Average Voltage Value Research Articles

Synergistic effects of various membrane and cathode electrode types in dual chamber microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment: Investigation of the start-up phase, modeling using artificial neural networks, and cost analysis

Although various membrane and cathode electrode types have been investigated in dual chamber microbial fuel cells (DCMDCs), there is no agreement on which combination of electrodes and separator materials works best. The main objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic effects of cathode electrodes and membranes on the performance of DCMFCs during the start-up phase, to model the DCMFCs through artificial neural networks (ANN), and to determine the most cost-effective choice. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the interrelationships among various factors that influence DCMFCs. Two types of ion exchange membranes (cation exchange membrane and anion exchange membrane) and two types of cathode electrodes (carbon cloth covered with 20% Pt as catalyst and plain carbon cloth) were studied. Electrodes and membranes were analyzed using AFM, TEM, SEM, XRF, and FTIR to investigate changes in morphology and the potential of fouling. The results showed that DCMFC with cation exchange membrane (CEM) and plain carbon cloth (CC) generated the maximum power among the investigated configurations. The average voltage values and COD removal efficiency reached 748 ± 13 mV and 57.8 ± 2.5%, respectively. The maximum power density achieved was obtained when the external resistance was set at 1000 Ω and was 180 mA/m2. ANN was successful in predicting the output voltage for the examined DCMFCs. The use of DCMFC with CC and CEM can be considered optimal in terms of performance and cost.

Effect of Humic Acids on the Generation of Potential Differences in a Bioelectrochemical System

The possibility of increasing the electrogenic properties of the root environment through the use of potential electron carriers, humic acids (HA), was studied. For this purpose, a bioelectrochemical cell has been created, including electrode systems introduced into the planters to remove the potential difference formed during the development of plants. Using the example of Typhoon lettuce, it was determined that an increase in the concentration of HA in the root environment by 2 times allowed to increase the voltage by 7–16% of the control variant, depending on the place of their introduction. The best result – a more stable generation of a high potential difference from the early periods of vegetation was typical for the variant with addition of HA to the upper electrode area – the average voltage value for it was 418 ± 29 mV and a specific power of 0.2 MW/m2. A number of physicochemical parameters of near-electrode regions in plant bioelectrochemical systems have been studied: electrical conductivity, pH, concentration of humic acids at the end of the growing season. The potential electroactivity of microorganisms in the root environment of lettuce has been revealed. It is shown that the ability of humic acids to play the role of a redox mediator in a bioelectrochemical system largely depends on the place of their concentration.

Sustainable Mixed-Halide Perovskite Resistive Switching Memories Using Self-Assembled Monolayers as the Bottom Contact.

The complex ionic-electronic conduction in mixed halide perovskites enables their use beyond von Neumann architectures implemented in resistive switching memory devices. Although device fabrication based on perovskite compounds involves solution-processing at low temperatures, reducing further fabrication costs by eliminating expensive materials can improve their compatibility with upscalable deposition techniques. Notably, the substrate on which the perovskite active layer is developed has been reported to severely affect its quality and thus the overall device performance. Hereby, we demonstrate the sustainable manufacturing of memristive perovskite solar cells by replacing the expensive poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) that serves as a hole transporting layer (HTL) with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM), namely [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz). Multiple sequential memristive current-voltage characteristics of single devices are reported, and average data of multiple reference and targeted devices are compared. Resistive switching memory devices based on SAM exhibit improved performance having reduced average SET voltage values and narrower statistical variation compared to reference devices with PTAA. It is shown that both PTAA and SAM based devices exhibit high ON/OFF ratio of about 103 operating at low switching electric fields. Replacing an expensive polymer-based HTL with this approach reduces fabrication costs compared to PTAA.

BC cone-shaped anodes for lithium-ion batteries

The efficiency of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) depends upon anode materials possessing high capacity. In present study, we investigate boron carbide cone anode (BCC) for LIBs. The first-principles density functional theory (DFT) method is used to design anode materials based on BCC for application in LIBs. We found that the BCC shows negative Li adsorption energies. Our results also revealed the fast diffusions of Li ion on the BCC with the small energy barrier of 0.34 eV. The storage capacity of BCC system rank among the highest capacity of anodes for LIBs, with value of 785 mAh/g. The low average open-circuit voltage (OCV) value of BCC system indicates that this anode can handle a large operating voltage in LIBs.

The Solar Tracker Prototype Based on Arduino Uno

The placement of solar panels to capture solar energy is generally installed in a certain and fixed position (static). The dynamic change in the sun's position from east to west at any time means that the solar panels absorb less energy. So, installing an automatic driving device on the solar panel to adjust its perpendicular position to the sun's rays is very necessary. This Solar Tracker tool has 4 light sensors that function to identify the intensity of sunlight as a signal entered by the Arduino Uno microcontroller. This information is then processed to become a signal to drive horizontal and vertical servo motors. The shaft of this motor is connected to the mechanical circuit of the solar panel via a gearbox to carry out movement. A comparator will compare sunlight information and a reference voltage to control the rotation of the servo motor which can determine the time needed for the motor to rotate or stop. The research results on solar panels using a tracker were that the best voltage and current values were obtained between 12.00 – 13.00 WIB with an average voltage value of 11.45 V and an average current value of 0.49A.

Designing Home Security With Esp32-Cam and IoT-Based Alarm Notification Using Telegram

Nowadays, technological advances have entered human life. One of the security system solutions is the use of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) as a monitoring medium, but it is still lacking. This is because more and more crimes are committed in homes where the owner is away. As a result, each home needs a security system that can protect the wealth and assets of the owner. Similarly, currently existing security systems are rarely able to provide data directly to homeowners if an outsider wants to commit a crime. So, research was conducted with the title "Home Security Design with ESP32-CAM and Internet of Things (IoT) Based Alarm Notification Using Telegram Application". With this device plan, it is believed that individuals who leave the house will feel safer. This device can detect an infrared wave produced by humans within its range and is equipped with an alarm/buzzer that produces output in the form of notifications on Telegram and alarm sounds on the device. The PIR sensor and ESP32-CAM integrated with the Telegram mobile device form the basis of this security system. This research has successfully implemented a device aimed at reducing home burglary issues by detecting human motion, triggering alarms, and enabling remote monitoring through Telegram. Additionally, the adapter utilized in the system produces an average voltage value of 5.196 V with an average error rate of approximately 3.9%.

Current and Voltage Analysis of the Influence of Capacitors on Electrical Loads

Currently, electricity utilization is increasing along with the increasing demand for new tides. Electricity usage increases with demand. When installing power capacitors in the electrical network, it is the installation of capacitors in parallel in an electrical installation in the hope of increasing the efficiency of the power factor. This study aims to determine the effect of capacitors on current and voltage. The method used is an experimental method with the aim of knowing the effect of a treatment. The research design carried out by designing power capacitors, determining the load point of installing power capacitors with 2 electrical loads, namely freezers and fans. Next after the installation of the power capacitor is the measurement of the electrical parameters studied. The results of this study show that the addition of power capacitors has an influence on electrical loads. The average voltage and current values in the fan are 210.6 V and 0.97 A, while in the freezer it is 209.5 and 1.105 A.

Pengujian Pengaruh Ketebalan Kertas Isolasi Jenis Presspaper Pada Transformator Terhadap Tegangan Tembus

that changes the voltage without changing the frequency of the production system. The transformer has insulation to cover the transformer windings. Insulation commonly used in transformers is oil insulation and paper insulation. Insulation using paper is flexible or flexible to follow the desired shape. There are several important factors to consider when considering insulation materials including strength and durability. In this study, isolation testing was carried out using isolation paper and analysis using linear regression. The test was carried out by varying the thickness of the paper and the state of the paper being dry and soaked in insulating oil. The results of testing insulation paper with a thickness of 1.04 mm in the dry state shows an average breakdown voltage value of 6.7 kV and with the same thickness of 1.04 mm in an oil-immersed state shows an average breakdown voltage value of 23.82 kV, this indicates that the insulating paper with the immersion method has a better breakdown voltage than insulating paper in a dry state. While the effect of the thickness of the insulation paper on the breakdown voltage is that the thicker the insulation paper, the greater the resulting breakdown voltage, this was obtained using a simple linear regression analysis where the X variable affects the Y variable with a correlation value of 0.998.

An Open-Circuit Fault Detection Method of PMSM Fed by Dual Inverter With High Robustness

Power semiconductor is one of the most fragile components in the drive system of electric vehicles. In order to diagnose the failure timely, this paper proposes a diagnosis method of the open-circuit fault for open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (OEW-PMSM) fed by dual inverter with a single dc source. The OEW- PMSM can improve the speed range and tolerance capacity of driving systems. However, the open-circuit fault diagnosis methods for Y-connected PMSMs cannot judge the faulty switch because of the symmetry of the dual inverter structure. The first step of the proposed method is to detect the faulty switch combinations by the error of normalized average value and average value of the zero-sequence reference voltage. The next step is to judge the faulty switch from a certain fault combination. The experimental results show that the open-circuit fault can be diagnosed accurately.

Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis and Tolerant Method of Multiport Triple Active-Bridge DC-DC Converter

The triple active-bridge (TAB) DC-DC converter, as a representative multiport converter, is widely used in DC distribution system. The open-circuit fault (OCF) of TAB seriously threatens the system safety operation. In this article, an OCF diagnosis and tolerant method is proposed for TAB converter to reduce the impact of OCF. The fault mode of TAB converter is first analyzed. Based on the analysis, an fault diagnosis method using the average value of bridge arm midpoint voltage and inductance current is proposed. To eliminate the DC bias and over-current caused by OCF, the symmetrical topology is constructed by modulation reconfiguration, and corresponding fault-tolerant operation strategies are proposed for OCF at different locations. When the OCF occurs on the bipolar DC bus side, the fault bus is cut off, while ensuring the power transmission between the monopolar bus and the critical load. When the OCF occurs on the critical load side, the bipolar DC bus could still supply its power. Based on the above strategy, the power transmission capability under OCF is guaranteed and the reliability of TAB converter is improved. Finally, the OCF diagnosis and fault-tolerant operation methods are verified through comparative numerical simulation and experimental results.

Simulasi dan Analisis Tegangan Sensor LDR dengan OP-AMP Berbeda

The development of the accelerated pace of technology makes people motivated to make new innovations, as well as something that can be controlled automatically. Therefore, we need a sensor that can facilitate human activities, especially in the home light control system. The purpose of this study is to test and analyze the LDR sensor by simulating a software, namely Proteus with different op-amps. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a type of resistor whose resistance value depends on the intensity of light. The method used in this research is an experimental method, namely by conducting repeated tests 10 times for different types of op-amps. The tests carried out here use three ICs that have different types, namely IC LM 358, IC LM741 and IC LM747. The results of this study are the average voltage value generated for the IC LM385 input 2.75 Volt and 4.99 Volt, IC LM 741 input 2.74 Volt and 2.62 Volt and IC OP07 2.77 Volt input and output 2.5 Volts. Of the three IC test results, the largest average voltage value for both input and output is the OP-AMP LM385 IC.

Solar-Based Smartphone Charging Stations with Voltage, Current, and Power Monitoring

Renewable energy sources continue to be developed as alternative energy sources to reduce the use of fossil energy sources. One of them is a solar power plant that uses a light source from sunlight. For the public, electrical energy is useful to support work and communication activities such as using smartphones, but not many chargers are found in public places to charge smartphone batteries. It has designed and implemented a smartphone charging station to charge smartphone batteries using solar power. The smartphone battery charging on this smartphone charging station can display voltage, current, and power when charging the battery;this tool is equipped with an INA219 sensor, ATmega328 microcontroller, and solar power to make this tool look smart. The purpose of making this tool is to find out the working principle, voltage, current, and power and compare the charging time of the smartphone battery between the smartphone charging station and the manufacturer's charger. The working principle is that when this tool charges the smartphone battery, the INA219 sensor receives output value data in the form of current and voltage. Furthermore, the sensor sends a signal to the ATmega328 to be converted and displayed as data on the LCD so that users can see the output value. The test results of the tool, when charging a smartphone battery using Micro USB, showed the average values of voltage, current, and power, respectively, of 11.7 volts, 0.48 amperes, and 5.98 watts. USB Type C shows the average voltage, current, and power values of 11.33 volts, 0.71 amperes, and 8.37 watts, respectively. The comparison of the duration of battery charging time on the manufacturer's Micro USB with the smartphone charging station has a difference of 27 minutes; the comparison of the duration of the smartphone battery charging time using the manufacturer's USB Type C with the smartphone charging station has a difference of 22 minutes.

Ultra-low turn-on voltage quasi-vertical GaN Schottky barrier diode with homogeneous barrier height

Quasi-vertical Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBDs) with near to ideal turn-on voltage and ideality factor (n) of 1.02, were fabricated on a GaN on Si substrate. The average turn-on voltage and on-resistance values were found to be 0.23 ± 0.005 V (at 1 A/cm2) and 1.76 ± 0.11 mΩcm2, respectively with diode series resistance of 11 Ω. The analysis of the current–voltage curve revealed a temperature-independent barrier height, however the capacitance–voltage method showed a negative temperature coefficient. This discrepancy is discussed in the paper. Variable range hopping through dislocations is shown to be the dominant reverse current leakage mechanisms identified in the fabricated diode, with a characteristic temperature, T0 of 2 × 1010 K.

ANALISIS POTENSI ENERGI LISTRIK DI GEDUNG UMPAR MENGGUNAKAN PANEL SURYA 100WP

Electricity plays a very important role in everyday life. Most human activities are related to the use of electrical energy, including in the Campus environment. Technological advances have resulted in an increase in the consumption of electrical energy and this has resulted in reduced reserves of fossil energy sources as a result of being used up and causing emissions that can affect the global climate. The energy transition from the use of fossil energy to new and renewable energy is one solution to overcome this. Solar Power Plant (PLTS) is an alternative energy solution that is environmentally friendly that can be developed on campus. This is also supported by Indonesia's geographical location which has a very high intensity of sunlight. In this study, an analysis of the potential of electrical energy generated at Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare Building was carried out. The research was conducted by measuring the surface voltage and temperature of solar panels for 20 days. The test was carried out for 7 hours from 10.00 WITA to 16.00 WITA. Voltage and temperature measurements were carried out in 1 hour intervals. The test results show that the average voltage value generated by solar panels is 21.31 volts. The highest average voltage value was generated at 13.00 WITA, which was 21.82 volts with an average surface temperature of 37.79 oC

Analisis Efektivitas Daya Dan Energi Pada Sistem Pembersih Solar PV 2 × 50 Wp dengan Metode Lateral Movement

The implementation of the solar cell itself often has problems in its operation. One of the factors that affect the performance of PLTS is that the dirty solar panel cover glass is covered with dust or dirt so that it blocks the intensity of sunlight entering the solar panel which results in a reduced output of the solar panel. A 2x50 Wp solar pv cleaning tool was made to overcome the problem of reduced solar pv output due to the influence of dirt adhering to the pv cover glass. The cleaning tool that has been designed is expected to maximize the quality of power and energy that will be generated by solar pv. The solar pv dirt cleaning tool is used on the research object of the PLTS system in the Renewable Lab, Navy Building, State Polytechnic of Malang. Making a cleaning tool design using Solidworks software, with the reason being able to get a 3D picture of the planned pv dirt cleaner. The cleaning tool works with the help of a battery/power supply as its electrical power. There are 3 dc motors connected to brushes, wheels and water pumps. The cleaning tool moves in a lateral movement (sideways movement) from corner to corner 3 times, then the brush rotates to clean the solar cell cover glass from dirt. In the cleaning process, it can be assisted by using water provided and sprayed by a water pump. The average Vmp and Imp values are 19.72 V and 1.64 A. From the Vmp and Imp values, the average Pmp calculation results are 32.60 W for solar pv after cleaning. Before cleaning, the average maximum voltage (Vmp) and maximum current (Imp) values are 18.43 V and 1.05 A. From the Vmp and Imp values, the average Pmp calculation is 19.65 W.

SISTEM PENDINGIN PANEL SURYA OTOMATIS UNTUK MENGKATKAN DAYA KELUARAN PANEL SURYA

Solar panels are the main component of solar power plant. In the Solar panels, conversion of solar energy into electrical energy are done. The results of the electrical energy produced by solar panels depend on the amount of solar intensity received by the solar panels. In addition, the working temperature of solar panels is also crucial. The ideal solar panel temperature is 25 C, which means that the solar panel will work optimally at that condition. When the temperature rises, the solar cell performance will decrease. This study aims to design a solar panel cooling system with active and passive methods using a way of flowing water over the surface of the solar panel and adding wet coconut coir on the back of the solar panel. The purpose of providing this treatment is to keep the surface temperature of the solar panel from overheating. This study uses a 100 WP solar panel and the results obtained that the average power generated is 69 W with an average voltage value of 15.47 V and an average current of 4.5 A. The performance 100 WP solar panels increased 24% of the reference solar panels being compared

Realtime And Centralized Solar Panel Online Monitoring System Design Using Thingspeak

Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate and has a high intensity of solar irradiation. Seeing this situation, Indonesia is the right region to implement the installation of new and renewable energy such as PLTS. In the use of solar panels, the magnitude of the output power is determined by several environmental conditions, such as the intensity of sunlight, temperature, and the direction in which sunlight comes. To prevent damage and deterioration in the performance of solar panels, research is needed for a more accurate and efficient use of renewable energy. The study was a solar panel system with a Wemos D1 microcontroller that monitored online using Thing speak with the help of INA 219 and LDR sensors. Online monitoring system by recording data on current, voltage, and light intensity in real time and centralized. The system will store and record measurement data every 15 seconds in the form of JSON, XML, CSV file extensions. Error on the voltage sensor of 1.7% for and 3.2% for the current sensor. average panel voltage value of 12.77 V, average panel current value of 0.43 A and 2410 lux for light intensity at interval testing from 07:00 a.m.to 16:00p.m.

A new high capacity cathode material for Li/Na-ion batteries: dihafnium sulfide (Hf2S).

Structural and electronic properties of the newly synthesized dihafnium sulfide (Hf2S) monolayer were investigated in this study. The Hf2S monolayer is a magnetic metal and it retains its metallicity despite external factors, such as tensile/compressive strain or various atom terminations. This robust metallic Hf2S monolayer has a high storage capacity of 1377.7 mA h g-1 for both Li and Na atoms, which is much higher than conventional battery electrodes. The minimum diffusion barrier value is 131 meV for Li, and 117 meV for Na. The average open-circuit voltage values of Li and Na were calculated as 2.37 V and 1.69 V, respectively. Investigation of the mechanical properties showed that it is softer than graphene due to the Young's modulus of 111.7 N m-1, but comparable with the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayer. In light of the results of this study, the Hf2S monolayer can serve as a useful cathode material for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. In addition, the interactions of the Hf2S monolayer with aluminium nitride (AlN) and MoS2 monolayers were presented. While AlN behaves like a substrate for the Hf2S monolayer, the MoS2 monolayer forms a heterostructure with the Hf2S monolayer. This study is a guide for the Hf2S monolayer and its functions in nanotechnology.

Rancang Bangun Alat Metal Detector dengan Metode Beat Frequency Oscillator

A metal detector using the Beat Frequency Oscillator principle and solenoid induction has been made using a series of tools (IC NE 555, capacitors with values ​​of 3.3 F and 4.7 F, resistors 4.9 kΩ, enamel wire 0.3 mm, 4Ω 3W speakers, and 9V battery). The measuring limit of the tool is obtained through measurements using a metal material, namely iron, where the measured value variables are the value of frequency and voltage Vpp, and the average value of the frequency in the input data after the object is 868.1786 Hz and the average value of the Vpp voltage is 1,427 Volts. While the output data obtained the average frequency value is 863.4895 Hz and the average value of Vpp voltage is 0.325 Volt after the object, as for the sound produced before and after the object the difference is too small, so an amplifier circuit is added using an IC LM386 as Audio Amplifier.

Duty-Ratio-Based Direct Torque Control With Enhanced Harmonic Current Suppression for Dual-Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Motor

This article proposes a new duty-ratio-based direct torque control (DR-DTC) with enhanced harmonic current suppression for a dual-three-phase permanent magnet (DTP-PM) motor. First, a new virtual voltage vector construction method based on the carrier-based modulation technique is proposed. Twelve virtual voltage vectors with null average voltage values in two harmonic subspaces are constructed. The sequences of the constructed virtual voltages can be calculated directly in the natural coordinate system. In addition, the whole sequences are standard symmetrical, which can be easily generated by a digital controller. After that, an online harmonic current compensation method is investigated. Additional controllers compensate for the harmonic currents induced by the back electromotive force and nonlinear factors. Since the virtual voltage vectors have null average voltage values in two harmonic subspaces and the online harmonic current compensation method is designed, the proposed DR-DTC can be introduced to the DTP-PM motor with a single neutral point and two neural points. With the proposed strategy, the capability of harmonic current suppression can be significantly improved, and the processes of virtual voltage construction can be simplified. In addition, the advantages of the conventional DR-DTC can be inherited. Finally, experiments are carried out to validate the feasibility of the proposed strategy.