 4500 and 8900 mpa. According to the results of this research, avocado leaf extract cream can be used as a cream preparation, with the best stearic acid concentration being 15%.

The Effect of Avocado Leaf Ethanol Extract (Persea Americana Mill) on Aspirin-Induced Reduction of Gastric Acid in Rats

Gastritis is inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach. Gastritis can be caused by several things, one of which is the use of anti-inflammatory drugs which can damage the gastric mucosal lining which occurs in two ways, namely local and systemic. Local damage is caused by being lipophilic and acidic, while systemic damage is caused by a significant decrease in prostaglandin production. Avocado leaf ethanol extract contains flavonoids and saponins which have anti-inflammatory effects and inhibit histamine secretion. This study aims to analyze the activity of ethanol extract of avocado leaves in reducing gastritis in vivo in rats induced by apirin. Samples of 60 mice weighing 150-200 g were divided into 5 groups, namely negative control group (CMC Na), positive control (Simetidine), ethanol extract of avocado leaves 100, 200, 400 mg/Kg BW. Mice were fasted for 24 hours, induced by aspirin 400 mg/KgBW for 24 hours and mice remained fasted. then given treatment according to group division for 8 days. Every 2 days after treatment, 3 mice were taken from each group to be sacrificed by dislocation, the mice's stomachs were dissected, all gastric fluid was collected and the stomach contents were removed and then washed with 0.9% NaCl solution. Gastric fluid is used to check fluid concentration and pH. Then the rat's stomach was opened by stretching it to count the number of ulcers and the ulcer index that occurred. The results of the study showed that the 400 mg/KgBW avocado leaf ethanol extract group had an anti-inflammatory effect that was almost the same as Cimetidine, this was shown by the results of decreasing gastric fluid concentration, decreasing the number of ulcers, decreasing the ulcer index and increasing gastric pH. Based on the description above, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of avocado leaves has an anti-inflammatory effect in reducing gastritis.

Effectiveness of avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) as antihypertensive

Background Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) have been traditionally used as antihypertensive. Various studies have tested the benefits of the Persea americana Mill. in treating hypertension but still using extracts not yet using nanoparticles. Therefore, this study aims to study the effectiveness of avocado leaf extract, including the nanoparticles, on salt-induced hypertensive Wistar rats in inhibiting the ACE enzyme, which causes decreasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) as well as increasing urine volume. Methods This study used an experimental in vivo study design involving 24 white male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2–3 months, weighing 130–250 g, and of a healthy condition with active movement. The samples were randomly divided into six treatment groups and post-test only research design with control group design. Results The result of the study showed that the extract contained a quercetin of 1129.597 ppm and 10 mineral compounds, including potassium, with the highest content. The analysis of antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method showed that the antioxidant activity at IC50 was 44.734 ppm. The P. americana leaf extract nanoparticles had the most significant result in reducing blood pressure in Wistar rats induced by 16% NaCl for 14 days SBP to normal was by 68.75 mmHg (175.00±21.57 mmHg to 106.25±9.21 mmHg) and 55.25 mmHg (128.42±25.75 mmHg to 73.17±15.75 mmHg), respectively. Also, avocado leaf extract caused the decrease of SBP from 164.92±7.16 mmHg to 116.83±6.36 mmHg and DBP from 118.42±16.24 mmHg to 82.83±6.47 mmHg. The P. americana leaf extract nanoparticles resulted in the most urine volume at 13.5 ml, with the highest DAI value of 2.25. The ACE inhibitor test using the ELISA method showed that the P. americana leaf extract and the nanoparticle extract inhibition against the ACE enzyme were 60.0±12.1 % and 59.5±3%, respectively. The mean serum nitrate as a result of P. americana leaf extract (K4) and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 44.0±9.0 μmol/L and 41.1±11.5 μmol/L, respectively. The mean of serum nitrite was led by P. americana leaf extract (K4), and nanoparticles of P. americana leaf extract (K5) were 83.7±24.0 μmol/L and 81.0±23.2 μmol/L, sequentially. Conclusions The study showed that the leaf extract and nanoparticle extract of Persea americana Mill. was effective as an antihypertensive.

Optimization of Sunscreen Cream Formulation Containing Ethanolic Extract of Avocado Leaves (Persea americana Mill.) or Mangosteen Rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) Combined with Octyl Methoxycinnamate

Background: Most sunscreens contain chemicals that can cause health and environmental problems. Natural actives can be an alternative to minimize the use of chemicals. Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) and mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) contain active compounds that have UV absorption. Objective: In this study, the optimal composition of a mixture of ethanol extracts of avocado leaves or mangosteen peel with octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) was determined based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and adhesive properties using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Material and method: The optimal formula calculated with RSM was then made and underwent a series of tests, including a hedonic test with a scale of 0-9 on 30 respondents, a freeze-thaw stability test, and an accelerated stability test with the Arrhenius equation. Results: The RSM analysis showed that the optimal concentration of extract and OMC was 10% and 0.75% (avocado leaves) & 0.65% (mangosteen peel). The optimized formula resulted in adhesive properties and SPF of 7.41±0.03 and 16.52±0.16 (avocado leaves) & 7.43±0.04 and 15.84±0.15 (mangosteen peel) respectively. Both optimized formulations were physically stable against freeze-thaw and had a t90 of 29 minutes (avocado leaves) and 17 minutes (mangosteen peel). The average hedonic scale obtained was 7.8 (avocado leaves) and 7.9 (mangosteen peel), indicating that both optimized formulations were preferred by the respondents. Conclusions: The sunscreen formulation with an optimized combination of active ingredients from avocado leaf extract or mangosteen peel extract with OMC using RSM results in preparation with SPF value and physical properties that meet the requirements.

UJI SIFAT FISIKOKIMIA SEDIAAN EKSTRAK DAUN ALPUKAT (Persea americana Mill.) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI ASAM STEARAT

The content of avocado leaf extract such as polyphenol, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, quercetin and flavonoids can be made anti-acne cream preparations. This study aims to determine the physicochemical properties of avocado leaf extract cream including organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, pH tests, and spread diameter tests. The research method used is experimental research with a posttest only design methodology. Avocado leaf extract is made in cream preparations using a stearic acid base, namely with variations in concentrations of F1(10%), F2(12.5%), and F3(15%). Data analysis used the oneway ANOVA test and the LSD test to determine the difference between variations in stearic acid concentrations in avocado leaf extract cream. The results of the research on organoleptic and homogeneity tests were carried out descriptively showed that F1 was light green, had a distinctive smell of avocado leaf extract, slightly thick, F2 was green color and F3 was brownish green, both of which have a distinctive odor of avocado leaf extract and are thick. Homogeneity shows the three formulas are not homogeneous. The pH test results were F1(7.85±0.05), F2(6.97±0.03) and F3(6.79±0.02) which had significant differences. The spread diameter results are F1(5.70±0.53cm), F2(5.56±0.35cm) and F3(5.36±0.31cm) have no significant differences. Organoleptic, pH and spread diameter tests meet the requirements whereas homogeneity tests do not meet the requirements. The factor of adding avocado leaf extract to the preparation and the unstable mixing speed, because it is done manually using a mortar and stamper, affects the homogeneity of the cream produced.