Average Willingness To Accept Research Articles

Determining the ecological compensation standards based on willingness to accept (WTA) for intensive agricultural production areas: A case in China

Ecological compensation is an effective way to encourage farmers to use minimal chemical fertilizers by paying for their losses when agricultural planting methods change. In this research, we conducted field surveys and created a conceptual framework to determine the compensation standard based on farmers' willingness to accept (WTA) and ecosystem service values in a rotational double cropping area of winter wheat–summer maize, Huantai County, China. The results showed that the farmers’ average WTA on the chemical fertilizer reduction application fluctuates within a range of 250.00–7740.00 CNY/hm2. The limiting compensation standards range from 362.74 to 4823.43 CNY/hm2 and the ceiling standard is from 367.29 to 4851.83 CNY/hm2 by reducing chemical fertilizer application from 5% to 95%. Huantai County has a potential of 15%–35% for chemical fertilizer reduction, and the compensation standard is the lowest (362.74 CNY/hm2) when 25% of the current chemical fertilizer usage is reduced. Our research provided a valid approach to determining ecological compensation standards toward the aims of efficiency and sustainability for protecting farmland ecology and highlighting the critical ecosystem service changes caused by the farmland fertilizer reduction program in China.

US workers' willingness to accept meatpacking jobs amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

We implement a discrete choice experiment to examine the impact of COVID‐19 exposure risk, unemployment risk, enhanced and extended unemployment benefits, and job attributes on low‐skilled workers' willingness to accept (WTA) meatpacking jobs. With a sample average WTA wage of $22.77/h, the current national average meatpacking wage of approximately $15/h is too low for these workers to consider this employment opportunity. Enhanced layoff risk and exposure to COVID‐19 further deterred respondents, while health insurance, retirement benefits, and a signing bonus enhanced respondents' WTA. The additional unemployment benefits of the CARES Act neither deterred nor encouraged respondents WTA.

Financial and ecological compensation based on willingness to accept in sand mining of Progo River downstream

Sand mining which occurs massively along the Progo River causes environmental degradation and infrastructure damage. Financial and ecological compensation funds will be used to compensate for the losses suffered by the community and efforts to conserve the environment. The purpose of this research is to estimate the value of compensation to be willing to accept or willingness to accept (WTA) by the community affected by sand mining in Banaran and Poncosari villages, also the spatial variations in WTA in Banaran and Poncosari villages. We established an ecological compensation accounting system based on respondents’ willingness to accept (WTA) with Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results shows respondents in Banaran Village has the highest average WTA value of IDR 271, 142 per month. Meanwhile, the average value of WTA in Poncosari Village is IDR 186, 818 per month. This value illustrates how people extremely feel disadvantaged by the degradation in the quality of the environment that occurs in their residence. WTA value obtained is influenced by the subjectivity of respondents in assessing environmental conditions and can be influenced by income and some economic characteristics. With this compensation, environmental balance is expected to be maintained without neglecting the utilization of natural resources.

Consumer acceptance of food obtained from olive by-products

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the market potential of food obtained from olive by-products. The marketing of such by-products (e.g. olive leaves and pulp) is a challenging opportunity for the sustainable development of the sector. Yet, consumer demand is still poorly understood. The paper contributes to filling the knowledge gap with an empirical survey of a sample of Italian consumers.Design/methodology/approachThe authors provide an assessment of consumers’ willingness to accept (WTA) food from olive by-products. The authors collected structured questionnaire from a sample of 289 Italian consumers. The authors asked to consumers their willingness to try a variety of food products containing olive by-products, as a proxy for their WTA the products. In order to investigate the drivers of the average WTA, the authors used the information in the questionnaire to build four constructs of interest: technophobia, neophobia, perception of benefits and awareness about sustainable consumption. The choice of the constructs and the variables was driven by the existing literature.FindingsThe paper shows how the WTA food with olive by-products is a general attitude of the consumer, rather than product-specific choice. The results suggest that consumers perceive the use of olive by-products as a new technology for preparing well-known food products. The authors did not find statistical evidence of the wariness of olive by-products as new food products. Technophobia is the most important factor hampering the marketing of olive by-products.Originality/valueThe paper is a first attempt of exploring the topic of WTA food with olive by-products.

Time Is Money: Investigating the Value of Leisure Time and Unpaid Work.

Lost unpaid work and leisure time of patients due to ill health often are not included in economic evaluations, even in those taking a societal perspective. This study investigated the monetary value of unpaid work and leisure time to enable the inclusion of patient time in economic evaluations. A contingent valuation study was performed to derive monetary values of unpaid work and leisure time. Data were collected with an online survey among a representative sample of people 18 years and older in the Netherlands in terms of age, sex, and educational level in January 2014 (n = 316). Willingness-to-accept (WTA) and willingness-to-pay (WTP) values were analyzed with a two-part model. First, a logistic regression model investigated the willingness to trade in the WTA/WTP tasks. Second, a log-transformed ordinary least squares regression model analyzed the level of positive WTA and WTP values. The average WTA value for unpaid work was €15.83, and the average WTA value for leisure time was €15.86. The mean WTP value for leisure time was €9.37 when traded against unpaid work, and €9.56 when traded against paid work. Differences in monetary values of unpaid work and leisure time were partly explained by respondents' income, educational level, age, and household composition. Researchers can adhere to the societal perspective by also including the value of hours of lost unpaid work and leisure time in economic evaluations. As a first indication of its value, we suggest applying the WTA value of €16.

The pre-emption right in Italian agriculture: A preliminary evaluation of the direct farmer-neighbouring owner’s case

Direct farmer-neighbouring owner’s pre-emption right has played an important role in the Italian farmland market since 1971. This right gives preference to a direct farmer owner in purchasing a land lot neighbouring his property among other buyers. After dealing with the main characteristics of the right regarding both the farmland market and its economic content in the frame of the farm evaluation theory, the paper presents a first evaluation of this right, by means of the Contingent Evaluation method. Willingness to accept (WTA) for not exerting the right was estimated from 119 farmers’ samples and a set of farm- and farmer-related variables was employed to explain WTA. Average WTA accounts for about one-sixth of the land value, but variability is quite high. The factors with the highest impact on the right value are the presence of a child willing to carry on the farm business, the land value, and the share of irrigated land. Low values appear related more with the direct farmer’s status than a real intention to enlarge the property.

Relative Privacy Valuations Under Varying Disclosure Characteristics

Our study investigates relative changes to the value individuals place on the disclosure of their private information. We use an incentive compatible mechanism to capture an individual’s willingness-to-accept (WTA) for a privacy disclosure in three randomized experiments. Characteristics of the required privacy disclosures are manipulated by altering information context, intended secondary use of the disclosed private information, and the requirement to disclose personally identifying information. We consistently find across the experiments that the information context influences the relative value of a disclosure but we observe null effects for external secondary use and the inclusion of identifying information. We increase the saliency of the privacy disclosure characteristics in the second experiment, which is found to increase participants’ average WTA but does not change relative values across the varying disclosure characteristics. In the third experiment, we train participants on the potential consequences of disclosing private information, which does not increase participants WTA beyond simply increasing the saliency of the privacy factors in a disclosure. Training participants of the consequences also does not influence the relative value of privacy disclosures across the varying disclosure characteristics. However, through a post-experiment survey we find that participants do acknowledge the increased risk introduced through external secondary use and providing identifying information. Additionally, we find that the participants’ internet privacy concerns increase when they are trained on the consequences of disclosing private information online. These results provide a unique perspective on privacy valuations. They fill a gap in the literature by clarifying privacy factors that influence the value of a multidimensional disclosure and provide further evidence of the privacy paradox, where consumers claim a desire for privacy but their economic actions suggest otherwise.

Analisis Kesediaan Menerima Pembayaran Jasa Lingkungan Air Masyarakat Sekitar Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman (Tahura War) : Studi Di Desa Sumber Agung Kecamatan Kemiling Kota Bandar Lampung

One approach to conservation efforts on forest that has been converted to mixed farms in Tahura WAR which is also the upstream of DAS Way Betung is the application of Payment for Environmental Services (PES)of water. The value of water PES alleged to approach the value of the willingness to accept (WTA) payment to the upstream society as a provider environmental services. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of the WTA from DAS Way Betung society especially water services and the factors that influence it, in addition to know the form of incentives that the public wants. The method used in this study is the analysis of Willingness to Accept (WTA), regression analysis and qualitative descriptive analysis. This research is held on April 2014 at Sumber Agung village, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung city. Based on the results obtained by the analysis of the value of the average WTA respondent is Rp 4.358,33 /tree/year. If the total number of trees on public land is 10.475 whole tree, then the total value of the WTA obtained is Rp 44.935.750,00/year. Factors that significantly affect the value of the WTA is the level of education, land area, and the number of trees. Form of incentives other than money the public wants is a fertilizer aid, rural development like transportation infrastucture, and help seed. Keywords: DAS Way Betung, payment for environmental service, WTA

Would you test for 5000 Shillings? HIV risk and willingness to accept HIV testing in Tanzania.

ObjectivesDespite substantial public health efforts to increase HIV testing, testing rates have plateaued in many countries and rates of repeat testing for those with ongoing risk are low. To inform policies aimed at increasing uptake of HIV testing, we identified characteristics associated with individuals’ willingness-to-accept (WTA) an HIV test in a general population sample and among two high-risk populations in Moshi, Tanzania.MethodsIn total, 721 individuals, including randomly selected community members (N = 402), female barworkers (N = 135), and male Kilimanjaro mountain porters (N = 184), were asked in a double-bounded contingent valuation format if they would test for HIV in exchange for 2000, 5000 or 10,000 Shillings (approximately $1.30, $3.20, and $6.40, respectively). The study was conducted between September 2012 and February 2013.ResultsMore than one quarter of participants (196; 27 %) stated they would be willing to test for Tanzania Shilling (TSH) 2000, whereas one in seven (98; 13.6 %) required more than TSH 10,000. The average WTA estimate was TSH 4564 (95 % Confidence Interval: TSH 4201 to 4927). Significant variation in WTA estimates by gender, HIV risk factors and other characteristics plausibly reflects variation in individuals’ valuations of benefits of and barriers to testing. WTA estimates were higher among males than females. Among males, WTA was nearly one-third lower for those who reported symptoms of HIV than those who did not. Among females, WTA estimates varied with respondents’ education, own and partners’ HIV testing history, and lifetime reports of transactional sex. For both genders, the most significant association was observed with respondents’ perception of the accuracy of the HIV test; those believing HIV tests to be completely accurate were willing to test for approximately one third less than their counterparts. The mean WTA estimates identified in this study suggest that within the study population, incentivized universal HIV testing could potentially identify undiagnosed HIV infections at an incentive cost of $150 per prevalent infection and $1400 per incident infection, with corresponding costs per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained of $70 for prevalent and $620 for incident HIV infections.ConclusionsThe results support the value of information about the accuracy of HIV testing, and suggest that relatively modest amounts of money may be sufficient to incentivize at-risk populations to test.

Ecological compensation based on willingness to accept for conservation of drinking water sources

Ecological compensation is a powerful environmental economic tool for environmental protection in areas where drinking water sources are located. We established an ecological compensation accounting system based on respondents’ willingness to accept (WTA). In this system, stakeholder preferences and the factors that influence them can be gauged effectively using logit and tobit models. We applied this accounting system to ecological compensation for the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China. The average WTA value for Miyun Reservoir residents was approximately 1186 CNY per family in 2012, which could be set as a suitable compensation standard, since it is slightly higher than the local protection cost. Thus, the annual total ecological compensation could be 58.73 million CNY. Distance from the reservoir, job types, and attitude to environmental protection were variables with significant effects on WTA. In addition, trends for individual preferences were identified via an analysis of key influential factors. The results suggest some useful information for establishing ecological compensation mechanisms for conservation of drinking water sources. Suggestions include popularizing the concept and meaning of ecological compensation among residents, setting different compensation levels based on distance from the reservoir, considering the requirements of farmers, and taking various in-kind and out-of-kind compensation approaches.

Willingness-to-accept reductions in HIV risks: conditional economic incentives in Mexico

The objective of this study was to measure willingness-to-accept (WTA) reductions in risks for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STI) using conditional economic incentives (CEI) among men who have sex with men (MSM), including male sex workers (MSW) in Mexico City. A survey experiment was conducted with 1,745 MSM and MSW (18-25years of age) who received incentive offers to decide first whether to accept monthly prevention talks and STI testing; and then a second set of offers to accept to stay free of STIs (verified by quarterly biological testing). The survey used random-starting-point and iterative offers. WTA was estimated with a maximum likelihood double-bounded dichotomous choice model. The average acceptance probabilities were: 73.9% for the monthly model, and 80.4% for the quarterly model. The incentive-elasticity of participation in the monthly model was 0.222, and 0.515 in the quarterly model. For a combination program with monthly prevention talks, and staying free of curable STI, the implied WTA was USD$288 per person per year, but it was lower for MSW: USD$156 per person per year. Thus, some of the populations at highest risk of HIV infection (MSM and MSW) seem well disposed to participate in a CEI program for HIV and STI prevention in Mexico. The average WTA estimate is within the range of feasible allocations for prevention in the local context. Given the potential impact, Mexico, a leader in conditional cash transfers for human development and poverty reduction, could extend that successful model to targeted HIV/STI prevention.

Mensuração dos Impactos Ambientais de Empreendimentos Hidroelétricos: O uso do Método de Valoração Contingente

The main objective of the present research was to estimate the monetary value of damages in the municipality of Porto Nacional, Tocantins(TO) , due to the implementation of the Luis Eduardo Magalhaes Hydroelectric Plant. The Contingent Valuation Method was applied for this purpose, under the form of “auction games” for bidding. The procedure was to collect, elaborate and analyze data. A random sample of individuals was constituted who disclosed their Willingness to Accept (WTA) a value that compensated for their loss of well-being due to the flooding to create the lake. An average WTA was obtained of R$ 29.25, incurring a value of R$ 16.2 millions, which represents an estimate of the annual value of damages generated among the local population. The value found signals the adoption of public policies, and also serves as a base to discuss the effectiveness of the calculation method and distribution of the Financial Compensations for the Use of the Water Resources

ESTIMATING THE LOCAL COST OF PROTECTING KOSHI TAPPU WILDLIFE RESERVE, NEPAL: A CONTINGENT VALUATION APPROACH

We estimate the compensation required by the local communities to forego access to the natural resources within the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal using the contingent valuation method (CVM). In addition to contributing a CVM application from a seldom studied location to the literature, this case illustrates the sensitivity of WTA estimates to the analytical technique adopted. We analyze households’ willingness to accept (WTA) compensation using Tobit and double-hurdle regression models that account for the censored distribution of WTA and nested yes/no decision implicit in the WTA responses. The average WTA of a household residing in the vicinity of KTWR is estimated to be US $238, which amounts to nearly $ 1.64 million for the neighboring region. The results provide a basis to address local people’s concerns in the process of sustainable management of natural resources and wetland ecosystems in KTWR, Nepal.

Local residents' monetary evaluation of sports events

This study presents an empirical analysis from the World Championship in Skiing, hosted in Trondheim, Norway. Surveys focus on local residents' assessment of a major sport event and reveal that more than three out of four would have voted yes if a referendum was staged. This proportion was stable before and after the event. Peoples' monetary evaluation depended on how the question was framed. Ninety percent put a positive price tag on the event, according to the WTA (willingness to accept compensation for giving away the event)-approach, while 50% had a positive assessment of it according to the WTP (willingness to pay to host the event)- approach. The average WTA estimate was 43 times higher than the average WTP estimate. One explanation to this difference is that the impacts to a large extent are public goods. Another part of the difference is explained by Prospect Theory. Four regression models identified a limited number of significant variables that explain local residents' monetary evaluation. Most of these are related to a desire for a more social city life, rather than being related to positive economic impacts. A proposal left for future research is that this unusual domination of social factors over economic factors is related to the particular measurement of residents' evaluation (ratio scale) used in this study.