Average Wet Weight Research Articles

PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR ECENG GONDOK TERHADAP HASIL CABAI RAWIT (Capsicum frutescent L.)

ABSTRACTLiquid organic fertilizer (LOF) is proven to be more effective than solid organic fertilizer because nutrient mineralization is more efficient, so nutrients are quickly available for plants. Water hyacinth, as a water weed, turns out to have many functions. Besides being able to become a biofilter by absorbing chemical compounds in polluted water, the accumulation results also contain mineral compounds that are useful for increasing plant yields. Therefore, it is necessary to review the results of applying LOF made from water hyacinth to cayenne pepper plants. This study aims to analyze the effect of various doses of water hyacinth extract on the yield of cayenne pepper. This study uses a non-factorial experimental method, a complete random design (CRD), with an analysis model of LSD test (Least Significant Difference Test) α 5%. There are 4 treatments, namely, 0 ml, 40 ml, 60 ml, and 80 ml, with 5 replications. The parameters observed are the number of fruits, the fruit weight, and the wet weight of the plant. The results showed that the water hyacinth LOF has a pH of 7, doesn’t sting, and is light brown. The best treatment for P3 or 80 ml of water hyacinth POC is that the average number of fruits is 10 seeds, the average weight of fruit is 2.04 grams, and the average wet weight of plants is 46.9 grams.

The Effect of Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera L.) Liquid Organic Fertilizer with Different Concentrations on the Growth of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

One of the efforts to increase the production of chickpea plants to meet market needs is to optimally utilize the waste of Moringa leaves by converting Moringa leaves into liquid organic fertilizer so that it is easier and more practical to apply and easily absorbed by plants. Liquid organic fertilizer plays a role in improving the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, which can increase the production of upright bean plants. This study aims to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) of Moringa leaves with different concentrations and to determine the most effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) on the growth of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The method used is an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment consisted of a concentration of 16% chicken manure (as a control), POC concentrations of 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% and 80%. The results showed that there was an effect of different concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from Moringa oleifera L. on the growth of plant height, number of leaves and wet weight in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The most effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from Moringa leaves is at a concentration of 80% with an average plant height of 41.2 cm, an average number of leaves of 15.25 leaves and an average wet weight of 3.98 grams. number of leaves and fresh weight on chickpea plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The most effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from Moringa leaves is at a concentration of 80% with an average plant height of 41.2 cm, an average number of leaves of 15.25 leaves and an average wet weight of 3.98 grams. number of leaves and fresh weight on chickpea plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The most effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) from Moringa leaves is at a concentration of 80% with an average plant height of 41.2 cm, an average number of leaves of 15.25 leaves and an average wet weight of 3.98 grams.

PEMANFAATAN IKAN MANYUNG (Arius thalassiunus) SEBAGAI PUPUK BOKASHI UNTUK MEDIA TANAM BIBIT TREMBESI (Samanea saman)

Kusan Hilir Sub-district is one of the coastal sub-districts in Tanah Bumbu Regency where most of the people work as fishermen. Fish caught by fishermen that do not have high selling value such as otek fish or manyung fish, and tembang fish or sardinella fish are often thrown into the sea so that they can pollute marine waters. The remaining fish or fish that are wasted have organic value, both organic-N, organic-P, and organic-K. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of using otek fish bokashi, firewood husks, and subsoil soil on the growing power of trambesi plants and determine the best composition of fish bokashi produced based on biomass in plants. The research was carried out using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with 6 treatments and 5 replications with 3 plants and placed randomly by doing random numbers in the excel application with the treatment code P0 100% subsoil soil, 0% fish bokashi, 0% burnt husk, P1 subsoil 90%, fish bokashi 5%, burnt husk 5%, P2 subsoil 80%, fish bokashi 10%, burnt husk 10%, P3 subsoil 70%, fish bokashi 15%, burnt husk 15%, P4 subsoil 60%, fish bokashi 20%, burnt husk 20%, and P5 soil 50%, fish bokashi 25%, burnt husk 25%. Data analysis used in this study used the Anova test followed by the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) test. The results of observations or weighing on the wet weight and dry weight of plant biomass show that the treatment with the composition of 50% soil planting media, 25% fish bokashi, 25% burnt husk with an average wet weight of 174.44g and a dry weight of 88.64g has a very significant effect on 90 day trambesi seedlings, although the treatment with the composition of 90% subsoil soil planting media, 5% fish bokashi, 5% burnt husk, and the composition of 80% subsoil soil planting media, 10% fish bokashi, 10% burnt husk is not significantly different.

The Direct Effects of Climate Change on Tench (Tinca tinca) Sperm Quality under a Real Heatwave Event Scenario.

Global aquaculture growth will most probably face specific conditions derived from climate change. In fact, the most severe impacts of these changes will be suffered by aquatic populations in restrictive circumstances, such as current aquaculture locations, which represent a perfect model to study global warming effects. Although the impact of temperature on fish reproduction has been characterized in many aspects, this study was focused on recreating more realistic models of global warming, particularly considering heatwave phenomena, in order to decipher its effects on male gametes (spermatozoa). For this purpose, thermal stress via a heatwave simulation (mimicking a natural occurring heatwave, from 24 to 30 °C) was induced in adult tench (Tinca tinca) males and compared with a control group (55.02 ± 16.44 g of average body wet weight). The impact of the thermal stress induced by this climate change event was assessed using cellular and molecular approaches. After the heatwave recreation, a multiparametric analysis of sperm quality, including some traditional parameters (such as sperm motility) and new ones (focus on redox balance and sperm quality biomarkers), was performed. Although sperm concentration and the volume produced were not affected, the results showed a significant deleterious effect on motility parameters (e.g., reduced progressive motility and total motility during the first minute post-activation). Furthermore, the sperm produced under the thermal stress induced by this heatwave simulation exhibited an increased ROS content in spermatic cells, confirming the negative effect that this thermal stress model (heatwave recreation) might have had on sperm quality. More importantly, the expression of some known sperm quality and fertilization markers was decreased in males exposed to thermal stress. This present study not only unveils the potential effects of climate change in contemporary and future fish farming populations (and their underlying mechanisms) but also provides insights on how to mitigate and/or avoid thermal stress due to heatwave events.

Alpha-santalol, a derivative of sandalwood oil prevents development of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice

BackgroundAlpha-santalol, a major component of sandalwood oil inhibits growth of cultured prostate cancer cells in vitro by causing apoptosis. However, its in vivo efficacy against prostate cancer development is not established. Hypothesis/purposeProstate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in men. The present study was undertaken to determine the in vivo efficacy of alpha-santalol using TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice as a model. MethodsTRAMP mice were used for the in vivo studies. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to assess prostate/tumor sections and Ki-67 staining. Western blot analysis was used to determine expression of various proteins. TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptotic bodies. ResultsAdministration of alpha-santalol (100 mg/kg body weight) decreased the incidence of prostate tumors, average wet weights of urogenital organs and prostate weight compared to control mice. In addition, the area occupied by normal prostate was significantly higher, along with poorly differentiated carcinoma that was significantly lower in the dorsolateral prostate sections of alpha-santalol-treated mice compared with the controls. Furthermore, the dorsolateral sections of prostate from alpha-santalol-treated mice exhibited decreased cell proliferation (Ki-67 staining) in association with induction of apoptosis (TUNEL-positive cells). In agreement with immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting analysis of prostate/tumor samples from alpha-santalol-treated group revealed a decrease in survivin, XIAP, PCNA, cyclin D and CDC2 levels compared to control samples. ConclusionThe present study shows for the first time, that alpha-santalol administration inhibits the development of prostate cancer in TRAMP mice by decreasing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, and warrants future studies for its clinical development.

ANALISIS ERODIBILITAS TANAH DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN KOPI DI KECAMATAN WAJAK, KABUPATEN MALANG

Coffee plants (Coffea sp.) are among the most popular plantation crops for farmers in Wajak District. However, the soil condition in Wajak District is dominated by sandy soil, which can trigger soil sensitivity to high erosion potential. A mitigation effort for the declining of coffee production in the Wajak District can be made through the estimation of the soil erodibility index. This study aimed to suspect the soil erodibility index and obtain the relationship of soil erodibility index to coffee production on smallholder coffee plantations in Wajak District, Malang Regency. The methods of determining land boundaries with land map units (SPL) were land use, soil type, and slope. The parameters used were soil texture (M), organic matter (a), structure (b), and permeability (c) to determine erodibility, as well as coffee beans for coffee production analysis. Statistical analysis of data was in the form of correlation tests and data regression tests. The results of the data analysis showed that the highest wet weight of coffee fruit was found in SPL 8 with plantation land use, Typic Hapludands soil type and land slope of 8-15%. The wet weight value of coffee fruit at SPL 8 is 2.18 t ha-1 with an erodibility value of 0.37. While the lowest wet weight of coffee beans was found in SPL 2 with moor land use, Andic Eutrudepts soil type and land slope of 8-15%. The average wet weight value of coffee beans at SPL 2 was 0.12 t ha-1 with an erodibility value of 0.26.

Effect of Fobio on Intensity of Moler Disease (Fusarium oxysporum) on Various Shallot Cultivars

Fusarium oxysporum is the pathogen that causes moler disease which can reduce the productivity of shallot plants. The use of cultivars greatly affects the production. Control method that is more environmentally friendly is currently being pursued towards organic farming. Fobio is a biopesticide containing plant root microorganisms as biological control agents. This study aims to determine the effect of Fobio biopesticide on Fusarium wilt (moler) disease incidence and production of three shallot cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the shallot planting area of Sukorejo Village, Rejoso District, Nganjuk Regency, East Java. This experiment was arranged in the split plot design with two factors. The main plot of the concentration of the biopesticide formula (Fobio) consisted of 3 levels namely control (chemical fungicide), 5 ml/liter, and 10 ml/liter, and the subplot of shallot cultivar consisted of 3 types namely Tajuk, Biru Lanchor, and Super Philip. The observation in this study were the incubation period, disease symptoms, disease intensity, and shallot bulb yield. The results showed that Fobio biopesticide at the concentration of 10 ml/liter caused the same disease suppression as chemical fungicide (control) in the three shallot cultivars with the disease incidence of 18.78%. Fobio biopesticide concentration of 10 ml/liter had also the same effect as chemical fungicide on the production of those shallot cultivars, with the average wet weight of 2.25 kg/treatment and dry weight of 1.49 kg/treatment.

Liver condition of 0 and 1-group cod (Gadus morhua) in the Barents Sea

Liver condition is hypothesized to be a better condition index for juvenile cod than other somatic condition indices, since cod store most of their excess energy in their liver. It is suggested that population changes in liver condition can be used as a proxy for overwinter mortality. Here, we have collected 0- and 1-group cod from the same cohort in the Barents Sea before and at the end of the winter season. We have taken measurements for somatic- and liver-based condition indices, as well as enumerating nematode endoparasites found in each individual cod. The average wet weight of sampled cod increased by 85% (approx. 0.4% day−1) from 6.0 to 10.1 g from September to February, while the average liver wet weight decreased by 15%. The relative water content of the liver also increased significantly over the winter, resulting in a 42% reduction in average dry liver weight from 0.116 to 0.067 g over the 4–5-month period between samplings. About 30% of the 1-group cod surviving the winter had less than 20% of the liver energy content of same-sized 0-group cod. The liver condition was also 5–10% lower in cod with high nematode endoparasite load than the cod without nematode endoparasites. The significance of the loss of liver energy content is discussed in relation to the marked seasonality combined with climate change and the challenges this imposes on the survival of 0-group cod in high-latitude environments during their first winter.

Use of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Kepok Banana Peel (Musa acuminata) on the Growth of Mustard Plants (Brassica juncea)

Banana peel waste is one of the contributors to organic waste in Indonesia. By using banana peels as fertilizer, it is hoped that organic waste can be reduced. This research aims to determine the effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) from kepok banana peel (Musa acuminata) on the growth of mustard greens (Brassica juncea), using an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replications, namely P0: control group (without banana peel waste LOF), P1 = 25 ml LOF, P2 = 50 ml LOF, P3 = 75 ml LOF, and P4 = 100 ml LOF. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, and wet weight. The research data were analyzed using the ANOVA test with a significance level of 5% followed by the DMRT/Duncan test to determine the differences in effects between treatments. Giving 75 ml of banana peel LOF had the most effective effect with an average plant height of 16.75 cm, an average number of leaves of 7, and an average wet weight of 2.25 gr. From the results of the ANOVA test, the plant height was 7.95, the number of leaves was 1.17, and the wet weight was 16.00. From the three parameters, it was found that Fcount>Ftable (2.87) so it was concluded that giving 75 ml LOF of kepok banana peel had a significant effect on the vegetative growth of mustard plants compared to other treatments, especially on the parameters of plant height and fresh weight.

Respons kedelai (Glycine max) varietas Mitani terhadap pemberian beberapa jenis pupuk hayati pada tanah podsolik

This study aimed to examine the growth response and yield of Mitani variety soybean plants after treating them with Rhizobium biofertilizer, Phosphate Solvent Microbes, and Azotobacter using gamma-ray irradiation technology. This research was conducted from January to May 2016 and used one-factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with the several biofertilizer formulas treatments. The treatments level used were K0 = without fertilizer (control); K+ = 100% urea; Rhi = single strain Rhizobium; Rhi+MPF = Rhizobium Inoculant + Phosphate Solvent Microbes; and Rhi+MPF+AZ = Rhizobium + MPF + Azotobacter. Each application of biological fertilizer is mixed with 50% urea fertilizer. The data obtained were analyzed using the F-test (ANOVA) and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a confidence level α = 0.05. The results showed that the best plant height occurred in soybeans that were given rhizobium fertilizer and pophat solvent microorganisms. Meanwhile, the best average wet and dry weight of soybean plants (p<0.05) occurred in the 100% urea fertilizer treatment. Apart from that, the application of 100% urea fertilizer produces plants with higher water content compared to the biological fertilizer treatment. Another finding from this research is that the number of pods is not directly proportional to the weight of the root nodules. Generaly, it can be concluded that soybean plants respond more to urea fertilization than biological fertilizer.

Outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for very large-sized benign prostatic hyperplasia (over 150mL): open simple prostatectomy is dead.

Our study aimed to describe the outcomes of transurethral enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for large-sized benign prostatic hyperplasia over 150mL (bBPH). We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical study of patients undergoing HoLEP for bBPH. The primary endpoint was the success of the procedure, defined by a mixed criteria: complete endoscopic enucleation of the prostate, absence of blood transfusion or reoperation for bleeding, post-operative improvement of quality of life (assessed by a ≥ 2 points increase at in the 8th question of the IPSS test) and post-operative continence (no pads use) at 3months. Eighty-one patients were included with a mean age of 73.9 ± 7.3 and a mean measured prostate volume of 183.3 ± 34.5cc. The mean operative time was 57.5 ± 29.7min and the average wet weight of resected tissue removed was 151.8 ± 44.7g. Mean hospitalization stay was 1.3 ± 0.7days with a mean post-operative catheterization period of 1.9 ± 0.9days. The success of the surgery was achieved in 77 patients (95%). Functional improvements were found at 1 and 6months for Qmax, post-void residual, IPSS and QoL-IPSS. The 30-day complication rate was 9.9%. The average PSA level dropped from 14.8 ± 11.6ng/mL at baseline to 0.8 ± 0.5ng/mL at 6months. HoLEP for bBPH is both safe and efficient. Regarding the benefit/risk balance, it should be highlighted as the gold standard for the management of big BPH.

The Effect of Nano Technology Liquid Organic Fertilizer on The Growth of Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Cultivated Hydroponic

Hydroponic cultivation with a wick system is one of the techniques used to increase the production of red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.). One of the weaknesses of hydroponics is the appearance of nutrient deposition. To reduce nutrient deposition in the wick system, it is necessary to apply nanotechnology to break down particles in the growth media and nutrients used so that the particles become smaller and are absorbed by plants more easily. Reduces precipitation in the wick system. This research was conducted using the RAL method (completely randomized design) which consisted of 6 treatments and 4 replications namely Control (Well Water + 100% AB Mix), P1 (Nano Technology Water + 100% AB Mix), P2 (Nano Technology Water + 25% POC+75% AB Mix), P3 (nano technology water+50% POC+50% AB Mix), P4 (nano technology water+75% POC+25% AB Mix), P5 (nano technology water+100% POC). The data obtained were analyzed with variance (ANOVA) followed by the DMRT test at 5% level. The results of this study were that the use of liquid organic fertilizer with nano technology had an effect on the growth of red spinach plants, this was seen in the highest plant in P4 with a plant height of 37.20 cm with the highest average number of leaves. at P4. Control and P1 with 28 leaves, the highest average leaf surface area was 19.95 cm2 in P3, the highest average wet weight was 2.85 g in the control, the highest average dry weight was in P1. 0.67g.

Kultivasi Jamur Tiram Putih (Pleurotus ostreatus) Pada Kayu Berat Dan Kayu Ringan Indonesia

Waste high fells form a log and twig wood type Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), randu (Ceiba pentandra), and balsa (Ochroma bicolor) can be used as a medium cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to increase the value added of these four types of wood. The research aims to analyze the potential for the cultivation of Oyster Mushrooms white on media log and twig four types of wood, the nutrient content of mushrooms, and the appropriateness of business. The reserch used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 9 single factorial on media treatment of logs and twigs of four kindsdifferent wood; and baglog from sawdust as control. The results showed the average wet weight of fruiting bodies on rubber wood and lamtoro (heavy wood) in both the media logs and twigs , reaching 213 grams and is not significantly different from the control (262 grams) , but it is larger than other types of wood cottonwoods and balsa(light wood) which is, reaching only 130 grams. The efficiency of biological media from all kinds of wood twigs higher (29.6-36 %) and significantly different than logs (11-20.5 %). Vegetative phase on media of logs and twigs randu is faster (14 days) than other media and not significantly different. Generative phase (reproductive) kapok’s logs (62 days) and the branches (44 days) is longer and significantly different than other treatments. White Oyster Mushrooms nutritional content of all media types are quite good and worthy of consumption. White oyster mushroom cultivation using media log and twig are fit enough developed. 
 Keywords: heavy wood, light wood, cultivation of white oyster mushroom, nutritional content

Focal Application of Neurotrophic Factors Augments Outcomes of Nerve-Muscle-Endplate Grafting Technique for Limb Muscle Reinnervation.

We have developed a novel muscle reinnervation technique called "nerve-muscle-endplate grafting (NMEG) in the native motor zone (NMZ)." This study aimed to augment the outcomes of the NMEG-NMZ (NN) by focal application of exogenous neurotrophic factors (ENFs) for limb reinnervation. Adult rats were used to conduct NN plus ENF (NN/ENF) and autologous nerve grafting (ANG, technique control). The nerve innervating the left tibialis anterior (TA) muscle was resected and the denervated TA was immediately treated with NN/ENF or ANG. For NN procedure, an NMEG pedicle was taken from the lateral gastrocnemius muscle and transferred to the NMZ of the denervated TA. For ANG, the nerve gap was bridged with sural nerve. Three months after treatment, the extent of functional and neuromuscular recovery was assessed by measuring static toe spread, maximal muscle force, wet muscle weight, regenerated axons, and innervated motor endplates (MEPs). NN/ENF resulted in 90% muscle force recovery of the treated TA, which is far superior to ANG (46%) and NN alone (79%) as reported elsewhere. Toe spread recovered up to 89 and 49% of the control for the NN/ENF and ANG groups, respectively. The average wet muscle weight was 87 and 52% of the control for muscles treated with NN/ENF and ANG, respectively. The mean number of the regenerated axons was 88% of the control for the muscles treated with NN/ENF, which was significantly larger than that for the ANG-repaired muscles (39%). The average percentage of the innervated MEPs in the NN/ENF-treated TA (89%) was higher compared with that in the ANG-repaired TA (48%). ENF enhances nerve regeneration and MEP reinnervation that further augment outcomes of NN. The NN technique could be an alternative option to treat denervated or paralyzed limb muscles caused by traumatic nerve injuries or lesions.

Rooting Response of Melada (Piper colubrinum) to Several Mixed Concentrations of IBA and NAA and Two Types of Commercial Root Stimulant

This study aimed to study the best type of auxin on P.colubrinum rooting compared to commercial type stimulants and to study the effective and efficient mixed auxin concentration for P.colubrinum cuttings. The experiment was carried out at the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung from May 2018 to December 2018. The experiment used a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The treatment applied mixed auxin (NAA and IBA) with a total concentration of both mixtures of 1500 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2500 ppm and also applied two types of commercial stimulants. The results of the 0.05 BNT test analysis can be concluded that the combined auxin NAA + IBA at a total concentration of 1500 ppm is an effective and efficient auxin compared to mixed auxin with a total concentration of 2500, 2000, two types of commercial auxin and also a control on the root formation of P. colubrinum cuttings. although the effect on the variable is different or higher, it is considered the same in the 0.05 BNT test. In mixed auxin with a total of 1500 ppm the average number of primary roots in the node is 12 strands, the average number of primary roots in the cross section of the stem is 9.2 strands, the average number of primary roots is 21.2 strands, the average length of primary roots 27 cm and the average root wet weight was 8.3 g

Synchronously enhanced biofilm formation and m-dichlorobenzene removal in biotrickling filters by rhamnolipid chelating rare earth elements

ABSTRACT The effects of rhamnolipid chelating La (III) or Nd (III) on m-dichlorobenzene removal and biofilm growth were investigated. The rhamnolipid chelating La (III) or Nd (III) significantly increased the average m-dichlorobenzene elimination capacity by 24% and 29%, respectively, on day 70–130, and the average wet weights of biomass ranged from 11 kg/m3 to 15 kg/m3 in BTFs on day 100–180 at an inlet load of at 47–98 gm3/h and an EBRT of 60s-90s. Microbial community functional genes about biofilm growth and m-dichlorobenzene removal were also increased. In addition, the rhamnolipid chelating La (III) or Nd (III) can improve the membrane permeability, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production, catechol 2,3 dioxygenase (C23O) enzyme, and chlorobenzene dioxygenase activity. These results demonstrate that rhamnolipid chelating La (III) or Nd (III) have the potential to improve the performance of BTFs treating hydrophobic and highly toxic VOCs.

PENGARUH PUPUK KANDANG AYAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN KANGKUNG (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) DAN IKAN LELE (Clarias gariepinus) SECARA AKUAPONIK SERTA SUMBANGANNYA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BIOLOGI SMA

The research aims to determine the effect of chicken manure fertilize on the growth of Kale plant (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with aquaponic. The research employed a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of P0 (0 g/l), P1 (0,25 g/l), P2 (0,50 g/l), P3 (0,75 g/l) and P4 (1 g/l). The data of the research were analyzed using the ANOVA test and advanced tests with Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that the dose of chicken manure as much as 0.25 g/l (P1) gave the best results for the growth of water spinach and sangkuriang catfish. The average wet weight of shoots and roots of kale was 178.13 g and 32.69 g, respectively, while the dry weight of the shoots was 8.99 g, and the dry weight of the roots was 1.99 g. As for an average fish weight growth rate 105,82 grams and an average total length of fish 5,87 cm. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that chicken manure fertilizer gives a real effect on the growth of kale and catfish which is kept with aquaponic technique. The results of this research can be utilized on biology learning in class XII on basic competencies 3.1 and 4.1 about growth and development of living things that are donated in the form of teaching material in the form of student worksheets.

Influence of Dietary Lysine Level on Growth Performance, Feed Efficiency, and Body Composition of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) Fingerlings

The high consumer demand in Indonesia encourages catfish farmers to conduct an intensive culture. A low feed efficiency mainly occurs in cultivating Sangkuriang catfish resulting in poor growth. This condition might be caused by low lysine content, as lysine is an essential amino acid that the fish cannot synthesize. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation in feed on protein digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) fingerlings. The study used 270 Sangkuriang catfish with an average wet weight of 7.54 ± 0.13 g/fish. The experimental feed contained protein, energy, and amino acid, and then various doses of lysine were added to the experimental feed: (1) 0.0%, (2) 0.5%, (3) 1.0%, (4) 1.5%, (5) 2.0%, and (6) 2.5%. Weight gain (WG), protein digestibility (ADCp), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) of catfish were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results found that the supplementation of lysine in feed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced WG, ADCp, EFU, RGR, FCR, PER, and PR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the SR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. The supplementation of 1% lysine/kg feed was the optimal dose to improve the feed efficiency and growth of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings by 83.79% and 3.94%/day, respectively. Therefore, the supplementation of lysine could increase Sangkuriang catfish production.

PERTUMBUHAN KULTUR KALUS YANG DIINDUKSI DARI EKSPLAN HIPOKOTIL LAKUM (Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) DAN BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purin)

Lakum plant (Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J.Wen) contains secondary metabolites with potential medicinal ingredients. It can treat various diseases, such as antidiabetic, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antitumor, and anti-cancer. Propagation and production of secondary metabolites in plants can be carried out in vitro through callus culture and are influenced by the concentration of growth regulators. This study aimed to determine the effect of NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) and BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purin) on callus growth of hypocotyl lakum (C. trifolia) explants and to determine the concentration of addition of NAA and BAP that could produce the best callus growth. Completely randomized design (CRD) factorial with two factors adding NAA (0, 0.45, 0.9, and 1.4 µg/l) and BAP (0, 0.23, and 0.56 µg/l). The results showed that adding a single NAA and a combination of NAA and BAP significantly affected callus emergence. The fastest callus emergence was found in a combination of 0.45 µg/l NAA + 0.23 µg/l BAP, 13 days after planting. Both NAA and BAP alone significantly affect the weight of dry and wet callus. The administration of a single NAA and a single BAP had a significant effect on the wet weight and dry weight of callus, with the highest average wet callus weight at a concentration of BAP 0.56 µg/l, which was 4.431 g, and the highest dry weight callus concentration of BAP 0.56 µg/l was 0.192 g.

Use of a multi-metric macroalgal index to document severe eutrophication in a New Zealand estuary

ABSTRACT Environmental indicators that reliably describe estuary trophic response to nutrient loading are required for the effective management of New Zealand estuaries. A common estuary eutrophication response is frequent, extensive and persistent opportunistic macroalgae blooms. This study explores the utility of the Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooming Tool (OMBT) in the New River Estuary (∼4600 ha), a shallow intertidal-dominated system within a pastoral farming catchment in Southland, New Zealand. Total nitrogen (TN) loads increased from 3206 T y−1 in 2000 to 5143 T y−1 in 2020. Concomitantly, areas of opportunistic macroalgae, measured using the OMBT, expanded across the available intertidal habitat (AIH) from 34.9 ha or 1.4% of the AIH to 1383 ha or 47.6% of the AIH, and the average wet weight biomass increased from 19.3 g m−2 to a peak of 1326 g m−2 in 2019. We hypothesise that opportunistic macroalgae expanded rapidly in direct response to temporal increases in TN load, with increases disproportionately contributed by expansion and intensification of dairy farming in the catchment. This study confirmed that the OMBT predictably responded to changes in TN concentration and may therefore be useful in defining estuary-specific TN concentration thresholds to inform likely load reductions required to achieve improved environmental outcomes.