Average Waste Research Articles

A Review of Waste Management in Higher Education Institutions: The Road to Zero Waste and Sustainability

This article reviews waste generation rates, waste composition and waste management practices in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) around the world, reporting on current management practices, waste prevention and diversion initiatives, separate collection at source and zero-waste approaches. The average waste generation rate was 0.19 ± 0.21 kg/d·person (median 0.093 kg/d·person). On average, organic waste reached 30 ± 19% of total waste, followed by paper and cardboard (23 ± 13%) and plastics (18 ± 11%). Common minority material components included glass and metals, with 3 ± 3% each. Yard waste, hazardous waste and electronics were only reported for some cases. The applied methodologies for the minimization of waste and the valorization of resources for a more circular campus were discussed. Key measures to reduce paper, packaging and food waste were reviewed, as well as examples of recommended good practices. Waste management in HEIs is considered a complex task, which requires multidisciplinary and experienced managers, stakeholder engagement, effective communication and collaborative research work. Collection at source of the organic, wet fraction separated from the rest of the waste is considered a basic and imperative requirement, while the separate collection of other materials will depend on the particular case, but the participation and awareness of the entire HEI community appears to be essential. Prevention measures also require acceptance by the community. Following the analyzed literature, a methodology was proposed for the sustainable management of waste in HEIs, taking as a reference the PDCA cycle (Plan, Do, Check/Analyze and Act/Adjust).

Sustainable Management of Fish Gut Waste Through Transesterification

Abstract: The fishing industry in Sri Lanka generates significant waste, presenting an opportunity to convert it into a sustainable energy source. This research investigates the production of biodiesel from fish waste, specifically fish oil, as an alternative fuel to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve waste management in the fish market. Fish waste, including non-edible parts such as fish heads, tails, fins, and internal organs, was collected from a local fish market and subjected to an extraction process using wet boiling. The extracted fish oil was then converted into biodiesel through a transesterification reaction with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Two optimization experiments were conducted to determine the best methanol concentration (15%, 20%, and 25%) and KOH concentration (1g, 2g, and 3g). The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield was obtained using 20% methanol (producing 10.71g of biodiesel) and 1g of KOH as a catalyst, yielding a biodiesel production of 8.66g for 15% methanol and 6.89g for 25% methanol. The biodiesel produced exhibited promising fuel properties, with a flashpoint of 127.5°C, a calorific value of 39.248 MJ/kg, kinematic viscosity of 4.4107 mm²/s, and density of 0.8766 g/cm³, all of which were within the acceptable limits set by ASTM standards. Additionally, the FFA content of the extracted fish oil was initially 7%, which was reduced through a saponification process, making the oil suitable for biodiesel production. The study estimated that approximately 237 metric tons of biodiesel could be produced per month from the fish waste in Sri Lanka, based on the average monthly fish waste generated (50% of total fish production). The biodiesel production from fish oil thus holds significant potential as both a renewable energy source and a sustainable waste management solution, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and addressing environmental challenges associated with waste disposal in the fishing industry.

Dynamic evaluation and sensitivity analysis of China’s industrial solid waste management efficiency based on ecological environment cycle perspective

IntroductionThe recycling and repurposing of industrial solid waste is a crucial element of sustainable development in growing industrialized nations.MethodsAn advanced two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was employed to assess the effectiveness of solid waste management across all 31 provinces in China throughout the period spanning from 2016 to 2022.ResultsThe research findings suggest the following: (1) The circular economy has shown varying degrees of improvement in efficiency across most regions. (2) The average efficiency of the resource reuse stage is not higher than 0.4, indicating significant room for development that requires serious attention. (3) The western region has a higher average solid waste treatment efficiency of 0.65 compared to 0.53 in the eastern region, while the central region falls at a moderate level. Furthermore, this work employed sensitivity analysis to examine the resilience of regional efficiency research and discovered that the overall findings remain statistically significant. Hence, it is imperative to simultaneously enhance the internal administration of businesses and enhance governmental environmental legislation and regulations, with the aim of attaining the utmost optimization of resource recycling.DiscussionThis paper presents policy suggestions for enhancing the solid waste recycling system within provincial government departments, while also establishing the foundation for the expansion of the solid waste treatment industry, which is necessary to accomplish the goal of “double carbon”.

Evaluating the Performance and Waste Reduction Strategies of Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Facilities in Sukoharjo: A Case Study of Anugrah Palur

Abstract In 2023, the Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R facilities in Sukoharjo have shown varied performance, with 4 out of the 12 facilities operating at optimal levels. Among these, Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur stands out as one of the facilities functioning efficiently. This research aims to investigate the waste management mechanisms and strategies for waste reduction implemented at Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur. To achieve this, a mixed-methods approach was employed, encompassing load count analysis, as well as observations and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings of the study revealed that over a span of eight days, Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R recorded an average daily waste generation of 724.76 kg. This equates to an average household waste production rate of 2.07 kg per family per day, or 0.69 kg per individual. The facility demonstrated a high recovery factor of 89.11%, successfully managing to process and reduce 645.86 kg of waste each day. These results highlight the effectiveness of the waste management practices at Temporary Waste Disposal Site 3R Anugrah Palur and provide valuable insights into efficient waste reduction strategies that can be applied in similar contexts.

Association between Distribution Timeliness and Plate Waste of High Energy High Protein Diet in Hospital

Plate waste of patients is one of quality indicators of food service management in hospitals. High energy and protein diet often produced high plate waste which may related to some factors. This study aimed to assess the correlation between portion size accuracy and distribution time with plate waste among patients with high energy-protein diet in Hospital. The study design was cross-sectional study which participated 56 meal of patients in total. The data collection is conducted during August 2023. Variables of study consist of portion size accuracy, distribution time and plate waste. All of data were analyzed using Independent T-Test and Chi Square tests. The study showed that the average of food portions was not accurate and meal serving was accurate. Average plate waste ≥20% was found in staple foods, plant-based protein, vegetables, and extra food, while animal protein <20%. There was no correlation between portion size accuracy with plate waste. However, there was a correlation between timeliness of serving with plate waste of staple food, animal protein, and extra food. The study concluded there was no correlation between portion size accuracy of food with plate waste. However, there was a correlation between distribution time with plate waste of staple food, animal protein, and extra food.

Analysis of Household Waste Generation and Composition in Mandalay: Urban–Rural Comparison and Implications for Optimizing Waste Management Facilities

Data on waste generation and composition are fundamental for effective waste management and can vary over time. Assessing the allocation of waste management facilities is also important to improve the entire waste management system, including land management. A survey conducted among 108 households in both urban and rural areas across six townships analyzed the waste generation and physical composition in Mandalay, highlighting the current trends relating to waste. Concurrently, data on current waste management facilities were gathered. The average waste generation is 0.84 kg/person/day, with urban areas producing 0.91 kg/person/day and rural areas 0.37 kg/person/day. The per capita waste generation rate reported in this study exceeds those in most previous studies conducted in Mandalay up to 2020, as well as the national average and that of most cities in Myanmar. Organic waste constitutes most of the physical composition, accounting for 82.3%, followed by plastic waste (10.7%), paper and cardboard (3.2%), glass (0.9%), metal (0.8%), leather and fabric (0.4%), and other waste (1.7%). Rural areas produce a higher percentage of most types of waste compared with urban areas, except for organic waste. Surprisingly, urban areas produce waste with a higher organic composition compared with rural areas. The percentage of organic waste was found to be higher than in previous studies conducted in Mandalay and other cities. Proper management of organic waste could significantly reduce the burden on waste management. In order to achieve this goal, this study proposes several viable strategies for optimizing solid waste management in Mandalay. The current location of waste management facilities reflects the efficiency of waste management and accessibility. However, there are concerns about this and improvements are necessary. These can be achieved by optimizing the placement of waste management facilities and enhancing the efficiency of the collection and transportation sector.

Inventory analysis and environmental life cycle impact assessment of hotel food waste management for bio-circular economy development in Zimbabwe

This study is an inventory analysis and environmental life cycle assessment of hotel food waste management that seeks to inform efforts towards the development of bio circular economy in Zimbabwe. An audit of food waste generation and an inventory analysis of the prevailing food waste management practices at three selected hotels was undertaken. The greenhouse gas emissions from the prevailing disposal of food waste at dumpsites and the proposed biological treatment of food waste were evaluated using the Tier 1 FOD method and Tier 1 method of biological treatment using the 2019 refined 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines. Environmental life cycle assessment was also conducted for the open dumping, composting, and anaerobic digestion. The average food waste generation within the Zimbabwean hospitality industry was estimated at 1.63 kg/guest/day, with a minimum and maximum of 1.01 and 2.25 kg/guest/day, respectively. Source-separated food waste is currently being collected indiscriminately by municipal waste collection trucks for final disposal at the official landfills or dumpsites. This calls for the need for an offtake system of the source-separated food waste in the form of composting or anaerobic digestion. Study results showed that the disposal of food waste at solid waste disposal sites contributes to the highest greenhouse gas emissions, followed by composting with a 75% reduction in greenhouse emissions. Anaerobic digestion brings about a maximum reduction in greenhouse emissions of 97%. Environmental life cycle assessment results also show that anaerobic digestion is the best method leading to net negative environmental impacts.

Evaluation of solar distiller performance using steel wool pads, internal reflectors, and woven wire mesh: economic, environmental, and sustainability analysis

Abstract Different researches were performed by using thermal storage materials, solar concentrators, reflectors, and other technologies to increase the productivity of solar stills. The main objective of the present study is to enhance the basin solar still productivity by using ecomaterials from the wastes of workshops and factories. So, this study presents an experimental investigation of basin solar still performance using steel wool pads, internal reflectors, and woven wire mesh. The experimental setup was performed at Suez Canal University, Ismailia City, Egypt. Two solar stills were included: one represents the conventional design (CSS), and the second one is the modified with steel wool pads, internal reflectors, and woven wire mesh (MSS). Both solar stills were evaluated under identical climate conditions, considering water depths of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm, and the required parameters were measured and tabulated during the working days. The results indicated that incorporating these modifications led to a notable increase in accumulative productivity and daily thermal efficiency with minimum cost per liter. The MSS enhanced the daily yield and thermal efficiency by 22.1% and 28.0%, respectively, versus CSS at a water depth of 1 cm. In addition, the energy production factor (EPF), energy payback time (EPT), and the average exergy waste were 1.2 years, 0.85, and 400.2 J, respectively, for MSS. The annual exergy output, environmental effect factor (EEF), improvement potential (IP), and sustainability index were 462.7 kWh, 10.4, 290.6 W, and 1.09, respectively, for MSS. Finally, the cost per liter and the annual CO2 reduction over a lifetime for CSS and MSS were 0.023 $/l, 17.4 tons, and 0.11 $/l, 20.4 tons, respectively. These results align with and reinforce previous publications on desalination, highlighting the potential of these modifications for addressing the pressing challenges of affordable and efficient water using solar energy.

Factors Associated with Food Waste Among University Students in Colombia

(1) Background: Globally, millions of tons of food are wasted annually, with a significant portion occurring at the household level. This study aimed to quantify food waste generated by university students and identify key factors associated with this behavior. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a community trial involving 227 Colombian university students. Participants self-reported their daily food waste (grams per person per day), as categorized by food type, which was collected through an online-based questionnaire under prior training. The data were analyzed using a binomial regression model to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (PRaj) and identify associations between food waste and demographic variables. (3) Results: Of the participants, 63% were women, with a mean age of 20.4 ± 3.8 years. Overall, 65% (n = 148) reported food wastage. The average food waste per person per day was 22.6 ± 15.5 g, increasing to 94.0 ± 5.0 g among those who reported wastage. Significant associations were found between food waste and several factors: Among those with a higher prevalence of food waste were women (PRaj = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.89); students from rural areas (PRaj = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.67); and those with higher income levels, with adjusted prevalence ratios of 1.38 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.68) for those earning 1–2 Minimum Legal Monthly Wages (LMMW) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.93) for those earning 3+ LMMW. Household size and socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with food waste (p > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: On average, the population generates 8.25 kg of food waste per person per year, rising to 34.31 kg among those who report wasting food. Gender, geographic location, and income were key predictors of daily food waste.

Sustainability index and a bibliometric of photovoltaic thermal with rectangular channel

The main challenge associated with solar panels is the need to reduce excessive heat and optimize efficiency to achieve stable conditions. Therefore, a combination of collector and cooling technologies, such as Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Technology, is needed to address this problem. This research used water-based rectangular channel to cool the PVT through the Ansys simulation method. A total of nine variations of mass flow rates, which ranged from 0.001 to 0.009 kg/s and six solar intensities between 500 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2 were used to achieve the optimal performance. An energetic analytical method with average Sustainability Index (SI) of 0.001–0.009 kg/s and 1.186 at 1000 W/m2 intensity were incorporated. Furthermore, the maximum average Waste Exergy Rasio (WER) value of 0.854 at a 500 W/m2 intensity was used to determine the flow rate. The highest average Exergetic Ecological Index (EcEI) value recorded was −0.687 at a 1000 W/m2 radiation intensity, while the highest average Improvement Potential (IP) value was 421.145 W. The results showed that the simulation serve as a valuable point of reference in the design and advancement of water-based rectangular channel within future PVT technology.

Integrated municipal solid waste management using ArcGIS tools: A case of akaki-kality sub-city, addis ababa, ethiopia.

This study aimed to optimize the solid waste collection and transportation system using ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools. The generated solid waste was characterized by proximate analysis. The generation rate and composition were determined according to standard methods. The average solid waste generation rates for households, commercial sites, institutions, and recreational places were 0.48kg/c/day, 15.03kg/fac/day, 9.32kg/fac/day, and 22.8kg/fac/day, respectively. The estimated total generation rate of the sub-city is 207,004.03kg/day and 712.13 m3/day as discarded base. Composition analysis revealed that food waste is the major component of municipal solid waste, with estimated weight and volume of 134,696.08kg and 299.46 m3, respectively. Proximate analysis indicated that food and textile wastes have relatively high moisture content and fixed carbon. Candidate pre-collection bin allocations were optimized based on factors such as road network, distribution of solid waste generators, and existing temporary dumping sites, resulting in 1052 potential bin locations. Transfer station allocation was optimized by considering land use-land cover, slope, and geology. Twelve transfer routes and four transport routes were established to efficiently serve the bins and final waste destinations. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools can effectively optimize the municipal solid waste collection and transportation system, providing a robust framework for improving waste management efficiency. However, further research is recommended to validate these findings through field application.

Solid waste characterization in the slum areas of Bagmati River—A case of Kathmandu, Nepal

Solid waste management (SWM) is a challenging environmental issue globally, with developing nations experiencing considerable difficulties in its efficient and effective implementation. Urban slum areas within these regions, particularly, have been reported to face unique challenges in SWM due to a combination of factors, including the low socio-economic status of residents, high population density, inadequate infrastructure, and a thriving informal economy. Despite these critical concerns, most SWM research in Nepal has concentrated on major cities and tourist hotspots. As a result, the condition of SWM in urban slum areas, typically found along the banks of major rivers in Nepal, remains a critical yet neglected aspect in research and policy discussions. This study, therefore, aims to evaluate SWM in the densely populated urban slum areas situated along the Bagmati River, a key river system in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Four major slum locations within the central metropolitan area of Kathmandu—Sinamangal, Thapathali, Teku, and Balkhu—were selected for the study, and systematic random sampling and characterization of household solid waste was conducted. The results reveal that the average household solid waste generation rates in the four study sites were 155.32 g capita−1 d−1, 124.69 g capita−1 d−1, 149.9 g capita−1 d−1, and 218.44 g capita−1 d−1, respectively. Organic wastes was the most prevalent type, comprising 63.34% of the total waste, followed by paper and paper products (13.72%), plastics (12.15%), dirt and construction debris (5.57%), glass (4.31%), and other wastes (0.91%). Qualitative data from the survey revealed that although municipal waste management programs exist, awareness and participation among residents were limited. As a result, many households ended up managing their waste on their own, often in an unscientific manner polluting the river water in the vicinity. The study offers critical insights for policymakers, operators, and regulators in addressing the growing challenges of SWM. Findings are expected to aid in the sustainable management of solid waste along the river basin in central urban regions of the capital city. Under Nepal's new federal governance system, provincial and local governments are recommended to collaborate with all stakeholders, including households, to develop comprehensive, multimodal SWM strategies that also address the needs of slum areas.

FP8.9 - Surgical Synergy: Rethinking waste for a greener tomorrow in General Surgery

Abstract Aims Every year in the UK, the NHS sends approximately 156,000 tonnes of clinical waste for processing via high temperature incineration or other treatments, and then to landfill sites. Majority of the waste produced by hospitals comes from the operating theatres (OTs). In this study, we aim to assess the current implementation of waste management strategies at an NHS district general hospital (DGH) in general surgery. We have investigated a variety of cases and have surveyed the volume of waste produced. Methods We observed elective and emergency general surgery cases across 2 weeks. For each case, we weighed the waste produced- both recyclable and non-recyclable (clinical). Results This study included four umbilical hernia repairs, two right hemicolectomies, one examination of rectum under anaesthesia with seton insertion and three laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Across the operations, the average total waste produced was 5.9kg. The average clinical waste and recyclable waste was 4.7kg and 1.2kg, respectively. Additionally, a significant proportion of non-infectious recyclable waste was incorrectly placed into the clinical waste bin. Conclusion On average 5.9kg of waste is produced after a general surgery operation. Most of this waste is clinical and not recycled. However, the clinical waste can be cut down by appropriate waste segregation, thus reducing the impact on the environment as well as reducing the cost of incineration.

Prevalence of household food insecurity and its association with food waste

BackgroundHousehold food waste significantly contributes to overall food waste. While the relationship between food security and food waste has been extensively studied at the macro level, there is a need for research focusing on the quantitative association between food security and food waste at the household level in developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of household food insecurity and household food waste and to examine the association between household food security and food waste using direct measurements.Subjects and methodsA total of 215 households in Bogor Regency, Indonesia, participated in this cross-sectional study. Food waste was measured using waste composition analysis and a 7-day diary. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) questionnaire was used to assess household food security, while household income and the proportion of food expenditure were considered confounding factors. The association between food security and food waste was examined using Kendall tau-b and ordinal logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of household food insecurity was 18.6%, and the average household food waste was 77 kg/cap/year. Cereals, tubers, and their derivatives (especially rice) and vegetables were major contributors to edible waste, while fruits dominated inedible waste. A negative association was observed between food waste and household food security (edible FW: p = 0.044, r = -0.110; total FW: p = 0.038, r = -0.114), suggesting that household food waste decreases as the severity of food insecurity increases. However, after adjusting for household income, the proportion of food expenditure, and the education levels of spouses, this association became statistically insignificant (p > 0.05).ConclusionThere was no significant association between household food security status and food waste. Household income plays a significant role in determining the quantity of household food waste, as higher income is associated with increased food waste. Strategies to prevent and reduce food waste should focus on major contributors such as rice and vegetables, especially among families with higher food accessibility.

A Study of waste generation and waste composition in Pasaran Island for the sustainability of tourism industry in Lampung, Indonesia

Abstract To date, no studies have been undertaken on Pasaran Island to investigate waste generation and composition, rendering this research significant for laying the groundwork for precise and sustainable waste management planning. Existing studies predominantly center on waste generation concerning community behaviour, stakeholder roles in management, and the technical assessment of waste management aspects. Consequently, this study aims to quantify waste generation and composition on Pasaran Island. Sampling adhered to the SNI-19-3694-1994 standard over eight consecutive days, focusing on household waste for domestic waste samples and selecting commercial establishments, mosques, and schools as sources for non-domestic waste samples. The research reveals an average waste generation rate of 0.13 kg/person/day on Pasaran Island. Organic waste predominates, constituting 44% of the total, originating from household activities like kitchen waste and waste deposited on the island by the sea. Plastic, encompassing bottles, bags, and food packaging, ranks as the second most prevalent waste type at 26% of the total. Residents in tourist areas exhibit distinct waste generation characteristics. The findings can be utilized for the development of the tourism sector to consider organic waste as the primary focus, it must be addressed first.

Conventional and digital technologies for measuring and monitoring food waste in the healthcare foodservice

ABSTRACT Monitoring and measurement are crucial activities in managing and reducing the impact of food waste. In Europe, the average food waste per person was estimated at 131 kg, with approximately 10% originating from restaurants and foodservice. Unfortunately, there is a lack of detailed information regarding food waste in hospital settings. Despite this, effective hospital food management plays a significant role in the environmental, social, and economic well-being of patients, and is closely linked to their nutrition and recovery prospects. This research examines key studies on hospital food waste management, focusing on practical implications and identifying strategies for improving sustainability in hospital foodservice through artificial intelligence technologies. It explores emerging trends, opportunities, and challenges in measuring and monitoring food waste while considering patient satisfaction and nutrition as critical factors for sustainable healthcare systems, through a semi-integrative literature review. Precisely, the amount of food waste per patient per day varies depending on the meal, with breakfast waste at about 0.08 kg, lunch waste ranging from 0.15 to 0.47 kg, and dinner waste between 0.11 and 0.48 kg, with the highest values recorded for lunch. Furthermore, considering the imperative to improve data precision, this study introduces current solutions that integrate artificial intelligence, 3D scanners, and digital scales to classify food categories, measure waste quantities, and assess the corresponding economic and environmental impacts. This research is intended for both academic and industry professionals in the foodservice sector, providing valuable insights into developing environmentally friendly strategies and achieving sustainability goals.

Personalization in mitigating food waste and costs in hospitalization

Organization of food services within hospitals has been identified as a determinant of hospitalized patients' nutritional intake and associated food waste. Whereas hospital food service systems in the Netherlands traditionally consist of 3 fixed mealtimes each day, we recently implemented a new 3-channel concept that provides patients the opportunity to order extra meals or snacks in-between their 3 main mealtimes or even have dinner with their visitors in a bistro located on their ward. This study investigates the impact of transitioning from a traditional paper-based to a patient-centered, digital hospital food service system on food waste production patterns and its associated financial implications. Plate waste (served but uneaten food) measurements were performed at baseline for all served meals during a one-week period within the traditional system and follow-up measurements were conducted annually after implementation of the new system during 3 consecutive years. Measurements were conducted at two hospital floors, each comprising four wards. Average grams of plate waste per served meal, daily meal frequency per patient and the associated production and disposal costs of the collected waste were calculated and compared between the two systems. A total of 4361 meals served within the traditional system were compared with 7815 meals served within the new digital system. Meal frequency increased from an average of 2.5 meals per patient per day in the old system to an average varying between 3 and 3.3 meals per patient per day in the consecutive years. Within the traditional system, average plate waste was 81grams per served meal, whilst it ranged between 33 and 49grams per served meal during the following years, with the 3-channel concept in place (p<0.001, p=0.010). Dinner demonstrated the largest reduction in plate waste at all measurement points. Following this reduction of plate waste, estimated associated costs of plate waste production and disposal decreased in a similar pattern. Transitioning from a traditional, paper based to a patient-centered and digital hospital catering system results in significantly higher daily meal frequency and less food waste per served meal.

Supply Chain Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Released in Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City of Nepal

In Nepal, solid waste management is one of the major environmental issues, especially in the urban areas. While solid waste management (SWM) has become a major concern for municipalities and the country as a whole, the status of SWM is not fully understood due to the lack of SWM baseline data, which are also essential for effective planning. Such a back drop, this research attempts to assess the plastic waste released, management and recycling in supply chain in Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City. This study revealed that about 83.8% households segregate their waste. None of the surveyed households have had public waste collection bin nearby their home whereas all households have had knowledge on solid waste management. About 63% HHs heard of importance of plastic waste recycling and all express their readiness to segregate the plastic solid waste if recycling program is set up in municipal area. Per capita waste generation per day is 141 gm out of which about 15% is plastic waste. On an average daily waste released at household level are 0.8 kg/HH which is 28.1 kg per institution. Total wastes release per day from Hetauda city is 27.4 MT and 10006.8 MT per year. About 931 MT plastic per year are gone in dumping sites in the Hetauda Sub-Metropolitan City. This study suggests that municipal office needs to develop an appropriate policy and strategy framework together with technical guidelines on key issues such as organic composting, recycling and landfill operation from dumping sites. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 11, Issue-3: 34-42.

Analysis of waste generation characteristics as a reference for TPS 3R planning in community-based waste management efforts in Pandansari Lor Village, Malang Regency

Background: Waste management is a critical issue in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas like Pandansari Lor Village in Malang Regency. Improper waste disposal practices, such as open burning and dumping in rivers, pose environmental and health hazards. This study aims to analyze the waste generation characteristics in Pandansari Lor Village as a baseline for planning a community-based Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) waste processing site (TPS 3R). Method: A waste sampling method was conducted following the SNI 19-3964-1994 guidelines to measure the waste generation rate, density, and composition. Findings: The results showed that the average waste generation rate in Pandansari Lor Village was 0.16 kg/person/day or 778.72 kg/day for the total population, with a waste density of 74.02 kg/m³. The waste composition was dominated by organic waste (62.26%), followed by plastic (26.74%), paper (5.89%), and other components. These findings suggest the need for a 3R-based waste management system that involves community participation. Conclusion: The TPS 3R facility should be designed to handle the projected waste generation for the next 10 years, with a capacity of 15,438 L/day. Proper waste segregation, composting of organic waste, and recycling of plastic and other recyclable materials are recommended. This study provides valuable insights for developing a sustainable and effective waste management strategy in rural areas, considering the specific waste characteristics and community involvement. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study proposes a 3R TPS model adapted to rural waste, focusing on organic waste composting and plastic recycling. This model is designed to increase community participation in waste management through community-based education and empowerment.

Waste Management in Masnana Village, Namrole Subdistrict, South Buru Regency

This study aims to identify and analyze waste management in Masnana Village, Namrole District, South Buru Regency. The main focus of the research is the behavior of the community in managing waste and the stages of waste management from generation to final disposal. Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The results show that the main sources of waste in Masnana Village come from households, restaurants, schools, and lodging, as well as natural factors and human activities. Waste generation is measured by weight and volume per person per day, with an average waste weight of 0.35 kg and volume of 25 liters per person per day. The types of waste produced are divided into organic and inorganic waste, with the majority of organic waste still being burned (73.33%) and most inorganic waste also being burned (66.66%). On-site waste management involves the reuse of paint cans and beverage bottles. Waste collection is carried out to temporary disposal sites using a sorting bin system. Organic waste processing is carried out through composting, although many residents still prefer burning. Electronic waste is managed by selling, repairing, or burying it. Final disposal is handled by the Public Works Department to the Piyungan landfill. This study highlights the importance of community participation in waste management to reduce environmental impact and extend landfill life