Average Score Research Articles

Association between adherence to LS7 and frailty among older US adults

Abstract Objective The Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics were developed by the American Heart Association to define ideal cardiovascular health. The impact of LS7 on frailty among older adults remains unclear. Our objective was to examine the association between the cardiovascular health score and risk of frailty among older adults. Designs, Settings, and Participants Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999-2018 was used. We included 9242 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 65 years. The LS7 score was calculated for all participants. Frailty was measured with the 40-item frailty index, and a frailty index score of > 0.21 was defined as ‘frailty’. Log-binominal regression and negative binomial regression were conducted to estimate the association between LS7 and frailty. Mediation analysis was used to estimate the mediating effects of inflammatory indicators on the association. Results The weighted average of frailty index score was 0.18, and 3206 participants (34.8%) were identified as ‘frailty’. Participants with high LS7 scores had significantly lower frailty index score and prevalence of frailty than those with low LS7 scores. In fully adjusted log-binominal regression models, with total score < 6 as a reference, the ORs (95% CIs) for frailty were 0.79 (0.65, 0.96), 0.66 (0.54, 0.80), 0.50 (0.39, 0.65), and 0.39 (0.29, 0.52) for total score = 6, total score = 7, total score = 8, and total score > 8, respectively. When LS7 score analyzed as a continuous variable, per 1-point increase in the LS7 score was associated with a 16% decrease in the risk of frailty (P < 0.001). In negative binominal regression models, the adjusted PRs (95% CIs) for frailty were 0.96 (0.93, 1.00), 0.94 (0.91, 0.97), 0.91 (0.87, 0.95), and 0.85 (0.82, 0.88) for total score = 6, total score = 7, total score = 8, and total score > 8, respectively. For each 1-point increase in the LS7 score, the risk of frailty decreased by 3% (P < 0.001). No significant interactions were observed in subgroups stratified by age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and self-reported health status. Causal mediation analysis indicated that inflammatory factors including blood cell count, neutrophil count, and C-reactive protein positively mediated the association of LS7 with frailty, with a mediating proportion of 0.0357 (P = 0.01), 0.0741 (P < 0.001), and 0.0524 (P = 0.012), respectively. Conclusions In a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults, increased exposure to EO was independently related to an increased prevalence of frailty.Association between LS7 and frailtySubgroup analysis

The Relationship Between Mental Health Status and Daily Step Count in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Aim This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the mental health status and daily step count of adult individuals. Methods The research was conducted between November 2023 and April 2024 with a descriptive cross-sectional design. The research population consisted of 386 individuals over the age of 18 who voluntarily filled out public electronic forums on online platforms. Data were collected with the socio-demographic characteristics diagnostic form consisting of 21 questions, the average number of steps in the last week, and the General Health Survey-28 (GHQ-28). Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, normality statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), t test, Kruskal Wallis variance analysis, Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05 Results GHQ-28 total score average was found to be 5.59 ± 6.52. 42.0% of the participants received a score of 5 or above on the GHQ-28 and were considered at risk for mental health. The individuals’ average weekly step count was mean=5269±3065 steps and 43% were basal-limited active. According to GHQ-28, the average weekly step count of individuals in the mental health risk group (4528.62 ±2892.31) was lower than those who were not at risk (5804.63 ±3081.67) (p < 0.05). According to step count categories, individuals who were basal-limited active (51.2%) and low active (39.4%) were found to be at higher risk for mental health than those who were slightly active (36.0%) and active-highly active (18.4%) (p < 0.05). A weak negative correlation was found between the average number of steps and the scores obtained from the GHQ-28 (r = -.187; p = 0.000). Conclusions It was determined that more than half (51.2%) of the individuals (42.0%) in the risk group in terms of mental health were sedentary, that is, basal-limited active (less than 2500-4999 steps). Key messages • Increasing awareness about the positive effects of individuals’ daily step counts on mental health can contribute positively to the promotion of health. • As part of policies aimed at enhancing mental health within society, implementations directed towards increasing daily step counts can contribute positively to the improvement of public health.

Attitudes and Related Factors of Women in Turkey Towards Cancer Screening: Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: This study aimed to examine women's attitudes and related factors towards cancer screening in Turkey. Methods: This analytical-cross-sectional study was conducted between June and September 2022. The universe of the study consisted of all women between the ages of 30-70 in Turkey, and the sample included 335 women. The data of the study were collected online with the “Personal Information Form’’ and “Attitude Scale for Cancer Screening”. Results: The average Attitude Scale for Cancer Screening total score of the women participating in the study was 84.36±14.55. Of the women who participated in the study, 33.1% did not perform breast self-examination, 63.1% did not perform clinical breast examination, 49.5% did not perform Pap smear and HPV-DNA testing, 60.9% did not perform mammography, 76.1% did not perform fecal occult blood testing and 93.8% did not perform colonoscopy. It was determined that education status, breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, Pap Smear and HPV-DNA test frequencies, and knowing the places where cancer screening was performed affected the Attitude Scale for Cancer Screening score averages (F = 8.729, p = 0.000). Conclusion: It was determined that the attitudes of the women participating in the study towards cancer screening were moderate. Several factors are done affect attitudes towards cancer screening.

The effect of listening to music and drawing on coping with dysmenorrhea complaints in nursing students: randomized controlled trial

AimTo examine the effect of listening to music and drawing on coping with dysmenorrhea complaints of nursing students.MethodsThe study was a double-blind, three parallel-group randomized controlled trial conducted between August 2023 and May 2024 at Bartın University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing. Ninety-six dysmenorrheic nursing students with regular menstrual cycles were included in the study and randomly assigned to three groups as drawing, music and control groups. Visual Analog Scale (100mmVAS of pain), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Menstrual Symptoms Scale (MSS) were applied to the students at baseline, 1st and 2nd months. The interventions were as follows: the music group listened to a 29-minute and 32-second song three days before menstruation and on the first day of menstruation in the third month composed by Juan Sebastian Martin-Saavedra, while the drawing group created art for the same duration. The pain scores, perceived stress, and menstrual symptoms were measured in all groups after the interventions.ResultsPretest, 1st and 2nd months 100mmVAS of pain score averages were 7.16 ± 1.99, 7.16 ± 1.99 and 7.50 ± 1.98 for the control group, 7.22 ± 1.64, 4.84 ± 1.80 and 2.13 ± 1.45 for the music group and 6.69 ± 1.80, 5.09 ± 1.55 and 2.91 ± 1.33 for the drawing group, respectively. Pretest, 1st and 2nd months PSS score averages were 28.75 ± 3.71, 29.09 ± 3.87 and 30.03 ± 4.16 for the control group, 29.91 ± 3.98, 14.06 ± 4.06 and 3.59 ± 3.82 for the music group and 27.38 ± 3.63, 18.13 ± 5.60 and 8.34 ± 5.46 for the drawing group, respectively. Pretest, 1st and 2nd months MSS score averages were 79.25 ± 15.41, 88.00 ± 20.08 and 90.66 ± 19.13 for the control group, 85.41 ± 10.77, 62.41 ± 15.23 and 34.00 ± 12.62 for the music group and 80.69 ± 11.07, 65.53 ± 15.37 and 47.31 ± 15.11 for the drawing group, respectively. Mean menstrual pain intensity, mean perceived stress level, and mean menstrual symptoms level in the art and music group decreased significantly at 1st and 2nd months post-intervention (p < .001). A significant increase in score levels was observed in the control group.ConclusionsBoth art and music practices are effective in significantly reducing menstrual pain, perceived stress, and menstrual symptoms in nursing students with dysmenorrhea. It is important to include listening to music and drawing on women’s health and disease nursing practices to control menstrual pain, perceived stress, and menstrual symptoms in dysmenorrhea.Clinical trials registration numberhttps://clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT06027489; registered August 30, 2023.

THE EFFECT OF PRIMARY AND REPEATED CESAREAN BIRTH ON BREASTFEEDING SUCCESS AND MATERNAL ATTACHMENT LEVEL IN POSTPARTUM: A CROSS-SECTIONAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY

This research was conducted to determine the effect of primary and repeated cesarean births on breastfeeding success and maternal attachment level in postpartum women. The cross-sectional and comparative study sample consisted of 322 postpartum women who applied to a public hospital in eastern Turkey. Data were collected with the "Personal Information Form", "LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool" and “Maternal Attachment Scale(MAS)". Descriptive statistics, independent group’s t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The average age of the puerperants with primary and repeat births was determined as 28.14±6.15, and 30.56±4.91, respectively. The mean LATCH and MAS total scores of postpartum women who had primary cesarean delivery were lower than those of postpartum women who had repeated cesarean delivery, and the difference between them was statistically significant(p=0.000). It was found that there was a weak, positive relationship between the MAS and LATCH score averages of women who had primary and repeated cesarean deliveries, and as breastfeeding success increased, the level of attachment also increased. It was concluded that breastfeeding success and attachment levels were lower in primary cesarean births compared to repeated cesarean births, and as the breastfeeding success achieved in both groups increased, the level of attachment increased.

Genetic stability analysis of early maturing pigeonpea genotypes using AMMI and WAASB models

In the present study, 27 early maturing pigeonpea genotypes were evaluated over multi-locations for yielding potential and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model and Weighted Average of Absolute Scores (WAASB) models. ANOVA displayed significant variation among genotypes, environments and genotype-environment interaction. AMMI models further explained the main and interaction effects with PC1 and PC2 covering 81.8% and 18.2% variance, respectively. AMMI biplots and WAASB matrix denoted ICP 14444, ICP 8817 and ICP 11890 to be potential early maturing, high yielding stable lines across the tested locations. Warangal and Kanpur noted to be the best environments with least and highest discriminating ability respectively. ICP 11543, ICP 16309, ICP 6992 were identified as best-fit cultivars for Patancheru, Warangal and Kanpur, respectively.

Associations between physical activity and development in preschool-aged children born

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of physical activity (PA) on development (motor, cognitive, social-emotional) in children 4–5 years old born <30 weeks’ gestation, and to describe subgroups of children at risk...

The effects of emotional expressivity and self-efficacy levels of individuals with substance addiction on treatment compliance

ABSTRACT Objective The present study was conducted to determine the effects of emotional expressivity and self-efficacy levels of individuals with substance addiction on treatment compliance. Methods A total of 183 patients who were receiving substance addiction treatment were included in this cross-sectional study. The data were collected by using the Personal Information Form, EmotionalExpressivity Scale (EES), Self-Efficacy Scale (SES), and Treatment Compliance Scale (TCS). Results In the present study, the emotional expressivity total score average of the participants was found to be 26.53 ± 9.03, their self-efficacy/sufficiency total score average was 74.15 ± 14.84, and their treatment compliance total score average was 85.27 ± 17.25. A negative and significant relationship was detected between the TCS total score and the EES total score of the participants, and there was a positive and significant relationship with the SES total score average (p < .05). Conclusion When the total scores that were received from the scales were evaluated, the participants’ emotional expressivity scores, self-efficacy perceptions, and treatment compliance were at moderate levels. It was concluded that as the level of emotional expressivity decreased, the treatment motivation levels of the individuals increased and the increase in the self-efficacy levels was a factor that boosted individuals’ treatment compliance.

Monitoring kiloelectron-volt emission variability in partially observed nuclear events through distance weighted censored control charts

The variation in the lifespan of particles is a crucial parameter in nuclear physics and is essential for identification purposes. Modern particle detectors excel at recognizing individual radioactive nuclei arrivals and their subsequent decay events. However, challenges arise when matching arrivals with departures, especially when departures are only partially observed. One inefficient approach involves conducting experiments with very low arrival rates to facilitate matching. The kiloelectron-volt E(keV) emission is obtained during this radio active process. This study focuses on the meticulous surveillance of the standard deviation in keV emission from partially observed events within the domain of nuclear physics.The utilization of censored control charts allows for the effective management of incomplete data, enabling researchers to make informed decisions despite potential limitations in observation. To accomplish this, the methodology employs the statistical approach known as Distance Weighted Mean based Standard Deviation (DWMS) integrated with the application of censored control charts. We propose a DWMS based exponentially weighted moving (DWMS-E) control chart for monitoring kiloelectron-volt E(keV) data. The proposed charts is developed for Weibull lifetimes with type-I censored data. The goal is to find changes in the mean of Weibull lifetimes with known and estimated parameter conditions. The performance of the proposed DWMS-E chart is evaluated by the average run length (ARL). Besides a simulation study, a real-life data set on E(keV) related to the alpha decays of 177 Lutetium isotope is also discussed.

Perceptions of adults in selected family health centers in Samsun Çarşamba District towards breast milk: A regional study

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the educational needs of not only the mothers but also the whole society about breast milk and breastfeeding. Methods: The study was conducted in three family health centers at similar socio-economic levels between March and June 2015. The sample of the study consist of 1750 adult individuals. The research data were collected by a questionnaire and a 5-point Likert scale titled “Perception Scale of Adults About Breast Milk” prepared by the researchers in line with the literature. Kruskal - Wallis H Test and Mann - Whitney U Test was used in the evaluation. Results: It was determined that the total score average of the adults participating in the study was 120.94 ± 16.74. According to the results of the total score averages obtained from the "Perception Scale of Adults About Breast Milk" and the age variable; The scores in the 33-39 age group were significantly higher than the scores in the 19-25, 26-32 and 47-53 age groups. Conclusions: It was concluded that the scores obtained by the participants from scale were above the average, but their perceptions about breast milk should be improved.

THE EFFECT OF PEER EDUCATION ON SLEEP HYGIENE ON SLEEP QUALITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS LIVING IN DORMITORIES

This study was conducted to examine the effect of peer education on sleep hygiene sleep quality and psychological resilience in university students living in dormitories. In the study, a quasi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group was used. 240 university students staying at Akyazı Credit and Dormitories Institution in Akyazı district of Sakarya province participated in the study. Half of the students (n=120) formed the intervention group and the other half (n=120) formed the control group. Before the study, 20 students were given sleep hygiene training by the research team. The training group provided peer education to the intervention group on sleep hygiene. No intervention was made in the control group. Student diagnostic form, Sleep Hygiene Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale were used as data collection tools. There was no statistically significant difference between the Sleep Hygiene Index and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale score averages of the intervention and control group students included in the study at the beginning and the last interview (p&gt;0.05). However, it was determined that there was an improvement in the sleep hygiene and psychological resilience levels of the students in the intervention group (p0.05). In addition, it was determined that the intervention group had a significant improvement in subjective sleep quality and sleep latency, which are sub-dimensions of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (p

Predicting and Evaluating Water Quality using Machine Learning in Maharashtra, India

Water quality is critical for public health and environmental sustainability, necessitating effective monitoring to prevent contamination. In this study, we focus on predicting and evaluating water quality in Maharashtra, India, using machine learning techniques. Groundwater contamination in Maharashtra is a significant issue due to poor waste management, yet research in this area is limited. Traditional water quality monitoring methods involve complex calculations based on fixed parameters, which can lead to errors. This study aims to streamline the monitoring process by identifying the most significant features, thereby saving time, money, and energy. We calculated the Water Quality Index (WQI) using the Weighted Arithmetic Mean method, analyzing data from 2012 to 2022 from the National Water Monitoring Program in India. The analysis identified three key parameters, BOD, pH, and Fecal Coliform, as most correlated with the WQI. Machine learning techniques, including regression and classification, were employed to predict WQI and Water Quality Classification (WQC). The results indicate that Polynomial Regression and Ridge Regression achieved high accuracy in predicting the WQI, while the Decision Tree classifier excelled in WQC classification. This research demonstrates the potential of machine learning to enhance water quality monitoring, offering a cost-effective solution for managing water resources in Maharashtra.

Explainable AI for Transparent MRI Segmentation: Deep Learning and Visual Attribution in Clinical Decision Support

For medical diagnosis and therapy planning, the importance of accurate MRI segmentation cannot be overemphasized. Conversely, the inscrutability of deep learning models remains obstacles to their application in therapeutic contexts. In this article, an interpretability artificial intelligence framework is introduced. It combines an MRI segmentation model based on deep learning, visual attribution algorithms and natural language explanations. EXPERIMENT The dataset is consisting of plenty of different types of brain MRI scans, and used to test the architecture. The average of Dice score of our method is 88.7% and 92.3% for segmentation of tumor and categorization of tissues, respectively. Both are pretty epic scores. The insights extracted from both the visual attributions and textual explations improve our understanding of how the model arrives at its decisions, thereby increasing the transparency and interpretability of the model. believe this approach to explainable artificial intelligence can help to close the gap between state-of-the-art performance in MRI segmentation and clinical interpretability, by increasing the transparency of complex models and facilitating their implementation into a clinical workflow. Conclusion Our approach may have implications in the transparent and reliable development of AI-based decision support systems for medical imaging

Screening and Site Adaptability Evaluation of Qi-Nan Clones (Aquilaria sinensis) in Southern China

In recent years, plantations of Aquilaria sinensis in China have been dominated by Qi-nan, yet there remains limited research on the growth evaluation and breeding of these clones. In this study, a multi-point joint variance analysis, an additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, a weighted average of absolute scores (WAASB) stability index, and a genotype main effect plus a genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot were used to comprehensively analyze the yield, stability, and suitable environment of 25 3-year-old Qi-Nan clones from five sites in southern China. The results showed that all the growth traits exhibited significant differences in the clones, test sites, and interactions between the clones and test sites. The phenotypic variation coefficient (PCV) and genetic variation coefficient (GCV) of the clones’ growth traits at the different sites ranged from 16.56% to 32.09% and 5.24% to 27.06%, respectively, showing moderate variation. The medium–high repeatability (R) of tree height and ground diameter ranged from 0.50 to 0.96 and 0.69 to 0.98, respectively. Among the clones, Clones G04, G05, G10, G11 and G13 showed good growth performance and could be good candidates for breeding. Environmental effects were found to be the primary source of variation, with temperature and light primarily affecting growth, while rainfall influenced survival and preservation rates. Yangjiang (YJ) was found to be the most suitable experimental site for screening high-yield and stable clones across the different sites, whereas the tree height and ground diameter at the Chengmai (CM) site were significantly higher than at the other sites, and the Pingxiang (PX) and Zhangzhou (ZZ) sites showed poor growth performance. The findings suggest that Qi-nan clones are suitable for planting in southern China. There were also abundant genetic variations in germplasm resources for the Qi-nan clones. The five selected clones could be suitable for extensive planting. Therefore, large-scale testing is necessary for determining genetic improvements in Qi-nan clones, which will be conducive to the precise localization of their promotion areas.

Knowledge-guided Deep Temporal Clustering for Alzheimer's Disease Subtypes in Completed Clinical Trials.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder with varied patient progression. We aim to test the hypothesis that AD patients can be categorized into subgroups based on differences in progression. We leveraged data from three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to develop a knowledge-guided, deep temporal clustering (KG-DTC) framework for AD subtyping. This model combined autoencoders for contextual information capture, k-means clustering for representation formation, and clinical outcome classification for clinical knowledge integration. The derived representations, encompassing demographics, APOE genotype, cognitive assessments, brain volumes, and biomarkers, were clustered using the Gaussian Mixture Model to identify AD subtypes. Our novel KG-DTC framework was developed using placebo data from 2,087 AD patients across three solanezumab clinical trials (EXPEDITION, EXPEDITION2, and EXPEDITION3), achieving high performance in outcome prediction and clustering. The KG-DTC model demonstrated superior clustering structures, especially when combined with k-means clustering loss. External validation with independent clinical trial data showed consistent clustering results, with a 0.33 silhouette score for three clusters. The model's stability was confirmed through a leave-one-out approach, with an average adjusted Rand Index around 0.945. Three distinct AD subtypes were identified, each exhibiting unique patterns of cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and amyloid beta levels. Notably, Subtype 3 (S3) showed rapid cognitive decline across multiple clinical measures (e.g., 0.64 in S1 vs. -1.06 in S2 vs. 15.09 in S3 of average ADAS total change score, p<.001). This innovative approach offers promising insights for understanding variability in treatment outcomes and personalizing AD treatment strategies.

Multivariate process capability analysis with decision-maker preferences

A process capability analysis is an invaluable technique for assessing the efficacy of a system by determining its alignment with customer expectations. In the context of a manufacturing process with multiple correlated variables, the use of multivariate methods is essential for the analysis of quality characteristics. In the literature, there have been various proposals for MPCI (multivariate process capability indices) based on different approaches, including the proportion of non-conforming items or PCA (principal component analysis). In this context, a novel approach to capability analysis with multiple responses of varying degrees of importance has been proposed, termed WAMP (Weighted Arithmetic Mean with Prioritization). The findings indicated that the WAMP method demonstrated greater robustness than the SAM (simple arithmetic mean) and SGM (simple geometric mean) approaches. However, the WAM (weighted arithmetic mean) and WGM (weighted geometric mean) methods also exhibited satisfactory performance in accordance with the established acceptance criteria. The method was evaluated using both simulated and experimental data, demonstrating its efficacy in scenarios with varying degrees of correlation. When a greater weight is assigned to a single original variable, the MPCI is observed to be similar in value to that of the original variable with the highest weight when considered univariately. When equal weights are assigned to two original variables, the MPCI is situated within the capability indices of the original variables with the highest weight. Furthermore, it was observed that the performance of the MPCI improves with an increase in correlation. In conclusion, WAMP has been demonstrated to be a valuable and effective tool for capability analysis in systems with multiple correlated responses of varying degrees of importance.

Evaluation of High School Students' Knowledge and Awareness of Medical Information, Specifically on ENT Diseases

Introduction: Every stage of education is valuable, but high school is the most critical period for career choice before university. This is because the university life, which is the basis for career selection, begins after high school. The aim of this study is to evaluate the medical knowledge and awareness of high school students, focusing on ENT (ear, nose, and throat) diseases, across different grades and fields. Material and Methods: A survey form consisting of two sections was used as the data collection tool in the research. The first section contains a demographic information form, and the second section consists of 7 multiple-choice questions. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the averages of correct answers and total scores according to gender, grades, and fields. The ANOVA test was used to compare results based on age groups. Results: Of the 54 students who participated in the study, 28 (51.9%) were female, and 26 (48.1%) were male. Of the participating students, 30 were from the Science-Technology (ST) department, and 24 were from the Anatolian High School (AL) department. After excluding 2 students who had previously participated in ENT disease-related training (both from the ST group), the percentage of students who answered the general ENT questions incorrectly was 6/24 (25.0%) in the AL group and 1/28 (3.6%) in the ST group. The number of students who requested additional health-related topics in the biology curriculum was 19/24 (79.2%) in the AL group and 27/28 (96.4%) in the ST group. Conclusion: It was found that due to the science (biology) intensity of their education, the ST group had higher health knowledge specifically related to ENT diseases compared to the AL group, and the difference between the two groups was significant (p &lt; 0.001). Despite the higher level of correct responses and knowledge in the ST group, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in their demand for more biology lessons (p &lt; 0.001). Discussion: Providing more biology lessons in high school would be beneficial both for career choices and for improving health literacy.

Pengaruh Metode Role Playing terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas V SDN Pandenlamper 03 Semarang

The problem found based on observations of class V students at SDN Pandeanlamper 03 on 17 January 2024 was the lack of students' concentration and students’ involvement in learning process that influenced the students’ learning outcomes. To solve this problem, researchers conducted research in learning process using the role playing method. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the influence of the role playing method on the learning outcomes of class V students at SDN Pandeanlamper 03 Semarang. The focus of this research is Pancasila Education Subject about Diversity as a Gift. The research method used was quantitative using quasy-experiment. The samples of this research were 28 of class V students of SDN Pandeanlamper 03. The collection of data techniques used were test questions which were pretest and posttest and documentation of research activities. The research results gained the average of pretest score was 61.9 before treatment conducted and 83.2 of posttest score after treatment using role playing method conducted. The data analysis results using Normalized Gain showed that the N-Gain is 0.56, this result meant that it was the medium category. T-test showed that t obtained 6.382 &gt; t table 2.056 so that Ha was accepted, meanwhile H0 was rejected and. Therefore, it could be concluded that the role playing method influenced the class V students’ learning outcomes of SDN Pandeanlamper 03 Semarang.

Composition, divergence and variability: A comprehensive analysis of fish trait responses to connectivity

Connectivity, a fundamental concept in ecology, refers to the extent to which different habitats or ecosystems are interconnected through the movement of organisms, nutrients, and energy. Lateral hydrological connectivity (LHC) plays an especially critical role in shaping aquatic community organization in river-floodplain systems. However, a comprehensive understanding of various trait responses to LHC remains elusive. We characterized how attributes of fish community traits, specifically composition, divergence, and temporal variability respond to LHC in the Austrian-Hungarian floodplains of the Danube River using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. Trait composition was quantified by community-level weighted means (CWM) as the degree of changes in trait responses along the LHC gradient from isolated oxbows to the main river. Divergence was measured using Rao’s quadratic functional diversity index and a null model approach to calculate standardized effect sizes (SES), with larger SES values indicating greater divergence and smaller values indicating convergence. Temporal variability, representing the degree of instability in community traits over time, was calculated using a functional beta diversity measure for multiple communities. Our findings revealed apparent compositional changes for many trait variables, highlighting the significance of LHC in shaping community functional diversity. Divergence patterns indicated that isolated habitats foster trait convergence presumably due to habitat filtering, whereas more connected areas promote trait divergence due to higher species richness and habitat availability. Temporal variability of traits associated with flow preference exhibited a hump-shaped relationship with LHC, suggesting intermediate connectivity zones are hotspots of ecological dynamism. The study suggests that examining composition, divergence, and temporal variability together provides a more complete understanding of trait responses to connectivity, stressing the importance of maintaining diverse connectivity levels in river-floodplain systems for effective conservation and ecosystem management.

Determination of the effect of the pre-surgery COVID-19 fear level and hygiene behaviours of the patients on the personal protective clinical measures developed after the surgery: Across-sectional study.

This study aims to examine patients' preoperative COVID-19 fear levels, hygiene behaviours, postoperative personal protective clinical measures, and their correlations with each other. This research is a cross-sectional type of study. The study sample consisted of 131 patients hospitalized in the general surgery inpatient ward of a hospital in Turkey. The sample was determined by G-Power analysis. The data were collected in two stages in a research hospital between 1 April 2021 and 1 March 2022. Sociodemographic and Clinical Information Form, COVID-19 Fear Scale, COVID-19 Hygiene Scale were used before surgery; COVID-19 personal protective clinical measures questionnaire was used after surgery. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, ANOVA test, Wilcoxon test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to evaluate the data. It was determined that preoperative COVID-19 fear levels, hygiene behaviours, and the personal protective clinical measures developed after the surgery were above moderate. A statistically significant and positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 Fear Scale and the preoperative COVID-19 Hygiene Scale and postoperative COVID-19 personal protective clinical prevention questionnaire total score and sub-dimension score averages. Patients' COVID-19 fears, preoperative and postoperative hygiene behaviours are statistically significantly associated with each other at a low level; postoperative clinical precautions and preoperative hygiene behaviours are statistically significantly associated with each other at a high level. The results of this study show that patients are terrified of COVID-19 while they are hospitalized due to surgical intervention during the pandemic process, and they increase their hygiene measures. It is thought that the results of the study will guide the regulation of clinical measures, patient education, and nursing care to be developed for patients during pandemic periods. No patient or public contribution.