Average Value Of Data Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN MEDAN CITY

This research aims to determine the results of science process skills in four state schools in Medan City. This type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. Samples were obtained from 4 schools using Cluster Sampling based on the criteria for State High Schools in Medan City, namely MAN 1, MAN 2, State High School No. 3, and State High School No. 4 Medan. Using science process skills test question for class XI student on Biology subject. Using descriptive analysis technique by calculating average data values. The result of this research is that students' science process skills at four state schools in Medan City average 74.74. The highest value is in the communication aspect and the lowest is in planning the experiment.

Data analysis of the protection performance of Citrus reticulate and Pelargonium on the corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic solution

Data on the protection efficiency of Citrus reticulate (CR) and Pelargonium (PG) oil distillates, and their combined admixture (CRPG) on the corrosion of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.5 M HCl solution are presented. Performance of CR and PG in HCl solution are comparable and generally effective at all concentrations with optimum value of 85.94% and 89.68% at 1% and 1.5% distillate concentration. Performance of CR and PG in H2SO4 solution were significantly concentration dependent with poor protection values at 0.5% to 1.5% for CR and 0.5% to 1.25% for PG. At 1.75% CR, and 1.5% and 1.75% PG concentrations, protection efficiency of 73.09%, 96.17% and 95.46% were attained. CRPG performed effectively in H2SO4 solution with average protection value above 90% while in HCl solution CRPG performed poorly at all concentrations with performance values below 60%. Statistical data showed inhibitor concentration dominated the protection performance outputs of the distillates compared to exposure time whose effect was marginal but statistically relevant. Data from standard deviation showed the CRPG in HCl and CR in H2SO4 solution varied the least from average data values signifying stable inhibition with respect to time and concentration. 53% and 50% of CR protection efficiency data in HCl and H2SO4 solution were above the 80% effective protection value at margins of error of ± 12.62 and ± 12.65. The corresponding values for PG showed 42% and 67% are above the threshold value at ± 12% margin of error. The protection value for CRPG above the threshold value is 67% in HCl solution and 0% in H2SO4 solution at margins of error of ± 11.93% and ± 0%.

Bridging cell-scale simulations and radiologic images to explain short-time intratumoral oxygen fluctuations.

Radiologic images provide a way to monitor tumor development and its response to therapies in a longitudinal and minimally invasive fashion. However, they operate on a macroscopic scale (average value per voxel) and are not able to capture microscopic scale (cell-level) phenomena. Nevertheless, to examine the causes of frequent fast fluctuations in tissue oxygenation, models simulating individual cells' behavior are needed. Here, we provide a link between the average data values recorded for radiologic images and the cellular and vascular architecture of the corresponding tissues. Using hybrid agent-based modeling, we generate a set of tissue morphologies capable of reproducing oxygenation levels observed in radiologic images. We then use these in silico tissues to investigate whether oxygen fluctuations can be explained by changes in vascular oxygen supply or by modulations in cellular oxygen absorption. Our studies show that intravascular changes in oxygen supply reproduce the observed fluctuations in tissue oxygenation in all considered regions of interest. However, larger-magnitude fluctuations cannot be recreated by modifications in cellular absorption of oxygen in a biologically feasible manner. Additionally, we develop a procedure to identify plausible tissue morphologies for a given temporal series of average data from radiology images. In future applications, this approach can be used to generate a set of tissues comparable with radiology images and to simulate tumor responses to various anti-cancer treatments at the tissue-scale level.

Over-the-Air Computation Strategy Using Space–Time Line Code for Data Collection by Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In this study, we investigated a data collection system for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the sky. To reduce the required data collection time for a time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based protocol, an over-the-air computation (OAC) strategy was employed, and the average values of data computed. In this method, multiple single-antenna sensing UAVs (sUAVs) report the sensing data to a two-antenna data-collection UAV (dUAV) through the OAC strategy. To this end, we propose an efficient OAC strategy using a space-time line code (STLC) scheme that can achieve a full spatial diversity gain. Using the efficient data collection protocol of the proposed STLC-OAC strategy, the overall operation time for data collection can be significantly reduced relative to s TDMA-based strategy. Furthermore, the proposed STLC-OAC strategy can reduce the normalized mean square error (NMSE) of the estimated average value of the data relative to that of the TDMA-based method. As the gap in the NMSEs between TDMA- and STLC-OAC-based strategies was observed to increase as the number of sUAVs increased, it can be concluded that the proposed STLC-OAC strategy is advantageous for UAV-based data collection systems, especially when a large number of sUAVs report the sensing data.

Expenditure Decentralization: Does It Make Us Happier? An Empirical Analysis Using a Panel of Countries

This paper analyzes whether fiscal decentralization of education, health, housing, social protection, recreation, culture and religion, public order and safety, and transportation have a significant effect on individual well-being. The empirical analysis is based on a non-linear hierarchical model that combines individual data (level 1) with country-level data (level 2). We match 89,584 observations from the World Value Service and the European Value Service (various years) with the average value of data recorded for 30 countries by the Government Financial Statistics (IMF). While fiscal decentralization in education and housing appears to have a negative effect on well-being, this effect is positive in the cases of health and culture and recreation. We interpret this as evidence in favor of a “selective” decentralization approach.

Selection of random number generators in GATE Monte Carlo toolkit

Pseudo-random number generators are the heart of Monte Carlo simulations. Generally, the quality of random number generators may affect the output of the simulation. Any GEANT4-based Monte Carlo tool has different random number generators. The GATE toolkit, a widely used package in nuclear medicine, also provides three generators for the users to select. In this study, we used the random number generators in identical simulations in order to check their possible effect on the outputs of simulations.Simulations were performed considering two point radiation sources, including electrons and photons at the center of water phantoms, for eight monoenergies between 10 and 1000 keV. Paired t-test, normal probability plot and Bland–Altman plots were used to compare pairs of corresponding results.In all the simulations, the average values of data derived using different random number generators were almost the same with small differences. However, statistical variation was considerably high, particularly in the estimation of track length of electrons and the spectra of X-ray radiation due to the interaction of electron with atoms. At high energies noticeable differences were observed in simulation runtimes using different generators.There is no systematic difference between average parameters derived using different random number generators. Statistical fluctuations in corresponding data derived using random number generators are considerably high. It is recommended to use a large number of histories in simulation if the individual points in a series of data points are important. Due to simulation runtimes considerations, selection of Mersenne Twister generator is advocated.

Measure distance locating nearest public facilities using Haversine and Euclidean Methods

The application of finding the nearest public facility using 2 methods to measure the distance between 2 points, i.e. the Euclidean Method and the Haversine Formula. Euclidean is a heuristic function obtained based on direct distance without obstacles such as to get the value of the length of a diagonal line on a triangle. Whereas Haversine is an equation that looks for the distance of an arc between two points on longitude and latitude. The results of the calculation of the average distance Euclidean deviations with an average value of data 2.539764, and Haversine 2.536912. This shows that the comparison of the measurements of the distance between Euclidean and Haversine has a difference of 0.002852 or the percentage of the distance between the two methods is 99.89 percent. Of the two methods, which yield values almost by measurements on Google maps is Haversine. For Euclidean, it is used to measure the distance between two points on a flat plane so that the results have differences when compared to the Haversine formula.

Analisis Kesulitan Matematik Siswa SMP pada Materi Statistika

Abstract
 This research aim to analyzing student’s difficulty in solving statistic problem. This research using qualitative method with qualitative approach. Population in this research is whole student junior Highschool at Kabupaten Bandung Barat with using samples 24 student SMP Cendikia Cililin. Data collection technique using documentation method are student test result based on question instrument in main course of statistic which contain indicator of competence achievement; 1) Determine median value of even number; 2) Determine average from a data; 3) Determine median value of odd number; 4) Analyzing data; 5) Determine modus value from some data. Based on research result and discussion, student difficulties in solving problem are on the indicator determines average values of data with percentage of eror 83% which is in the high category. The causative factor is the student can not understanding the basic concept of statistic. To communite problem by modeling mathematics, how to manipulated statistic, and collect conclution.

Shelf-Life of Pumpkin Fruit Slices, Flour and Blended Products

Pumpkin has high potential of generating income and overcoming food insecurity. Today’s consumer looks upon the food industry to provide healthy, attractive convenience products that remain wholesome for long. However, spoilage of horticultural produce results due to improper handling and microbial attack. Microbial spoilage is the major factor limiting shelf-life of fresh produce and processed products. It arises from improper handling and spore contamination, leading to economic loss. The objective of the present study was to determine whether shelf-life of value-added pumpkin products could be prolonged by wrapping, drying, or processing. The study used products in three experiments: (1) pumpkin fresh fruit (presented as whole, half slices or quarter slices plus or minus clear shrink wrap); (2) pure flour (dried using oven, enhanced solar, or open sun); and (3) bakery products (cake, cookies, scones, <i>mandazi</i>, bread, porridge, <i>chapatti or irio</i> blended with 0%, 5%, 20%, 50% or 90% pumpkin flour). All experiments were conducted in completely randomized design, replicated four times and repeated once. Pooled average data values were subjected to analysis of variance and significantly different means were separated using the least significantly difference test at α = 0.05. Plate Count Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar were used to determine total viable counts and fungi, respectively, on pumpkin fresh fruit, dried flour and blended products, while MacConkey Agar was used to assess enteric bacteria in dried flour and blended products. Results showed significant differences (<i>P</i><0.0001) in number of days taken for the tested samples to get spoilt. Slicing fruit drastically reduced shelf-life from 142 days to about 3 to 5 days. There were significant differences (<i>P</i><0.0001) in shelf-life of flour from the three drying methods. Enhanced solar dried flour had longest shelf-life of 11.5 months. Bacilli were the dominant bacteria in fresh fruit slices, while flour had bacilli and cocci, which were also dominant in blended products. Significant difference (<i>P</i><0.0001) occurred in moisture content of cake, <i>mandazi</i> and scones with various flour-blending levels. Cookies had the longest shelf-life of 64 days, while <i>irio</i>, <i>chapatti</i> and porridge got spoilt after two days. Significant differences occurred in microbial counts of the various flour-blended products throughout the storage periods. Baked products with up to 20% pumpkin flour-blend had great potential of remaining wholesome for longest storage period and hence are recommended for adoption.

Using Video Modeling, Prompting, and Behavior-Specific Praise to Increase Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity for Young Children With Down Syndrome

Children with Down syndrome may be at increased risk of problems associated with inactivity. Early intervention to increase physical activity may lead to increased participation in typical activities and long-term increases in quality of life (e.g., decreased likelihood of obesity-related illness). A multi-component intervention, including video modeling, prompting, and behavior-specific praise, was implemented to increase the physical activity behaviors of three young children with Down syndrome on a typical preschool playground. Results, evaluated in the context of an A-B-A-B withdrawal design, showed increases in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for all children during intervention conditions. To evaluate social validity of behavior changes, average data values in each condition were graphed alongside normative comparison data of typically developing peers, showing that average MVPA for participants during intervention conditions was lower than average peer values but was within the range demonstrated by peers.

Finite element modeling of potential cervical spine pain sources in neutral position low speed rear impact

The rate of soft tissue sprain/strain injuries to the cervical spine and associated cost continue to be significant; however, the physiological nature of this injury makes experimental tests challenging while aspects such as occupant position and musculature may contribute to significant variability in the current epidemiological data. Several theories have been proposed to identify the source of pain associated with whiplash. The goal of this study was to investigate three proposed sources of pain generation using a detailed numerical model in rear impact scenarios: distraction of the capsular ligaments; transverse nerve root compression through decrease of the intervertebral foramen space; and potential for damage to the disc based on the extent of rotation and annulus fibre strain. There was significant variability associated with experimental measures, where the range of motion data overlapped ultimate failure data. Average data values were used to evaluate the model, which was justified by the use of average mechanical properties within the model and previous studies demonstrating predicted response and failure of the tissues was comparable to average response values. The model predicted changes in dimension of the intervertebral foramen were independent of loading conditions, and were within measured physiological ranges for the impact severities considered. Disc response, measured using relative rotation between intervertebral bodies, was below values associated with catastrophic failure or avulsion but exceeded the average range of motion values. Annulus fibre strains exceeded a proposed threshold value at three levels for 10g impacts. Capsular ligament strain increased with increasing impact severity and the model predicted the potential for injury at impact severities from 4g to 15.4g, when the range of proposed distraction corresponding to sub-catastrophic failure was exceeded, in agreement with the typically reported values of 9–15g. This study used an enhanced neck finite element model with active musculature to investigate three potential sources of neck pain resulting from rear impact scenarios and identified capsular ligament strain and deformation of the disc as potential sources of neck pain in rear impact scenarios.

Forecasting Criteria Air Pollutants Using Data Driven Approaches; An Indian Case Study

Forecasting air pollutant trends especially in metropolitan cities of India, has become a vital issue as air pollution has immediate and severe impacts on human health. Criteria pollutants like Oxides of Sulphur (SOx), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) have either reached or exceeded the acceptable limits specified by Central Pollution Control Board of India for most of the cities like Pune. In the present work two soft computing approaches namely Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Genetic Programming (GP) are used to predict the air quality parameters (SOx, NOx, RSPM) a few time steps in advance for Pune City. Six models have been developed based on daily average data values of pollutant concentrations spanning over seven years. ANN, one of the proven tools in estimation and prediction of air quality has been used and the results of the models are compared with GP which is rarely used tool in the field of air quality modelling and forecasting. The performance of the models has been compared using r, RMSE and d. Considering the complexity of the air pollution phenomenon, it was found that GP models are robust and could work well as compared to ANN.

Method for Evaluating Data Communication Messages in NextGen Flight Deck Scenarios

Data communications (DataComm) is one of the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) key technologies supporting the transition to the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). As communication on the flight deck changes from voice clearances to clearances sent via datalink, human factors experts have anticipated potential implementation challenges, particularly for the data communications that may not be integrated with the flight management system (FMS) and which requires the flight crew to read the DataComm message, interpret it, and then make the appropriate FMS input. Even fully integrated DataComm and FMS flight deck systems could prove challenging for flight crew use in the Trajectory Based Operations context. For example, textual clearances that provide complex 4D trajectory information may be difficult for pilots to interpret in a timely and efficient manner without error. To address this challenge, flight deck displays with graphics, hybrid text and graphics, and other formats integrated with existing navigation displays may enable pilots to more easily identify, understand, and quickly respond to air traffic clearances and instructions. To support FAA Aircraft Certification Service and Flight Standards Service evaluation of new DataComm flight deck technologies and associated procedures for Trajectory Based Operations and other key NextGen applications, this paper describes a method that allows rapid evaluation of new and modified DataComm displays in the cockpit. Our method uses a variety of complex data communications, including the use of concatenated messages to obtain rapid pilot feedback and performance in a part-task, scenario-based simulation. Average data values from an initial study evaluating pilot interpretability measured as percent errors and response time to text-based clearances are presented.

Effect of wrestling on the foot sole of elite wrestlers

The present study investigated changes in the foot soles of wrestlers. The study compared 11 pedobarographic parameters of the contact area of the foot sole area, maximal force, peak pressure, average maximal pressure and time pressure integral of elite wrestlers and a control group comprised of healthy individuals. An EMED-SF (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany) plantar pressure analysis system was used in the study. The non-parametrical Mann Whitney U Test was used to identify statistically significant variations between the average data values of the experimental and control groups; the extent of the linear relationship between the physical structure and foot sole variables was examined using the Pearson coefficient (r). In these measurements, reliability interval was accepted as 95% and the level of significance was P < 0.01 to 0.05. Statistically significant results were obtained for the 2nd, 3rd and 5th metatarsal heads and total results, foot sole medial and lateral. The results of the control group were higher for age, height, weight, body mass index, right and left feet contact areas, maximal force, peak pressure, average maximal pressure and time pressure integral. Key words: Wrestling, foot sole, pedobarography.

Integrating seismic attribute maps and well logs for porosity modeling in a west Texas carbonate reservoir: addressing the scale and precision problem

A 3-D porosity field in a west Texas carbonate reservoir is modeled conditional to both “hard” porosity data sampled by wells and 2-D seismic attribute map with less vertical resolution than the well log data. The difference-of-scales between the two sources of data is resolved by a prior 2-D estimation of vertically averaged porosity using well and seismic data. These 2-D estimates are then used to condition the 3-D stochastic simulation of porosity. The algorithm used to merge 2-D average values and 3-D data values, i.e., to solve the difference-of-scale problem, is a form of block kriging, which ensures that vertical averages of the 3-D estimates reproduce exactly the 2-D average data values. The precision of the 2-D conditioning data is also addressed. Several new geostatistical algorithms, such as automatic covariance modeling and direct sequential simulation algorithms, are weaved into the application. These new algorithms facilitate the process of integration of the soft data in petrophysical modeling.

On the relationship between duration of sunshine and solar radiation on the earth’s surface: Ångström’s equation revisited

The paper presents a relationship between the relative sunshine duration and solar irradiation on the earth’s surface. Following a review of the literature on Ångström’s equation and the properties of instantaneous solar radiation, the sunshine–radiation relationship is derived from monthly average values of daily beam radiation which are used as a measure for the fraction of clear sky, f clear = H ̄ b / H ̄ b,clear . The resulting (non-linear) relationship, f clear =( K ̄ / K ̄ clear ) 2 , unlike the Ångström–Prescott relation, does not contain empirical constants and only requires the monthly average clear sky atmospheric transmittance to account for the climate of a particular location ( K ̄ clear is typically between 0.65 to 0.75). The relationship is verified for monthly intervals for Perth and Townsville, Australia and compared to existing Ångström–Prescott equations for a wide range of climates and locations. The excellent agreement of the proposed relationship with the average value of data in the latter comparison suggests that it may be universally valid and that the Ångström–Prescott equation is a local (linear) approximation of the derived relationship. For daily time intervals the sunshine–radiation relationship changes to f clear=( K/ K clear) 3. The paper closes with a discussion on applications of the new relationship including the performance prediction of solar energy systems.

Dosimetric Aspects of Small Circular Fields of 10 MV Photon Beam

Dosimetric data obtained from different measurement techniques of 10 MV small circular photon beams of 12.5, 20, 30, and 40 mm diameter were studied. The effects of lack of lateral electronic equilibrium and steep dose gradient were noticed even when measurements were performed with a small volume (0.02 cc) ionization chamber. From an examination of the results, it is concluded that an average value of data obtained from several carefully performed film measurements may be used for routine radiosurgery.

Evaluation of nutrient runoff from the kako river by continuous daily sampling

A water sample was taken once a day for 15 months at a site near an estuary of the Kako River, Japan, to estimate nutrient loads from rivers to the sea. Total phosphorus (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N), suspended solids (SS) and electronic conductivity (EC) were measured. T-P and SS concentrations varied in proportion to the discharge, and T-P concentrations increased with those of SS, too. EC varied inversely with the discharge, but the fluctuations of T-N concentrations were less than those of T-P and SS concentrations. Water quality remained, for the most part, constant throughout the day. T-P, T-N and SS load were 181t/year, 2320t/year and 51000t/year in 1992, respectively, 54% of T-P load, 47% of T-N load and 80% of SS loads outflowed in those cases where the discharge was more than 100 m3/s, which were 36 days in 1992. 79% of T-P load, 69% of T-N load and 92% of SS load outflowed in periods of high water discharge, which were 88 in 1992. T-P and T-N loads calculated by using one day's data in every month were 151t/year and 2450t/year. But nutrient loads calculated by using the average value of data from an ordinary discharge were two or three times lower than calculated yearly loads. These results showed the importance of estimating the yearly load considering the discharge condition and sampling at a time of high water discharge.

Evaluation of nutrient runoff from the Kako River by continuous daily sampling

A water sample was taken once a day for 15 months at a site near an estuary of the Kako River, Japan, to estimate nutrient loads from rivers to the sea. Total phosphorus (T-P), total nitrogen (T-N), suspended solids (SS) and electronic conductivity (EC) were measured. T-P and SS concentrations varied in proportion to the discharge, and T-P concentrations increased with those of SS, too. EC varied inversely with the discharge, but the fluctuations of T-N concentrations were less than those of T-P and SS concentrations. Water quality remained, for the most part, constant throughout the day. T-P, T-N and SS load were 181t/year, 2320t/year and 51000t/year in 1992, respectively, 54% of T-P load, 47% of T-N load and 80% of SS loads outflowed in those cases where the discharge was more than 100 m3/s, which were 36 days in 1992. 79% of T-P load, 69% of T-N load and 92% of SS load outflowed in periods of high water discharge, which were 88 in 1992. T-P and T-N loads calculated by using one day's data in every month were 15lt/year and 2450t/year. But nutrient loads calculated by using the average value of data from an ordinary discharge were two or three times lower than calculated yearly loads. These results showed the importance of estimating the yearly load considering the discharge condition and sampling at a time of high water discharge.

Spatial large‐scale correlations for optimal interpolation of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations in the Gulf of Finland

AbstractSpatial correlations of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations in the Gulf of Finland are estimated for winter, spring, summer and fall. The correlation estimates are based on the results of observations in the Gulf of Finland for the period 1972–1991. The time and space resolution of the correlation model are determined by averaging the original data in time over each month and in space over the cells with horizontal dimensions equal to 10′ in the east–west and 20′ in the south–north direction and to the standard sampling depth intervals in the vertical direction. The fluctuations of the averaged data are defined as deviations of the month and cell average data values from the seasonal 20‐year overall mean values. The model of spatial correlation is based on the assumption that the fluctuations of the month‐and‐cell average data form a random sample out of a spatially homogeneous, horizontally isotropic and temporally stationary field. Most of the estimated correlations are positive, except for the vertical correlation component of salinity in summer, which shows considerable negative values at the distance lags exceeding 30 m. As an example of assimilation of the estimated correlations, the statistical (optimal) linear interpolation approach was applied for estimation of the optimal location of a measurement site, additional to the three currently used international monitoring stations, commonly known as LL12, LL7 and LL3A, in the Gulf of Finland. The optimal location of the additional fourth measurement site, which leads to the least average interpolation error, was found to be within the vertical column of cells with co‐ordinates 60° 00′ N 28° 10′ E for salinity and 60° 00′ N 28° 20′ E for total phosphorus concentration measurements. The same average error cannot be achieved by increasing the sampling frequency at the three present international monitoring stations.